Propiedades psicométricas del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire en personas mayores / Psychometric properties of the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire in elderly people

Antecedentes y objetivo: En México las disfunciones sexuales son un problema relevante, siendo la depresión y la edad los principales predisponentes. Por ello se considera necesario contar con instrumentos de evaluación validados en población mayor mexicana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) en dicha población.Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta de 634 personas mayores del noreste de México seleccionadas mediante procedimiento no probabilístico. Se utilizaron como mediciones el MGH-SFQ y la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos.Resultados: Se confirma la estructura unifactorial del MGH-SFQ en varones y en mujeres mayores (RMSEA=0,04; CFI=0,92; RMSEA=0,03; CFI=0,95), presentando fiabilidad de consistencia interna adecuada y adecuadas evidencias de validez de sus medidas, al asociarse de manera significativa con la edad y la depresión.Conclusiones: El MGH-SFQ es un cuestionario que proporciona medidas fiables y válidas del funcionamiento sexual en varones y mujeres mayores mexicanos. (AU)

Aim and background: In Mexico sexual dysfunctions are a relevant problem, depression and age are the main predisposing factors. Whereby it is necessary to considerate to have valid evaluation instruments in Mexican population. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) in that population.Materials and methods: The sample was 634 Northeast Mexican elderly, selected by a non-probabilistic procedure. The MGH-SFQ and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies were used as measurements.Results: The unifactorial structure is confirmed in elderly men and woman (RMSEA=.04; CFI=.92; RMSEA=.03; CFI=.95) shows adequate internal consistency reliability and adequate validity evidence of its measures.Conclusions: The MGH-SFQ is a questionnaire that provides reliable and valid measures of sexual functioning in Mexican elderly men and woman. (AU)

Factores conductuales y biológicos que influye sobre el riesgo de pie diabético en adultos en etapa de prevejez y vejez

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los factores conductuales y biológicos sobre el riesgo para pie diabético en adultos etapa de prevejez y vejez que asisten a grupos de ayuda mutua. Material y métodos: Correlacional-predictivo, con una muestra de 105 personas seleccionado por muestreo a conveniencia en grupos de ayuda mutua de tres municipios de Coahuila, México. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, el instrumento IMEVID (α=.81), la escala EBADE (α =.78), la recolección de medidas antropométricas, biomarcadores metabólicos y se realizó la valoración de riesgo para pie diabético. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, correlación de spearman y modelos de regresión. Resultados: Participaron 87 (82.9 %) mujeres y 18 (17.1 %) hombres con una M= 62.60 años (DE=10.330) años. El riesgo para pie diabético se relacionó con las barreras de autocuidado en diabetes (r=.224, p<0.5) y el índice de masa corporal (r=.255, p<0.5). El modelo predice un 19.6 % el riesgo (F=6.803, R 2 =19.6, p=0.001), siendo las variables predictoras las barreras de autocuidado en diabetes, el colesterol de baja densidad y el índice de masa corporal. Conclusión: Los factores conductuales y biológicos predicen el aumento del riesgo para pie diabético, por lo que nos da una valoración general de salud de los grupos de ayuda mutua de México.

Objective. To determine the influence of behavioral and biological agents on the risk for diabetic foot in adult stages of pre and old age who attend mutual aid groups. Material and methods: Correlational-predictive, with a sample of 105 people collected by convenience in mutual aid groups from three counties of Coahuila, Mexico. A personal data card, the IMEVID instrument (α = .81), the EBADE scale (α = .78), the collection of anthropometric measurements, metabolic biomarkers were applied and the risk assessment for diabetic foot was performed. Descriptive statistics, spearman correlation and regression models were applied. Results: 87 (82.9%) women and 18 (17.1%) men participated with an M = 62.60 years (SD = 10,330) years. The risk for diabetic foot was related to the barriers to self-care in diabetes (r = .224, p <0.5) and the body mass index (r = .255, p <0.5). The model predicts the risk of 19.6% (F = 6.803, R2 = 19.6, p = 0.001), the predictor variables being the barriers to self-care in diabetes, low-density cholesterol and the body mass index. Conclution: Behavioral and biological factors predict the increased risk for diabetic foot, so it gives us a general assessment of the health of mutual aid groups in Mexico.

