Eating through time: Understanding dietary practices across late prehistory in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to contribute to the current understanding of dietary variation in the late Prehistory of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula by examining buccal dental microwear patterns alongside archeological data from the same populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Teeth from 84 adult individuals from eight distinct samples spanning the Middle-Late Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (Cova de l'Avi, Cova de Can Sadurní, Cova de la Guineu, Cova Foradada, Cova del Trader, Roc de les Orenetes, Cova del Gegant, Cova dels Galls Carboners) were analyzed using optical microscopy to examine buccal dental microwear patterns. RESULTS: The analysis did not reveal clear chronological contrasts in the dietary habits of these samples. Nevertheless, significant differences emerged among the samples, leading to their classification into two distinct sets based on the abrasiveness of the diet informed by the microwear patterns. These findings offer similarities and differences among samples in the Iberian Peninsula, shedding light on the diverse lifestyles of these individuals. DISCUSSION: Integrating our new results with other available proxies points to a multifaceted specialization in dietary patterns among these samples, influenced by factors such as habitat, resource selection, and available technology. By contextualizing the results within the broader context of the Iberian Peninsula, this research discerns shared characteristics and distinctive adaptations in the dietary practices and subsistence strategies of these groups. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between culture and environment in shaping human diets throughout late Prehistory.

The Effect of Different Decontamination Methods on the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin-Based Blocks to Resin Cement.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the impact of decontamination methods on Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) between resin cement and resin blocks. METHODS: Twenty CAD/CAM resin blocks from two manufacturers were wet-polished, sandblasted, and ultrasonically cleaned. After blood and saliva contamination, blocks were divided into subgroups: control, water rinsing, acid etching, alkaline cleaning paste, or 10-MDP containing cleaner. Resin-based cement was then applied. After 24 hours, the blocks were sectioned to obtain bars for testing. Half of the specimens were tested immediately for µTBS, and the other half underwent artificial aging. The surfaces of the blocks were inspected with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three-way ANOVA was performed for µTBS values (α=0.05). RESULTS: In one of the substrates, the positive control subgroup obtained the highest value (56,01 MPa, SD:6,96) followed by 10-MDP cleaner and universal cleaning paste, when immediately tested, with significant differences respect to the water rinsing (p⟨0.041) and acid etching (p⟨0.048) groups. After thermocycling, higher values were found in the 10-MDP cleaner (47,57 MPa, SD:8,15), but differences were not significant. In the other substrate group, the 10-MDP cleaner subgroup showed highest bond strengths (64,46 MPa SD: 10,92) at the initial test. After thermocycling, 10-MDP cleaner (58,66 MPa, SD: 9,93) gave the highest µTBS value. Significant differences between water rinsing group and the rest of subgroups (p⟨0.001), and between 10-MDP cleaner and the positive control group (p⟨0.006) were observed. CONCLUSION: Cleaning after contamination improves bonding. 10-MDP containing cleaner can help to restore initial µTBS value and maintain it in the long-term.

Biochemical algorithm to identify individuals with ALPL variants among subjects with persistent hypophosphatasaemia.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare and underdiagnosed condition characterized by deficient bone and teeth mineralization. The aim of this study was first, to evaluate the diagnostic utility of employing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) threshold levels to identify adults with variants in ALPL among individuals with persistently low ALP levels and second, to determine the value of also including its substrates (serum pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-PLP-and urinary phosphoetanolamine-PEA) for this purpose in order to create a biochemical algorithm that could facilitate the diagnostic work-up of HPP. RESULTS: The study population comprised 77 subjects with persistent hypophosphatasaemia. They were divided into two groups according to the presence (+GT) or absence (-GT) of pathogenic ALPL variants: 40 +GT and 37 -GT. Diagnostic utility measures were calculated for different ALP thresholds and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to determine PLP and PEA optimal cut-off levels to predict the presence of variants. The optimal threshold for ALP was 25 IU/L; for PLP, 180 nmol/L and for PEA, 30 µmol/g creatinine. Biochemical predictive models were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis and bootstrapping machine learning technique and results were then validated. For ALP < 25 UI/L (model 1), the area under curve (AUC) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.63-0.72) and it improved to 0.87 (95% CI 0.8-0.9), when PEA or PLP threshold levels were added (models 2 and 3), reaching 0.94 (0.91-0.97) when both substrates were included (model 4). The internal validation showed that the addition of serum PLP threshold levels to the model just including ALP improved significantly sensitivity (S) and negative predictive value (NPV) - 100%, respectively- with an accuracy (AC) of 93% in comparison to the inclusion of urinary PEA (S: 71%; NPV 75% and AC: 79%) and similar diagnostic utility measures as those observed in model 3 were detected when both substrates were added. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we propose a biochemical predictive model based on the threshold levels of the main biochemical markers of HPP (ALP < 25 IU/L and PLP > 180 nmol/L) that when combined, seem to be very useful to identify individuals with ALPL variants.

