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The preservation method to store bone tissue for posterior analysis is a widespread practice. However, the method's potential influence on the material's mechanical properties is often overlooked during single-point experimentation. Saline and formaldehyde solutions are the most common among the employed preservation media. A full field analysis of the mice femoral bone deformation using non-destructive optical techniques is conducted to assess the influence of the storage media on the viscoelastic properties of the tissue. Three different groups are subjected to a standard three-point bending test. The first group is the control, with fresh post-mortem samples. The second and third groups used saline and formaldehyde solutions, respectively. During the mechanical test, the bone's surface and internal deformation are monitored simultaneously using digital holographic interferometry and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. A mechanical comparison among the three groups is presented. The results show that after 48 h of immersion in saline solution, the mice bones keep their viscoelastic behavior similar to fresh bones. Meanwhile, 48 h in formaldehyde modifies the response and affects the marrow structure. The high sensitivity of the optical phase also makes it possible to observe changes in the anisotropy of the samples. As a comparison, Raman spectroscopy analyzes the three bone groups to prove that the preservation media does not affect a single-point inspection.
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Fémur , Formaldehído , Espectrometría Raman , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Animales , Ratones , Formaldehído/farmacología , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fémur/fisiología , Pruebas Mecánicas , Elasticidad/efectos de los fármacos , Viscosidad , Soluciones Preservantes de Órganos/farmacología , Interferometría/métodos , Solución SalinaRESUMEN
The microwave detection capability of GaN-based asymmetric planar nanodiodes (so-called Self-Switching Diode, SSD, due to its non-linearity) has been characterized in a wide temperature range, from 70 K up to 300 K. At low temperature, microwave measurements reveal an enhancement of the responsivity at frequencies below 1 GHz, which, together with a pronounced hysteresis in the DC curves, indicate a significant influence of the surface states. This leads to a significant variability and non-repeatability which needs to be reduced since it degrades the accuracy of the detection. For this sake, the RF characterization was repeated after applying a positive/negative voltage able to fill/empty the surface states in order to have a well-established preconditioned state. As a consequence of the positive pre-soak bias, a significant enhancement of the measured responsivity, with a × 10 increase at low temperature. The RF detection measurements after such preconditioning contains a time dependence induced by the slow discharge mechanism of the traps, so that the improved responsivity remains even after 100s of seconds. On the other hand, a negative voltage pre-soak benefits the discharge process, thus suppressing the low frequency dispersion and the important variability of the detection without the pre-conditioning step. We also show that the relation between the voltage and current responsivities in each case allows to explain the impact of the surface charges in terms of the device impedance.
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The simultaneous surface and internal measurements from a chemically modified cortical bovine bone suffering a plastic range deformation are presented. Since the bone is an anisotropic structure, its mechanical response could be modified if its organic or inorganic phases change. The latter could result in high plastic deformations, where the interferometrical signal from an optical analysis is easily de-correlated. In this work, digital holography interferometry (DHI) and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) are used to analyze the plastic range deformation of the bone under compression. The simultaneous use of these two optical methods gives information even when one of them de-correlates. The surface results retrieved with DHI show the high anisotropy of the bone as a continuously increasing displacement field map. Meanwhile, the internal information obtained with FD-OCT records larger deformations at different depths. Due to the optical phase, it is possible to complement the measurements of these two methods during the plastic deformation.
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Effective management and control of peri- and postoperative pain in hip surgery is essential in order to minimize the use of opioids and their adverse effects. Effective regional analgesia for hip pain is made particularly challenging by the complex innervation of the hip joint. Standard regional techniques can be associated with complications, including incomplete anesthesia, hypotension, or lower limb weakness. We present the case of a 5-year-old girl with a history of infantile cerebral palsy who underwent bilateral varus derotation osteotomy and adductor tenotomy due to paralytic dislocation. She received bilateral PENG block and femoral cutaneous nerve block-a simple technique that covers all the nerves involved in the sensory innervation of the joint capsule without the need for multiple injections.