Influencia de la incertidumbre sexual de estudiantes de enfermería sobre las actitudes sexuales en la vejez

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la incertidumbre sexual de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre las actitudes sexuales en la vejez. Materiales y métodos: Estudio correlacional-predictivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 222 participantes, determinada mediante un muestreo a conveniencia en estudiantes de enfermería de dos universidades privadas de Mérida, Yucatán. Se aplicó una cédula de datos, la escala de incertidumbre sexual y de actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, correlación de spearman y modelos de regresión. Se consideraron los aspectos éticos para su aplicación. Resultados: La muestra en su mayoría estuvo constituida por mujeres (68.5 %), una media de edad de 20.79 (DE=2.99). Se encontró relación de la incertidumbre sexual con las actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez (r=-0.224, p<0.05); por otra parte, la incertidumbre sexual disminuye en .33 las actitudes sexuales hacia la vejez en los estudiantes de enfermería. El modelo indica que la edad, sexo e incertidumbre influyen en 7.9 % sobre las actitudes sexuales. Conclusión: Se halló que la incertidumbre sexual influye en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez en los estudiantes de enfermería debido a los probables prejuicios que se tiene a este grupo etario. Se requiere abordar temas de sexualidad en ellos mismos y en el adulto mayor para cambiar esta perspectiva.

Objective: Determine the Influence of the sexual uncertainty of nursing students on sexual attitudes in old age. Method: Correlational-predictive study, the sample consisted of 222 participants, determined through a convenience sampling in nursing students from two private universities in Mérida, Yucatán. A data card, the scale of sexual uncertainty and sexual attitudes towards old age was applied. Descriptive statistics, spearman correlation and regression models were performed. Ethical aspects were considered for its application. Results: The majority of the sample was made up of 68.5% women, a mean age of 20.79 (SD = 2.99). A relationship was found between sexual uncertainty and attitudes towards sexuality in old age (r = -0.224, p <0.05), on the other hand, sexual uncertainty decreases by .33 sexual attitudes towards old age in nursing students. The model indicates that age, sex and uncertainty influence 7.9 % on sexual attitudes. Conclusión: It was found that sexual uncertainty influences attitudes towards sexuality in the elderly in nursing students due to the probable prejudices that this age group has, it is necessary to address issues of sexuality in themselves and in the elderly to change this perspective.

[Psychometric properties of the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire in elderly people]. / Propiedades psicométricas del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire en personas mayores.

AIM AND BACKGROUND: In Mexico sexual dysfunctions are a relevant problem, depression and age are the main predisposing factors. Whereby it is necessary to considerate to have valid evaluation instruments in Mexican population. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) in that population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was 634 Northeast Mexican elderly, selected by a non-probabilistic procedure. The MGH-SFQ and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies were used as measurements. RESULTS: The unifactorial structure is confirmed in elderly men and woman (RMSEA=.04; CFI=.92; RMSEA=.03; CFI=.95) shows adequate internal consistency reliability and adequate validity evidence of its measures. CONCLUSIONS: The MGH-SFQ is a questionnaire that provides reliable and valid measures of sexual functioning in Mexican elderly men and woman.

Percepción de la vejez y la persona adulta mayor en niños del sur de México / Perceptions of elderly and old age in children from southern Mexico

Objetivo principal: Explorar las percepciones la vejez y las personas adultas mayores en niños través de la expresión verbal y pictográfica. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 23 niños entre 6 a 11 años dividido en tres grupos focales, posteriormente se solicitó la realización de un dibujo sobre la percepción al adulto mayor, el análisis de ambas técnicas fue descriptivo. Resultados principales: Los participantes percibieron al adulto mayor con características físicas como la presencia de canas, piel arrugada y uso de auxiliares de marcha, sin embargo, no se perciben en un futuro con limitaciones funcionales. Se identificaron tres categorías: a) la visión del inicio de la vejez, b) la imagen social de la persona adulta mayor c) percepción del rol y la convivencia con la persona adulta mayor. Conclusión principal: Se encontraron percepciones positivas y negativas de los niños hacia el adulto mayor y vejez que pueden influir en su envejecimiento exitoso. (AU)