Quantification of bone marrow edema by MRI of the sacroiliac joints in patients diagnosed with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the ESPeranza cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the quantification of bone marrow edema (BMO) of the sacroiliac (SI) joints by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves capacity for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) classification in comparison with the assessment of sacroiliitis by Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria. METHOD: This prospective study from the ESPeranza cohort involved 66 subjects with an available MRI of the SI joints at baseline. This subgroup includes patients with axSpA (n = 28), peripheral spondyloarthritis (n = 10), and other diagnoses that were not spondyloarthritis (n = 28). Measures of diagnostic usefulness [area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, Youden's J statistic, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-)] were calculated for MRI of the SI joints according to ASAS criteria and for MRI quantified by means of SCAISS (Spanish tool for semi-automatic quantification of sacroiliac inflammation by MRI in spondyloarthritis). This analysis was stratified in patients who were human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 positive and negative. RESULTS: The AUC value with BMO quantification was 0.919 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.799-1] for HLA-B27-positive patients and 0.884 (95% CI 0.764-1) for HLA-B27-negative patients. A SCAISS cut-off point of 80 units obtained a specificity of 94.4% and LR+ 7.5, while assessment by ASAS criteria showed a specificity value of 90% and LR+ 6.4. CONCLUSION: For patients with suspected axSpA, quantification of BMO improves the predictive capacity of MRI of the SI joints, for both HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative patients. Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has a dramatic impact on physical function and quality of life (1). Despite its significant impact, patients with axSpA are normally diagnosed several years after presenting symptoms (2). In this respect, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac (SI) joints has gained significance over the past decade, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Nowadays, imaging tests and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 testing are among the most important diagnostic procedures for patients with suspected axSpA.

Evaluación de la densidad mineral ósea y de los parámetros de 3D-Shaper en la hipofosfatasia congénita del adulto / Agitated/inattentive children: explanatory models

Objetivo: Evaluar la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y parámetros de 3D-Shaper a nivel de fémur proximal (FP) en adultos con hipofosfatasia (HPP) confirmada genéticamente y compararlos en aquellos sujetos con y sin fracturas. Material y métodos: Análisis transversal de datos densitométricos y de arquitectura ósea de la visita basal de un estudio longitudinal en el que se incluyeron pacientes con HPP. Se realizó un estudio densitométrico (Lunar Prodigy, GE iDXA) en FP y se empleó el software 3D-Shaper (version 2,7. Galgo Medical). Resultados: Se incluyeron 33 adultos con HPP con mutaciones en heterocigosis. Un 63,6% (21/33) fueron mujeres (42,9% postmenopáusicas), y 8 de los varones (66,6%) fueron mayores de 50 años. La media de edad fue 50,56±15,08 años, el 30,3% (10/33) tuvieron fracturas previas traumáticas, y un 15,2% (5/33), de estrés. La prevalencia de osteoporosis en CF fue del 11,8% (2/17) y de osteopenia, 82,4% (14/17). En premenopáusicas y varones jóvenes se detectó baja masa ósea para la edad en un 12,5% (2/16). Al comparar sujetos con fracturas de estrés y sin ellas, así como con traumáticas, no hubo diferencias en DMO. El 3D-Shaper mostró disminución del grosor cortical (mm) en pacientes con fracturas de estrés [1,8 (1,77-1,89)] frente a sujetos sin ellas [1,94 (1,87-2,03, p=0,03)] y en comparación con los que tuvieron fracturas traumáticas [1,97 (1,88-2,04), p=0,03]. Conclusión: Estos datos reflejan una discreta repercusión densitométrica en formas más leves del adulto. Estudios de arquitectura ósea pudieran resultar de interés para determinar pacientes susceptibles de presentar fracturas de estrés. (AU)