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Analgesia , Bloqueo Nervioso , Analgésicos Opioides , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Dolor Postoperatorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The polarization state of the excitation light used in two Raman systems was controlled to study its effect in the unpolarized Raman spectra of unstructured samples. Both systems work in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (NIR and visible). Four polarization states (linear, linear at 45° and 90°, and circular) were used to excite liquid samples (ethanol, acetone, and their mixture). The results show that the Raman peaks intensities' ratio varies according to the polarization state of the excitation light. Peaks related to functional groups and C-H stretching modes increase their intensity when circular polarization (CP) is applied. The latter may help to study liquid mixtures with low concentrations. Different polarizing light states give a more detailed spectroscopic analysis since it gathers more structural information of the samples tested in this work with an undefined structure.
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Espectrometría Raman , Espectrometría Raman/métodosRESUMEN
Dennis Gabor's seminal idea of a simple all-optical setup aimed at reconstructing the object wavefront stored on a photographic plate gave birth a little over seven decades ago to the field of holography. In 1971 Gabor obtained the Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Still, the road in the early days after his two first papers on the subject was one full of obstacles, so his scientific and engineering contemporaries put his idea to rest for more than 10 years, until the invention of the laser. This fact made his holographic concept take off to new and unsuspected applications. This invited review paper is a homage to Dennis Gabor's 50th anniversary of his Nobel Prize accolade. For this purpose, the review departs from the typical common route, i.e., those written following a timeline fashion, and instead is written with the intent to cover only a few of the holography applications in optics while scanning the electromagnetic spectrum. In doing this, the authors are aware that other invited papers for this special issue will tackle other subjects not dealt with in this review non-timeline paper.
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Effective management and control of peri- and postoperative pain in hip surgery is essential in order to minimize the use of opioids and their adverse effects. Effective regional analgesia for hip pain is made particularly challenging by the complex innervation of the hip joint. Standard regional techniques can be associated with complications, including incomplete anesthesia, hypotension, or lower limb weakness. We present the case of a 5-year-old girl with a history of infantile cerebral palsy who underwent bilateral varus derotation osteotomy and adductor tenotomy due to paralytic dislocation. She received bilateral PENG block and femoral cutaneous nerve block - a simple technique that covers all the nerves involved in the sensory innervation of the joint capsule without the need for multiple injections.
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A collimated transmission beam interferometer is used to measure the water motion provoked by the fish swimming through it. An indirect measurement of the fish motion impact in the water contained in a home-type aquarium is detected. Measurements of the whole aquarium are possible due to a large diameter collimated laser beam in the interferometer's object arm. This beam goes through the aquarium, and any perturbation inside it deflects the collimated beam. The interferometer detects a phase difference, i.e., the beam through the disturbed water undergoes different optical paths. This optical phase change was first demonstrated by means of a simple test using spherical steel marbles placed in a cuvette. For this, the small water movements for a single steel marble are detected with the acquired optical phase. Next, the aquarium optical phase results show water movements according to the fishes' size and swimming speed. It is worth mentioning that no additives were added to the aquarium's fresh water during the tests, so the water was crystal clear.
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Carpa Dorada/fisiología , Holografía/métodos , Interferometría/métodos , Poecilia/fisiología , Natación/fisiología , Agua/metabolismo , Animales , Diseño de EquipoRESUMEN
A digital holographic interferometer using a collimated beam in transmission mode to illuminate a flow coming from a diffusion flame is presented. The optical system proposes an indirect visualization of the flow to avoid saturation at the sensor. It can detect the intensity signal as a classical schlieren technique and the phase changes due to the presence of the flow. It is possible to retrieve a pseudo-3D flow's view and different gradient maps using the optical phase. According to the knife edge's position, these gradients could be observed in classical schlieren one at a time, but the proposed system could retrieve them all with a single image hologram. As proof of principle, a flame's flow is simultaneously observed with the optical system and a Z-type schlieren set up. A comparison of the visualized flows at different stages of the flame is presented and discussed. A temperature profile is obtained and validated with a thermocouple's point thermal measurements taking the resulting optical phase. Results from both optical techniques show a good agreement.