Objective: Explore the perceptions of children about elderly and old age through verbal expression and pictographic. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory study. A semi-structured interview was carried out with 23 children between 6 and 11 years, divided into three focus groups. Later, a drawing was requested about the perception of the elderly, the analysis of both techniques was descriptive. Results: The participants perceived the elderly with physical characteristics such as the presence of gray hair, wrinkled skin and the use of gait aids, however, they are not perceived in the future with functional limitations. Three categories were identified: a) the vision of the beginning of elderly, b) the social image of the elderly c) perception of the role and coexistence with the elderly. Conclusions: Positive and negative perceptions were found about the interpretation, the thought of reality and their social knowledge of children towards the elderly and can influence their successful aging. (AU)

Depressive Symptoms are Associated with low Serotonin Levels in Plasma but are not 5-HTTLPR Genotype Dependent in Older Adults.

Depressive symptoms are diagnosed by physicians using scales but their pathophysiology is unclear. Low serotonin (5-HT) levels play an important role in depression, and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) is an important regulator of plasma serotonin levels and reuptake. Additionally, the 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with depression. The aim was to clarify the roles of plasma serotonin levels in plasma and the 5HTTPLR polymorphism in depressive symptoms in older adults. A total of 84 older adult participants were evaluated. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of 20 items (CESD-20). The plasma serotonin levels were determined by ELISA, and the 5-HTTLPR genotype was analyzed by PCR. Depressive symptoms were present in 39.3% (N = 33) of the participants. The median plasma serotonin level was 204.34 ng/mL (SD = 93.88). A significant correlation was found between the CESD-20 scale and plasma serotonin levels (r = -.256; p = .019). Low serotonin levels were associated with the presence of depressive symptoms (p = .001). The 5-HTTLPR analysis showed that of the 84 older adults, 35.7% had the SS genotype, 10.7% had the LL genotype, and 53.6% were heterozygous. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was not associated with depressive symptoms (p = .587) and plasma serotonin levels (p = 0.391). Depressive symptoms correlate with low serotonin levels in plasma, but not with the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in older Mexican adults.

Actitudes hacia la vejez y actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor en estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería / Attitudes towards old age and attitudes towards elderly's sexuality in students and nursing professionals

OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre las actitudes hacia la vejez y actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor en profesionales y estudiantes de enfermería de Yucatán, México. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio con 212 estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería. Se aplicó el instrumento de actitudes negativas hacia la vejez en población mexicana y el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez analizándose con SPSS V. 22 mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: No existe relación entre actitudes hacia la vejez y sexualidad del adulto mayor (p = 0,504); sin embargo, se halló relación de la edad con los estereotipos negativos físicos y conductuales asociados a la vejez (p = 0,001), así como de las actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor, miedo al envejecimiento en los estudiantes de enfermería (p = 0,022), y de la edad con miedo al envejecimiento (p = 0,041), y miedo al deterioro intelectual y/o abandono en los profesionales de enfermería (p = 0,042). CONCLUSIÓN: Se hace necesaria la intervención para modificar los estereotipos en la muestra, lo que repercutirá en un mejor cuidado

OBJETIVE: Analyze the relationship between the attitudes towards old age and attitudes towards sexuality of the elderly in nursing professionals and students. METHODOLOGY: The study incorpórate 212 students and nursing professionals from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. For the study, it applies the instrument of negative attitudes towards old age in the Mexican population and questionnaire attitudes towards sexuality in old age was analyzed with SPSS V. 22 using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: indicate that there is no relationship between attitudes towards old age and the sexuality of the elderly (p = .504), however there are a relationship between age and the stereotypes of physicists and the behaviors associated with old age (p. = .001), as well as attitudes toward the sexuality of the elderly and fear of aging in nursing students (p = .022) and of the age with fear of aging (p = .041) and the fear of intellectual deterioration and / or abandonment in nursing professionals (p = .042). CONCLUSION: It is necessary an intervention to modify the stereotypes in the sample, which will affect better attention care