Objetivo: To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and 3D-Shaper parameters at the proximal femur (FP) level in adults with genetically confirmed hypophosphatasia (HPP) and to compare them in those subjects with and without fractures. Material and methods: Crosssectional analysis of densitometric data and bone architecture from the baseline visit of a longitudinal study in which patients with HPP were included. A densitometric study (Lunar Prodigy, GE iDXA) was carried out in FP using 3D-Shaper software (version 2.7. Galgo Medical). Results: 33 adults with HPP with heterozygous mutations were included. 63.6% (21/33) were women (42.9% postmenopausal), and 8 of the men (66.6%) were older than 50 years. The mean age was 50.56±15.08 years, 30.3% (10/33) had previous traumatic fractures and 15.2% (5/33) presented stress fractures. The prevalence of osteoporosis in CF was 11.8% (2/17) and of osteopenia, 82.4% (14/17). In premenopausal women and young men, low bone mass was detected for age in 12.5% (2/16). When comparing subjects with and without stress fractures, as well as traumatic ones, there were no differences in BMD. The 3D-Shaper showed a decrease in cortical thickness (mm) in patients with stress fractures [1.8 (1.77-1.89)] compared to subjects without them [1.94 (1.87-2.03, p=0.03)] and compared to those with traumatic fractures [1.97 (1.88-2.04), p=0.03]. Conclusions: These data reflect a discrete densitometric impact in milder forms of the adult. Bone architecture studies could be of interest in determining patients susceptible to stress fractures. (AU)

Can we identify individuals with an ALPL variant in adults with persistent hypophosphatasaemia?

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by low levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Scarce evidence exists about features that should signal the potential association between hypophosphatasaemia and HPP in adults. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of ALPL variants in subjects with persistent hypophosphatasaemia and determine the associated clinical and laboratory features. For this cross-sectional study, laboratory records of 386,353 subjects were screened by measurement of ALP activity. A total of 85 (0.18%) subjects with persistent hypophosphatasaemia (≥2 serum alkaline phosphatase-ALP-measurements ≤35 IU/L and none > 45 IU/L) were included (secondary causes previously discarded). ALPL genetic testing and a systematized questionnaire to retrieve demographic, clinical and laboratory data were performed. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression models were employed to identify the clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with ALPL variants. RESULTS: Forty subjects (47%) had a variant(s) in ALPL. With regard to clinical characteristics, the presence of an ALPL variant was significantly associated only with musculoskeletal pain (OR: 7.6; 95% IC: 1.9-30.9). Nevertheless, a trend to present more dental abnormalities (OR: 3.6; 95% IC: 0.9-13.4) was observed. Metatarsal stress fractures were also more frequent (4 vs 0; p < 0.05) in this group. Regarding laboratory features, median ALP levels were lower in subjects with ALPL variants (26 vs 29 IU/L; p < 0.005). Interestingly, the threshold of ALP levels < 25 IU/L showed a specificity, positive predictive value and positive likelihood ratio of 97.8, 94.4% and 19.8 to detect a positive ALPL test, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with persistent hypophosphatasaemia -secondary causes excluded- one out of two presented ALPL variants. Musculoskeletal pain and ALP levels < 25 IU/L are associated with this variant(s). In this scenario, ALP levels < 25 IU/L seem to be very useful to identify individuals with the presence of an ALPL variant.