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OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that delayed cord clamping (DCC) is safe in mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational study involving epidemiological information from 403 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 between 1 March and 31 May 2020. Data were collected from 70 centres that participate in the Spanish Registry of COVID-19. METHODS: Patients' information was collected from their medical chart. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The rate of perinatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and development of the infection in neonates within 14 days postpartum. RESULTS: The early cord clamping (ECC) group consisted of 231 infants (57.3%) and the DCC group consisted of 172 infants (42.7%). Five positive newborns (1.7% of total tests performed) were identified with the nasopharyngeal PCR tests performed in the first 12 hours postpartum, two from the ECC group (1.7%) and three from the DCC group (3.6%). No significant differences between groups were found regarding neonatal tests for SARS-CoV-2. No confirmed cases of vertical transmission were detected. The percentage of mothers who made skin-to-skin contact within the first 24 hours after delivery was significantly higher in the DCC group (84.3% versus 45.9%). Breastfeeding in the immediate postpartum period was also significantly higher in the DCC group (77.3% versus 50.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show no differences in perinatal outcomes when performing ECC or DCC, and skin-to-skin contact, or breastfeeding. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: This study demonstrates that delayed cord clamping is safe in mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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COVID-19 , Constricción , Parto Obstétrico , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Cordón Umbilical/cirugía , Adulto , Lactancia Materna/métodos , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/transmisión , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/estadística & datos numéricos , Método Madre-Canguro/métodos , Método Madre-Canguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/prevención & control , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , España/epidemiología , Tiempo de TratamientoRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: La creación in vitro de cartílago hialino articular supone un reto, ya que, a día de hoy, no se ha conseguido la síntesis ex vivo de un tejido estructurado con las mismas propiedades biomecánicas e histológicas del cartílago articular. Para simular las condiciones fisiológicas hemos diseñado un sistema de cultivo in vitro que reproduce el movimiento articular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Hemos desarrollado un biorreactor de cultivo celular que imprime un estímulo mecánico sobre una matriz de elastina en la que están embebidas células troncales mesenquimales (MSC). La primera fase de estudio corresponde al desarrollo de un biorreactor para cultivo de cartílago hialino y la comprobación de la viabilidad celular en la matriz de elastina en ausencia de estímulo. La segunda fase del estudio engloba el cultivo de MSC bajo estímulo mecánico y el análisis del tejido resultante. RESULTADOS: Tras el cultivo bajo estímulo mecánico no obtuvimos tejido hialino por falta de celularidad y desestructuración de la matriz. CONCLUSIÓN: El patrón de estímulo utilizado no ha resultado efectivo para la generación de cartílago hialino, por lo que se deberán explorar otras combinaciones en futuras investigaciones
INTRODUCTION: The in vitro creation of hyaline joint cartilage is a challenge since, to date, the ex vivo synthesis of a structured tissue with the same biomechanical and histological properties of the joint cartilage has not been achieved. To simulate the physiological conditions we have designed an in vitro culture system that reproduces joint movement. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have developed a cell culture bioreactor that prints a mechanical stimulus on an elastin matrix, in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are embedded. The first phase of study corresponds to the development of a bioreactor for hyaline cartilage culture and the verification of cell viability in the elastin matrix in the absence of stimulus. The second phase of the study includes the MSC culture under mechanical stimulus and the analysis of the resulting tissue. RESULTS: After culture under mechanical stimulation we did not obtain hyaline tissue due to lack of cellularity and matrix destructuring. CONCLUSION: The stimulus pattern used has not been effective in generating hyaline cartilage, so other combinations should be explored in future research
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Humanos , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Cartílago Hialino/citología , Cartílago Hialino/crecimiento & desarrollo , Reactores Biológicos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Técnicas de Cultivo de CélulaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The in vitro creation of hyaline joint cartilage is a challenge since, to date, the ex vivo synthesis of a structured tissue with the same biomechanical and histological properties of the joint cartilage has not been achieved. To simulate the physiological conditions we have designed an in vitro culture system that reproduces joint movement. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have developed a cell culture bioreactor that prints a mechanical stimulus on an elastin matrix, in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are embedded. The first phase of study corresponds to the development of a bioreactor for hyaline cartilage culture and the verification of cell viability in the elastin matrix in the absence of stimulus. The second phase of the study includes the MSC culture under mechanical stimulus and the analysis of the resulting tissue. RESULTS: After culture under mechanical stimulation we did not obtain hyaline tissue due to lack of cellularity and matrix destructuring. CONCLUSION: The stimulus pattern used has not been effective in generating hyaline cartilage, so other combinations should be explored in future research.