Factors Associated With the Role of Parents for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus in Mexican Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The parental role is key for the prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) in adolescents; however, there are factors that can facilitate or inhibit its performance. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the role of parents for prevention of HPV in their adolescent children. METHOD: A descriptive correlational study design included a convenience sample of 582 Mexican parents, whose son or daughter, 13 to 15 years of age, was in either the second or third year of high school. Data analyses included multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Factors related to the role of parents included knowledge about HPV (rs = 0.180, p < .01), perceived risk to contract HPV (rs = 0.148, p < .01), self-efficacy for sexual communication with adolescents (rs = 0.507, p < .01), and attitude toward prevention of HPV (rs = 0.272, p < .01). Self-efficacy for sexual communication with adolescents and attitude toward prevention of HPV positively influenced the parental role, explaining 28.8% of the variance, F(4, 577) = 59.80, p < .001. CONCLUSIONS: Parents with positive attitudes regarding prevention of HPV and who perceive self-efficacy in communicating sexuality issues with their adolescent children, develop a preventative role.

Uso de material sexual en línea y sexo seguro en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres / Use of online sexual material and safe sex in men who have sex with men

Introducción: El material sexual en línea ha representado, desde sus orígenes, un papel relevante en la vida de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Internet, convertido en un vehículo sin restricción para su acceso, ha favorecido un incremento en el uso de este material, y ha repercutido en la conducta sexual de estos hombres. Objetivo: Determinar si el uso de material sexual en línea influye en la conducta sexual segura en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, con una muestra de 251 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de una ciudad en el noreste de México. Se usó el muestreo dirigido por entrevistados, se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc de datos sociodemográficos y de sexualidad, un cuestionario para medir el uso de material sexual en línea y un cuestionario de conducta sexual segura. Resultados: El modelo de regresión lineal simple muestra que el uso de material sexual en línea influye negativamente en la conducta sexual segura (R2 = 0,062; F[1,249] = 16,937; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos proporcionan la pauta para continuar con estudios en la indagación de dicha variable sociocultural, y se propone su consideración en los programas enfocados a la prevención del VIH en esta población

Introduction: Sexual material online has represented, from its origins, an important role in the life of men who have sex with men. Internet, which has become a vehicle without restriction for its access, has favored an increase in the use of this material, and has had an impact on the sexual behavior of these men. Objective: To determine if the use of online sexual material influences safe sexual behavior in men who have sex with men. Material and method: An analytical observational study was conducted, with a sample of 251 men who have sex with men from a city in northeastern Mexico. The respondent driven sampling was used, an ad hoc sociodemographic and sexuality data questionnaire was applied, and a questionnaire to measure the use of online sexual material and questionnaire on safe sexual behavior. Results. The simple linear regression model shows that the use of online sexual material negatively influences safe sexual behavior (R2 = 0.062; F[1,249] = 16.937; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings provide the guideline to continue with studies in the investigation of said sociocultural variable and its consideration is proposed in the programs focused on the prevention of HIV in this population

Factores interpersonales como predictores de la autoestima sexual en mujeres del noreste de México / Interpersonal factors as predictors of sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico

Objetivo: La autoestima sexual ha generado resultados que dejan en claro su impacto en la salud sexual, la cual se forja de las interacciones con otras personas. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar si las variables tiempo con la pareja, número de parejas sexuales, apoyo de la pareja, asertividad sexual y violencia de pareja predicen la autoestima sexual en mujeres del noreste de México. Material y método: Estudio correlacional, predictivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo formada por 605 mujeres usuarias de centros de salud de atención primaria. Como criterios de inclusión se tuvo en cuenta que las participantes tuviesen una edad entre 18 y 40 años (M = 27,68; DT = 6,52), que mantuviesen una relación de pareja de al menos 3 meses y con actividad sexual dentro de esa relación. Resultados: El apoyo de pareja, la violencia de pareja y la asertividad sexual se comportaron como factores predictivos, explicando un 32% de la autoestima sexual en mujeres (F = 52,410, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Los factores interpersonales son elementos clave en la comprensión y evaluación de la autoestima sexual en las mujeres. Estos hallazgos apoyarán al mejoramiento de la salud sexual de esta población, quien es un grupo vulnerable ante problemas de índole sexual en México