Analgesia multimodal y anestesia regional / Multimodal analgesia and regional anaesthesia

La analgesia multimodal permite conseguir una analgesia de calidad y con menos efectos secundarios gracias al uso de diferentes analgésicos o técnicas analgésicas. La anestesia regional juega un papel fundamental para conseguir este objetivo. Las diferentes técnicas de anestesia regional, que incluyen tanto los bloqueos periféricos como centrales, bien en dosis única, bien en perfusión continua, contribuyen a modular los estímulos nociceptivos que acceden a nivel central. La irrupción de los ultrasonidos como sistema efectivo para realizar las técnicas de anestesia regional ha permitido el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de anestesia regional que antiguamente no podían realizarse al utilizar únicamente la neuroestimulación o las referencias cutáneas. Es fundamental tener en cuenta que aun teniendo un bloqueo efectivo es recomendable asociar otros fármacos por otras vías, de esta manera conseguiremos disminuir las dosis requeridas de forma individual e intentaremos incluso que el efecto sea sinérgico y no tan solo aditivo (AU)

Multimodal analgesia provides quality analgesia, with fewer side effects due to the use of combined analgesics or analgesic techniques. Regional anaesthesia plays a fundamental role in achieving this goal. The different techniques of regional anaesthesia that include both peripheral and central blocks in either a single dose or in continuous infusion help to modulate the nociceptive stimuli that access the central level. The emergence of the ultrasound as an effective system to perform regional anaesthesia techniques has allowed the development of new regional anaesthesia techniques that formerly could not be carried out since only neurostimulation or skin references were used (AU)

Animal Board Invited Review: Sheep birth distribution in past herds: a review for prehistoric Europe (6th to 3rd millennia BC).

In temperate latitudes sheep have a seasonal reproductive behaviour, which imposes strong constraints on husbandry in terms of work organization and availability of animal products. During the last 50 years, researchers have focused on understanding the mechanisms driving small ruminants' reproduction cycles and finding ways to control them. This characteristic is inherited from their wild ancestor. However, the history of its evolution over the 10 millennia that separates present day European sheep from their Near Eastern ancestors' remains to be written. This perspective echoes archaeologists' current attempts at reconstructing ancient pastoral societies' socio-economical organization. Information related to birth seasonality may be retrieved directly from archaeological sheep teeth. The methodology consists of reconstructing the seasonal cycle record in sheep molars, through sequential analysis of the stable oxygen isotope composition (δ 18O) of enamel. Because the timing of tooth development is fixed within a species, inter-individual variability in this parameter reflects birth seasonality. A review of the data obtained from 10 European archaeological sites dated from the 6th to the 3rd millennia BC is provided. The results demonstrate a restricted breeding season for sheep: births occurred over a period of 3 to 4 months, from late winter to early summer at latitudes 43°N to 48°N, while a later onset was observed at a higher latitude (59°N). All conclusions concurred with currently held expectations based on present day sheep physiology, which, aside from the historical significance, contributes to the reinforcing of the methodological basis of the approach. Further study in this area will permit regional variability attributable to technical choices, within global schemes, to be fully reported.

Paxiflas(R): nueva combinación bucodispersable de tramadol/paracetamol para el tratamiento del dolor moderado a intenso / Paxiflas(R) : a new combination of tramadol/paracetamol in disintegrating tablets for the treatment of moderate to severe pain