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Reactores Biológicos , Condrocitos/citología , Elastina , Cartílago Hialino , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cartílago Articular , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Diferenciación Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Condrocitos/fisiología , Medios de Cultivo , Matriz Extracelular , Humanos , Cartílago Hialino/fisiología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/fisiología , Resultados Negativos , Presión , Impresión TridimensionalRESUMEN
The zero-bias microwave detection capability of self-switching diodes (SSDs) based on AlGaN/GaN is analyzed in a wide temperature range, from 10 K to 300 K. The measured responsivity shows an anomalous enhancement at low temperature, while the detected voltage exhibits a roll-off in frequency, which can be attributed to the presence of surface and bulk traps. To gain a deep insight into this behavior, a systematic DC and AC characterization of the diodes has been carried out in the mentioned temperature range. DC results confirm the existence of traps and AC measurements allow us to identify their properties. In particular, impedance studies enable to distinguish two types of traps: at the lateral surfaces of the channel, with a wide spread of relaxation times, and in the bulk.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare improvement in pain and physical function for patients treated with baricitinib, adalimumab, tocilizumab and tofacitinib monotherapy from randomised, methotrexate (MTX)-controlled trials in conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs)/biologic (bDMARD)-naïve RA patients using matching-adjusted indirect comparisons (MAICs). METHODS: Data were from Phase III trials on patients receiving monotherapy baricitinib, tocilizumab, adalimumab, tofacitinib or MTX. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (0-100 mm) and physical function using the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI). An MAIC based on treatment-arm matching, an MAIC with study-level matching and Bucher's method without matching compared change in outcomes between therapies. Matching variables included age, gender, baseline disease activity and baseline value of outcome measure. RESULTS: With all methods, greater improvements were observed in pain and HAQ-DI at 6 months for baricitinib compared with adalimumab and tocilizumab (p<0.05). Differences in treatment effects (TEs) favouring baricitinib for pain VAS for treatment-arm matching, study-level matching and Bucher's method, respectively, were -12, -12 and -12 for baricitinib versus adalimumab and -7, -7 and -9 for baricitinib versus tocilizumab; the difference in TEs for HAQ-DI was -0.28, -0.28 and -0.30 for adalimumab and -0.23, -0.23 and -0.26 for tocilizumab. For baricitinib versus tofacitinib, no statistically significant differences for pain improvement were observed except with one of the three methods (Bucher method) and none for HAQ-DI. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest greater pain reduction and improved physical function for baricitinib monotherapy compared with tocilizumab and adalimumab monotherapy. No statistically significant differences in pain reduction and improved physical function were observed between baricitinib and tofacitinib with the MAIC analyses.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Metotrexato/uso terapéutico , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Adalimumab , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Artritis Reumatoide/complicaciones , Azetidinas , Ensayos Clínicos Fase III como Asunto , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Humanos , Metaanálisis en Red , Dimensión del Dolor , Piperidinas , Purinas , Pirazoles , Pirimidinas , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Sulfonamidas , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Endoftalmitis/etiología , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeriosis/complicaciones , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Listeriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Listeriosis/microbiología , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ofloxacino/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The IX Course of Antimicrobials and Infectious Diseases update included a review of the main issues in clinical microbiology, epidemiology and clinical aspects for a current approach of infectious pathology. The present introduction summarizes about the most important meetings related to infectious diseases during 2018 (ECCMID, IAS, ASM and ID Week). In addition, the course provides a practical information to focus on nosocomial infection models, with immunosuppressed patients or complex multidrug-resistant pathogens. The closing lecture of this year reviewed the infection during donation process.