Objective: Sexual self-esteem has generated results that make clear their impact on sexual health, which is forged by interactions with other people. For this reason, the goal of this study is to evaluate if the variables time spent with the partner, number of sexual partners, support of the couple, sexual assertiveness and partner violence predict sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico. Material and method: Predictive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 605 women users of primary health care centers. As inclusion criteria, it was considered that participants were between 18 and 40 years of age (M = 27.68; TD = 6.52), who maintained a relationship of at least three months and with sexual activity within that relationship. Results: Couple support, partner violence and sexual assertiveness behaved as predictive factors, accounting for 32% of sexual self-esteem in women (F = 52.410, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Interpersonal factors are key elements in the understanding and evaluation of sexual self-esteem in women. These findings will support the improvement of the sexual health of this population, who are a vulnerable group to sexual problems in Mexico

[Interpersonal factors as predictors of sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico]. / Factores interpersonales como predictores de la autoestima sexual en mujeres del noreste de México.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual self-esteem has generated results that make clear their impact on sexual health, which is forged by interactions with other people. For this reason, the goal of this study is to evaluate if the variables time spent with the partner, number of sexual partners, support of the couple, sexual assertiveness and partner violence predict sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Predictive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 605 women users of primary health care centers. As inclusion criteria, it was considered that participants were between 18 and 40 years of age (M=27.68; TD=6.52), who maintained a relationship of at least three months and with sexual activity within that relationship. RESULTS: Couple support, partner violence and sexual assertiveness behaved as predictive factors, accounting for 32% of sexual self-esteem in women (F=52.410, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal factors are key elements in the understanding and evaluation of sexual self-esteem in women. These findings will support the improvement of the sexual health of this population, who are a vulnerable group to sexual problems in Mexico.

Relación entre la excitación sexual subjetiva y la respuesta genital: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres / Connection between subjective sexual arousal and genital response: differences between men and women

Objetivo: El nivel de acuerdo entre medidas subjetivas y objetivas de la excitación sexual se denomina concordancia sexual. El sexo es uno de los principales moderadores y existe más correspondencia en los hombres que en las mujeres. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la validez predictiva de las escalas Valoración de Excitación Sexual (VES) y Valoración de las Sensaciones Genitales (VSG), relacionando sus puntuaciones con la respuesta genital ante estímulos sexuales visuales, en hombres y en mujeres. Material y método: Se empleó una muestra formada por 159 jóvenes heterosexuales (69 hombres y 90 mujeres) que completaron, en primer lugar, un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de la historia sexual, las escalas Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales-Short Form y el SOS-6. En segundo lugar, en el laboratorio de sexualidad, eran expuestos a un vídeo neutro y otro de contenido sexual explícito, mientras se les evaluaba la excitación sexual subjetiva con las escalas VES y VSG, y se les registraba la respuesta genital a través de pletismografía (hombres) y fotopletismografía (mujeres). Resultados: Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas entre la excitación sexual subjetiva y objetiva únicamente en los hombres: la escala VSG mostró capacidad para predecir la respuesta de erección ante estímulos sexuales visuales. Conclusiones: Se avala la teoría de las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en concordancia sexual. Al encontrarse evidencias modestas solo en hombres sobre la validez predictiva de las escalas de evaluación de la excitación sexual subjetiva, se plantea la necesidad de realizar evaluación subjetiva y objetiva de la excitación sexual en el ámbito clínico y en investigación

Objective: The level of agreement between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal is referred as sexual concordance. Sex is one of the principal moderators and there is a higher level of correspondence in men than in women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive validity of the scales Ratings of Sexual Arousal (RSA) and Ratings of Genital Sensations (RGS), relating their scores with the genital response to visual sexual stimuli in men and women. Material and method: A sample of 159 young heterosexuals was used (69 men and 90 women) which completed, firstly, a sociodemographic and sexual story questionnaire, the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales Short-Form and the SOS-6. At the laboratory, they were exposed to a neutral film and to an explicit sexual content film. The subjective sexual arousal was evaluated with the RSA and RGS scales and the genital response was registered through a plethysmography (men) and a photo-plethysmography (women). Results: Significant correlations were obtained between subjective and objective sexual arousal only in men. The RGS scale has the capacity to predict the erection response toward sexual stimuli. Conclusions: The theory of differences in sexual concordance between men and women was endorsed. Modest evidence about the predictive validity of the subjective sexual arousal evaluation scale was found only in men. It arises the need for subjective and objective assessment of sexual arousal, in clinical settings and research area

[Connection between subjective sexual arousal and genital response: differences between men and women]. / Relación entre la excitación sexual subjetiva y la respuesta genital: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres.