Introducción: Paxiflas(R) es la combinación de clorhidrato de tramadol/paracetamol (37,5 mg/325 mg) en forma de comprimidos bucodispersables de sabor mentolado, comercializado por Laboratorios Gebro Pharma S.A. Los comprimidos bucodispersables se dispersan rápidamente en la boca sin necesidad de agua. Están destinados a pacientes activos que no dispongan de agua en todo momento, personas ocupadas o que viajen con asiduidad. Además, son adecuados en personas con problemas de deglución y ancianos, y favorecen el cumplimiento terapéutico. Además, esta combinación aúna la rapidez de acción del paracetamol con la acción más prolongada del clorhidrato de tramadol. Objetivos: Demostrar la bioequivalencia entre los comprimidos bucodispersables de Paxiflas(R), administrados con y sin agua, y los comprimidos de referencia, Zaldiar(R), administrados con agua, en voluntarios sanos en ayunas. Material y métodos: Estudio abierto, balanceado, aleatorizado, cruzado, de dosis única, de 3 tratamientos en 3 periodos y 3 secuencias, y con un tiempo de lavado de 7 días entre el periodo I y II y de 8 días entre el II y III. Los voluntarios fueron asignados al azar para recibir una dosis oral única (2 comprimidos) de Paxiflas(R), administrado sin agua (producto A) y con agua (producto B), y Zaldiar(R) con agua. Se consideró bioequivalencia cuando el intervalo de confianza del 90 % (IC 90 %) de la relación de la media geométrica de Cmax y AUC0-t entre el producto en investigación A o B y el de referencia se encontró dentro del rango 80-12 % para (+) tramadol, (-) tramadol y paracetamol. El objetivo secundario consistió en evaluar la seguridad y tolerabilidad del producto en investigación A y B. Resultados: Se evaluó bioequivalencia en 38 voluntarios para el producto A y en 39 para el producto B. Se alcanzaron concentraciones plasmáticas óptimas de (+) tramadol a las 0,75-3 h, para el producto A, a las 0,5-4 h para el B, y a las 0,5-3 h para el de referencia. En el caso del (-) tramadol se alcanzaron a las 0,75-3 h, para el A, a las 0,5-4 h para el B, y 0,5-3 h para el de referencia. Finalmente, para el paracetamol, se alcanzaron a las 0,25-2,5 h para el A, a las 0,5-2 h para el B, y a las 0,25-2,5 h para el de referencia. El IC 90 % de los parámetros principales se situó dentro de los rangos de aceptación del 80-125 % en los 38 voluntarios que tomaron el producto A y en los 39 que tomaron el B. Se reportaron un total de 6 acontecimientos adversos (AA) durante el estudio (dolor de cabeza, mareo, dolor abdominal, picor en antebrazos y muslos, y elevado recuento de eosinófilos), de los que 3 eran esperados y posiblemente relacionados con el producto en investigación. La intensidad de los AA fue desde leve a moderada. No se observó ningún AA grave. Conclusiones: Los datos del presente estudio demuestran la bioequivalencia entre los comprimidos bucodispersables de Paxiflas(R), administrados con y sin agua en diferentes periodos, y los comprimidos de Zaldiar(R), administrados con agua, en términos de velocidad y magnitud de la absorción en condiciones de ayuno (AU)