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Infecciones , Infectología/tendencias , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Humanos , Huésped InmunocomprometidoRESUMEN
Orange peel waste (OPW) (peels, pulp and seeds) is an underutilised residue coming from the orange juice industry. Its classical applications are cattle feeding and composting, while they cannot ensure a total use of OPW, so landfilling is also common practice. On the other side, OPW is very rich in sugars, polysaccharides, essential oils and polyphenols, so there is a vast literature focused on the development and optimization of technologies and processes to several products from OPW. In this review, papers on OPW-based bioprocesses are visited, discovering a wide landscape that goes from the composting and biogas processes on detoxified OPW (deoiled) to bioprocesses to bioethanol, chemicals, flavours and polymers. All these processes are prone to integration within the 2nd-generation biorefinery framework.
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Factores Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Biológicos/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Citrus sinensis/química , Residuos Industriales , Compostaje/métodos , Eliminación de Residuos/métodosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, a phenomenon known as "vaccine hesitancy" has spread throughout the world, even among health workers, determining a reduction in vaccination coverage (VC).A study aimed at evaluating VC among healthcare workers (HCWs) in 10 Italian cities (L'Aquila, Genoa, Milan, Palermo, Sassari, Catanzaro, Ferrara, Catania, Naples, Messina) was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Annex 3 of the Presidential Decree n. 445 of 28 December 2000 was used to collect information on the vaccination status of HCWs. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated with regard to the quantitative variable (age), while absolute and relative frequencies were obtained for categorical data (sex, professional profile, working sector, vaccination status). The connection between VC and the categorical variables was evaluated by chi-square method (statistical significance at p < 0.05). The statistical analyses were performed by SPSS and Stata software. RESULTS: A total of 3,454 HCWs participated in the project: 1,236 males and 2,218 females.The sample comprised: physicians (26.9%), trainee physicians (16.1%), nurses (17.2%) and other professional categories (9.8%). Low VC was generally recorded. Higher VC was found with regard to polio, hepatitis B, tetanus and diphtheria, while coverage was very low for measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, chickenpox and influenza (20-30%). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed low VC rates among HCWs for all the vaccinations. Measures to increase VC are therefore necessary in order to prevent HCWs from becoming a source of transmission of infections with high morbidity and/or mortality both within hospitals and outside.
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Enfermeras y Enfermeros/estadística & datos numéricos , Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Cobertura de Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Profesional a Paciente , Italia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Control over biodegradation processes is crucial to generate advanced functional structures with a more interactive and efficient role for biomedical applications. Herein, a simple, high-throughput approach is developed based on a three-dimensional (3D)-structured system that allows a preprogramed spatial-temporal control over cell infiltration and biodegradation. The 3D-structured system is based on elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) characterized by differences in the kinetics of their peptide cleavage and consists of a three-layer hydrogel disk comprising an internal layer containing a rapidly degrading component, with the external layers containing a slow-degrading ELR. This structure is intended to invert the conventional pattern of cell infiltration, which goes from the outside to the inside of the implant, to allow an anti-natural process in which infiltration takes place first in the internal layer and later progresses to the outer layers. Time-course in vivo studies proved this hypothesis, i.e. that it is possible to drive the infiltration of cells over time in a given 3D-structured implant in a controlled and predesigned way that is able to overcome the natural tendency of conventional cell infiltration. The results obtained herein open up the possibility of applying this concept to more complex systems with multiple biological functions.
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Hidrogeles/síntesis química , Proteolisis , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Adhesión Celular , Muerte Celular , Proliferación Celular , Módulo de Elasticidad , Elastina/química , Elastina/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/citología , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Ratones , Molécula-1 de Adhesión Celular Endotelial de Plaqueta/metabolismo , Implantación de PrótesisRESUMEN
An electrical conductor subjected to a magnetic field exhibits the Hall effect in the presence of current flow. Here, we report a qualitative deviation from the standard behavior in electron systems with high viscosity. We found that the viscous electron fluid in graphene responds to nonquantizing magnetic fields by producing an electric field opposite to that generated by the ordinary Hall effect. The viscous contribution is substantial and identified by studying local voltages that arise in the vicinity of current-injecting contacts. We analyzed the anomaly over a wide range of temperatures and carrier densities and extracted the Hall viscosity, a dissipationless transport coefficient that was long identified theoretically but remained elusive in experiments.