OBJECTIVE: The level of agreement between subjective and objective measures of sexual arousal is referred as sexual concordance. Sex is one of the principal moderators and there is a higher level of correspondence in men than in women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive validity of the scales Ratings of Sexual Arousal (RSA) and Ratings of Genital Sensations (RGS), relating their scores with the genital response to visual sexual stimuli in men and women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A sample of 159 young heterosexuals was used (69 men and 90 women) which completed, firstly, a sociodemographic and sexual story questionnaire, the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales Short-Form and the SOS-6. At the laboratory, they were exposed to a neutral film and to an explicit sexual content film. The subjective sexual arousal was evaluated with the RSA and RGS scales and the genital response was registered through a plethysmography (men) and a photo-plethysmography (women). RESULTS: Significant correlations were obtained between subjective and objective sexual arousal only in men. The RGS scale has the capacity to predict the erection response toward sexual stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The theory of differences in sexual concordance between men and women was endorsed. Modest evidence about the predictive validity of the subjective sexual arousal evaluation scale was found only in men. It arises the need for subjective and objective assessment of sexual arousal, in clinical settings and research area.

[Use of online sexual material and safe sex in men who have sex with men]. / Uso de material sexual en línea y sexo seguro en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual material online has represented, from its origins, an important role in the life of men who have sex with men. Internet, which has become a vehicle without restriction for its access, has favored an increase in the use of this material, and has had an impact on the sexual behavior of these men. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of online sexual material influences safe sexual behavior in men who have sex with men. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical observational study was conducted, with a sample of 251 men who have sex with men from a city in northeastern Mexico. The respondent driven sampling was used, an ad hoc sociodemographic and sexuality data questionnaire was applied, and a questionnaire to measure the use of online sexual material and questionnaire on safe sexual behavior. RESULTS: The simple linear regression model shows that the use of online sexual material negatively influences safe sexual behavior (R2=0.062; F[1,249]=16.937; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide the guideline to continue with studies in the investigation of said sociocultural variable and its consideration is proposed in the programs focused on the prevention of HIV in this population.

Riesgo percibido y balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de Monterrey, México / Perceived risk and decisional balance to HIV testing in men who have sex with men from Monterrey, Mexico

El riesgo percibido hacia el VIH y el balance decisional (pros y contras) hacia la prueba del VIH son aspectos fundamentales para la comprensión de la motivación de los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres para involucrarse en conductas que reduzcan o aumenten el riesgo de infección ante el virus. Objetivos: Describir el riesgo percibido hacia el VIH y el balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH y determinar la asociación entre el riesgo percibido y el balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: Diseño descriptivo correlacional, se utilizó un muestreo dirigido por entrevistados con el cual se reclutaron 202 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Resultados: Edad media de 27,79 (DE=8,13), el 66,3% reportó baja percepción de riesgo hacia el VIH. Los pros más significativos fueron: «si tuviera el VIH no quisiera infectar a nadie más» (95%) y «quisiera estar seguro de no tener el VIH para decírselo a mi pareja sexual» (90,6%). Lo contras más significativos fueron: «tengo miedo a la aguja utilizada para la prueba de detección del VIH» (53%), «la gente me podría rechazar si tuviera el VIH» (78,7%). Finalmente, se identificó correlación entre el riesgo percibido y el balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH (rs=0,759, p<0,001). Conclusiones: Ante tales datos, es importante considerar en futuras intervenciones, información sobre la importancia de la prueba del VIH de forma periódica, así como acciones para aumentar la percepción de vulnerabilidad hacia el VIH en esta población