Introduction: Paxiflas(R) is the combination of tramadol HCl/ paracetamol (37.5/325 mg) in fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs), commercialized by Laboratorios Gebro Pharma S.A. The FDTs are intended to be placed in the mouth, where they are rapidly disintegrated without the need of water. They are aimed to active patients who do not have access to drinking water all the time, busy individuals, or those who travel frequently. Moreover, they are especially indicated for individuals with difficulties in swallowing and the elderly and help to improve therapeutic compliance. In addition, the combination combines the rapid action of paracetamol with the longer action of tramadol hydrochloride. Objectives: To demonstrate the bioequivalence between Paxiflas(R), administered with or without water, and tablets of the reference product, Zaldiar(R), administered with water, in healthy subjects under fasting conditions. Material and methods: Open label, balanced, randomized, crossover, single oral dose, 3 treatment, 3 period, 3 sequence, with a washout period of 7 days for subsequent period I and II, and 8 days for period II and III. Subjects were randomized to receive single oral dose (2 tablets) of Paxiflas(R), administered without water (product A) or with water (product B), and Zaldiar(R) with water. Bioequivalence was considered if the 90% confidence interval (90% CI) of geometric mean ratio of Cmax and AUC0-t between test and reference product fell within the range of 80-125 % for (+) tramadol, (-) tramadol, and paracetamol. The secondary objective was to monitor the safety and tolerability of products A and B. Results: Bioequivalence was evaluated in 38 subjects for product A and in 39 subjects for product B. Optimal plasma concentration levels of (+) tramadol were achieved at 0.75-3 h for product A, at 0.5-4 h for product B, and at 0.5-3 h for reference product. In the case of (-) tramadol, plasma levels were achieved at 0.75-3 h for product A, at 0.5-4 h for product B, and at 0.5-3 h for reference product. Finally, plasma levels of paracetamol were achieved at 0.25-2.5 h for the product A, at 0.5-2 h for product B, and at 0.25-2.5 h for reference product. Bioequivalence (90 % CI lying within the acceptable range of 80.00-125.00 %) was met in 38 subjects receiving product A and 39 subjects receiving product B. Tramadol HCl/paracetamol FDTs were well tolerated. A total of 6 adverse events (AEs) were reported during the study (headache, giddiness, pain in abdomen, itching on forearms and thighs, and elevated eosinophil count), of which 3 were expected and possibly related to the study product. The AEs were mild to moderate in severity. No serious AE was observed during the study. Discussion: Data from the present study demonstrate the bioequivalence between Paxiflas(R) FDTs, administered with and without water in different periods, and tablets of Zaldiar(R), administered with water, in terms of rate and extent of absorption under fasting condition (AU)

Multimodal analgesia and regional anaesthesia. / Analgesia multimodal y anestesia regional.

Multimodal analgesia provides quality analgesia, with fewer side effects due to the use of combined analgesics or analgesic techniques. Regional anaesthesia plays a fundamental role in achieving this goal. The different techniques of regional anaesthesia that include both peripheral and central blocks in either a single dose or in continuous infusion help to modulate the nociceptive stimuli that access the central level. The emergence of the ultrasound as an effective system to perform regional anaesthesia techniques has allowed the development of new regional anaesthesia techniques that formerly could not be carried out since only neurostimulation or skin references were used. It is essential to take into account that even with effective blocking it is advisable to associate other drugs by other routes, in this way we will be able to reduce the required doses individually and attempt to achieve a synergistic, not purely additive, effect.

Ibuprofeno intravenoso en Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria / No disponible

En Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria (CMA) resulta primordial tener en nuestro arsenal terapéutico un fármaco que posea una adecuada potencia analgésica para cubrir el dolor postoperatorio con los mínimos efectos secundarios. A esto debe unirse la posibilidad de administrarlo, tanto de forma intravenosa durante el periodo intraoperatorio como oral, para que el paciente pueda continuar utilizándolo tras ser alta a su domicilio, manteniendo en todo momento el dolor adecuadamente controlado. El ibuprofeno en su forma intravenosa, según los últimos ensayos clínicos aleatorios publicados, produce una disminución significativa en el dolor postoperatorio junto a una disminución en el consumo de opioides en adultos y en niños, sin registrarse eventos adversos considerados muy graves ni muertes en relación al fármaco. Dado a estos hallazgos como a la amplia experiencia y buenos resultados que existe en su uso oral, parece ser un fármaco ideal para ser utilizado en CMA (AU)

In outpatient surgery (OS) is essential to have in our therapeutic arsenal a drug with an analgesic potency enough to cover postoperative pain with minimal side effects. Moreover, this drug should join the possibility of intravenous and oral administration, so the pain could be properly controlled after the patient was discharged. According to the latest published randomized clinical trials, intravenous ibuprofen produces a significant decrease in postoperative pain. Moreover, it decreases opioid consumption in adults and children without serious adverse events or deaths. Due to these findings, the extensive experience and good results in its oral use, ibuprofen seems to be an ideal drug to be used in OS (AU)

Empleo inapropiado de cateterismo urinario en pacientes ingresados en servicios médicos: experiencia en un hospital comarcal y estrategias para su reducción / Inappropriate use of urinary catheters in patients admitted to medical wards: Experience in a local hospital and strategies for reducing their use

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Encefalopatía de Wernicke secundaria a hipertiroidismo e ingesta de productos ricos en tiaminasas / Wernicke’s encephalopathy secondary to hyperthyroidism and ingestion of thiaminase-rich products

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Cronificación del dolor agudo / No disponible

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Buprenorfina transdérmica (Feliben®). Nueva opción terapéutica para pacientes con dolor moderado y severo / No disponible

Este artículo revisa las características generales del sistema opioide y los mecanismos de acción analgésica, que han permitido desarrollar nuevas opciones terapéuticas en el tratamiento del dolor moderado a severo, tanto de origen oncológico como no oncológico. También resume los estudios que han constituido el programa de investigación y desarrollo clínico en fases I y III de una nueva formulación galénica en parches de buprenorfina transdérmica, Feliben®, en los que se compara con otras formulaciones de referencia en analgesia. Finalmente, se revisa el papel actual que tienen estas nuevas formulaciones en el manejo del dolor moderado y severo (AU)

This paper summarizes the general characteristics of the opioid system and analgesic mechanisms that have allowed the development of new therapeutic options in the therapy areas of moderate to severe pain of both cancer and noncancer origin. It also summarizes the studies forming together the research program and clinical development (phases I and III) of a new pharmaceutical formulation of buprenorphine transdermal patches, Feliben®, which is compared with other formulations of reference in analgesia. Finally, the current opportunity context that these new formulations have in the management of moderate to severe pain is reviewed (AU)

Un caso de trastorno orgánico de personalidad debido a epilepsia / No disponible

Las alteraciones significativas y persistentes de la personalidad del sujeto, originadas por causa orgánica, constituyen un capítulo que puede inducir a error por su denominación. También la epilepsia como posible causa ha sido objeto de discusión a lo largo de la historia. Presentamos un caso de un paciente que presenta epilepsia con importantes rasgos de personalidad patológica. Se aportan datos de exploraciones neuropsicológicas, eeG y de neuroimagen, que documentan claramente las alteraciones subyacentes en cada uno de los niveles objetos de estudio. También se señalan métodos de tratamiento y evolución del caso (AU)

Significant and enduring disturbances in the personality of an individual secondary to organic causes are an issue nowadays. epilepsy as a possible etiology of organic Personality Disorders has been an argument through the history of Psychiatry. We present the case of a patient diagnosed of epilepsy with traits of an alteration of personality. We also support our statements with neuropsychological evaluation, eeG and neuroimaging findings, illustrating the different underlying changes in each of the different levels of study. Treatment of the disorder and evolution of the patient are also referred in the article (AU)

Utilización de fentanilo oral como premedicación en pacientes pediátricos / No disponible

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Effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy and hepatitis C virus co-infection on serum levels of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals.

This study aimed to determine the effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection on peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-18 and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNFRII). Serum levels were monitored for a 1-year period in 25 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) who were naive for HAART at the initiation of the study, and in four HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressors. Serum levels of both IL-18 and sTNFRII at baseline were significantly higher in HIV-1-infected patients than in controls. Baseline levels of IL-18 and sTNFRII were not significantly different in long-term non-progressors compared with the other patients. HCV co-infected patients had significantly higher levels of IL-18 and sTNFRII at each time-point compared with patients who were not co-infected with HCV. Irrespective of HCV status, response to HAART resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of both IL-18 and sTNFRII, particularly among patients who achieved HIV viral suppression, but the net decrease observed at the end of follow-up was lower in patients co-infected with HCV. No information was obtained from IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) measurements. The data suggest that analysis of serum levels of IL-18 and sTNFRII may be a valuable tool for evaluating the response to HAART, and perhaps for assessing the degree of immune restoration achieved by HAART responders. The results also highlight the relevance of considering the HCV infection status of HIV-1-infected patients in order to avoid misinterpretation of IL-18 and sTNFRII measurements.