The perceived risk to HIV and the decisional balance (pros and cons) towards HIV testing are fundamental aspects for understanding the motivation of men who have sex with men to engage in behaviours that reduce or increase the risk of infection with the virus. Objectives: To describe the perceived risk of HIV and the decisional balance towards HIV testing and determine the association between perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing of men who have sex with men. Method: Descriptive correlational design, we used respondent-driven sampling, with which we recruited 202 men who have sex with men. Results: Mean age of 27.79 (SD=8.13), 66.3% reported low perceived risk to HIV. The most significant pros were: "If I had HIV I would not want to infect anyone else" (95%) and "I would like to be sure I did not have HIV to tell my sexual partner" (90.6%). The most significant cons were: "I am afraid of the needle used for the HIV test" (53%), "people could reject me if they had HIV" (78.7%). Finally, there was a correlation between the perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing (rs=.759, p<.001). Conclusions: Given such data, in future interventions it is important to consider information about the importance of HIV testing on a regular basis, as well as actions to increase the perception of vulnerability to HIV in this population

Perceived risk and decisional balance to HIV testing in men who have sex with men from Monterrey, Mexico. / Riesgo percibido y balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de Monterrey, México.

The perceived risk to HIV and the decisional balance (pros and cons) towards HIV testing are fundamental aspects for understanding the motivation of men who have sex with men to engage in behaviours that reduce or increase the risk of infection with the virus. OBJECTIVES: To describe the perceived risk of HIV and the decisional balance towards HIV testing and determine the association between perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing of men who have sex with men. METHOD: Descriptive correlational design, we used respondent-driven sampling, with which we recruited 202 men who have sex with men. RESULTS: Mean age of 27.79 (SD=8.13), 66.3% reported low perceived risk to HIV. The most significant pros were: "If I had HIV I would not want to infect anyone else" (95%) and "I would like to be sure I did not have HIV to tell my sexual partner" (90.6%). The most significant cons were: "I am afraid of the needle used for the HIV test" (53%), "people could reject me if they had HIV" (78.7%). Finally, there was a correlation between the perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing (rs=.759, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given such data, in future interventions it is important to consider information about the importance of HIV testing on a regular basis, as well as actions to increase the perception of vulnerability to HIV in this population.

Validación de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale en mujeres mexicanas / Validation of the Sexual Assertiveness Scale in Mexican Women

RESUMEN La asertividad sexual constituye una dimensión fundamental de la sexualidad humana por su relación con distintos indicadores de la salud sexual. Es la capacidad de las personas para iniciar la actividad sexual, rechazar la actividad sexual no deseada y emplear métodos anticonceptivos y así desarrollar comportamientos saludables. Esta se mide a través de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). Hasta la fecha, la SAS no se ha validado en población mexicana, por lo que se considera importante examinar sus propiedades psicométricas en esta población. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la SAS en una muestra de 202 mujeres mexicanas. Mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, se confirmó la estructura trifactorial del SAS: inicio, rechazo y embarazo-enfermedades de transmisión sexual (CFI = .953; TLI = .927). Asimismo, se obtuvo una confiabilidad adecuada en las tres subescalas y, de forma global (<±> = .85), sus puntuaciones correlacionaron significativamente en la dirección esperada con autoestima sexual y depresión rasgo. Se concluye que la SAS presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas en población femenina mexicana.

ABSTRACT Given its relationship to various indicators of sexual health, sexual assertiveness is a fundamental dimension of human sexuality. This is defined as the ability that people have to initiate sexual activity, refuse unwanted sexual activity, and use contraceptive methods, thereby developing healthy behaviours - which can be measured using the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). To date, the SAS has not been validated in the Mexican population, albeit it is considered important to examine the psychometric properties of the latter. Therefore, to the aim of this study was to validate the SAS in a sample of 202 Mexican women. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the SAS: initiation, rejection, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted diseases (CFI = .953; TLI = .927). Similarly, adequate reliability was obtained in the three subscales and overall (<±> = .85). Their scores significantly correlated in the expected direction with sexual self-esteem and the trait depression. It is concluded that the SAS has psychometric properties which are acceptable in Mexican women.