Spatially modulated ablation driven by chaotic attractors in human lung epithelial cancer cells.

A significant modification in photoinduced energy transfer in cancer cells is reported by the assistance of a dynamic modulation of the beam size of laser irradiation. Human lung epithelial cancer cells in monolayer form were studied. In contrast to the quantum and thermal ablation effect promoted by a standard focused Gaussian beam, a spatially modulated beam can caused around 15% of decrease in the ablation threshold and formation of a ring-shaped distribution of the photothermal transfer effect. Optical irradiation was conducted in A549 cells by a 532 nm single-beam emerging from a Nd:YVO4 system. Ablation effects derived from spatially modulated convergent waves were controlled by an electrically focus-tunable lens. The proposed chaotic behavior of the spatial modulation followed an Arneodo chaotic oscillator. Fractional dynamic thermal transport was analyzed in order to describe photoenergy in propagation through the samples. Immediate applications of chaos theory for developing phototechnology devices driving biological functions or phototherapy treatments can be considered.

Multiphotonic Ablation and Electro-Capacitive Effects Exhibited by Candida albicans Biofilms.

This work reports the modification in the homogeneity of ablation effects with the assistance of nonlinear optical phenomena exhibited by C. albicans ATCC 10231, forming a biofilm. Equivalent optical energies with different levels of intensity were irradiated in comparative samples, and significant changes were observed. Nanosecond pulses provided by an Nd:YAG laser system at a 532 nm wavelength in a single-beam experiment were employed to explore the photodamage and the nonlinear optical transmittance. A nonlinear optical absorption coefficient -2 × 10-6 cm/W was measured in the samples studied. It is reported that multiphotonic interactions can promote more symmetric optical damage derived by faster changes in the evolution of fractional photoenergy transference. The electrochemical response of the sample was studied to further investigate the electronic dynamics dependent on electrical frequency, and an electro-capacitive behavior in the sample was identified. Fractional differential calculations were proposed to describe the thermal transport induced by nanosecond pulses in the fungi media. These results highlight the nonlinear optical effects to be considered as a base for developing photothermally activated phototechnology and high-precision photodamage in biological systems.

Hierarchical Nanobiosensors at the End of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

Nanostructures have played a key role in the development of different techniques to attack severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Some applications include masks, vaccines, and biosensors. The latter are of great interest for detecting diseases since some of their features allowed us to find specific markers in secretion samples such as saliva, blood, and even tears. Herein, we highlight how hierarchical nanoparticles integrated into two or more low-dimensional materials present outstanding advantages that are attractive for photonic biosensing using their nanoscale functions. The potential of nanohybrids with their superlative mechanical characteristics together with their optical and optoelectronic properties is discussed. The progress in the scientific research focused on using nanoparticles for biosensing a variety of viruses has become a medical milestone in recent years, and has laid the groundwork for future disease treatments. This perspective analyzes the crucial information about the use of hierarchical nanostructures in biosensing for the prevention, treatment, and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 effects.

Fundamentals of SARS-CoV-2 Biosensors.

A beautiful topic in its essence and content is represented by the powerful assistance of sensing methods and techniques for automatically revealing biological agents and biological functions in this era [...].

Asymmetric encryption by optical Kerr nonlinearities exhibited by electrochromic NiO thin films.

Herein is analyzed how an electric field can induce a band gap shift in NiO films to generate an enhancement in their third-order optical nonlinearities. An electrochromic effect seems to be responsible for changes in absorbance and modification in off-resonance nonlinear refractive index. The optical Kerr effect was determined as the dominant physical mechanism emerging from the third-order optical susceptibility processes present in a nanosecond two-wave mixing configuration at 532 nm wavelength. Absence of any important multi-photonic absorption was validated by the constant trace of high-irradiance optical transmittance in single-beam mode. The inspection of nonlinear optical signals allowed us to propose an exclusive disjunctive logic gate assisted by an electrochromic effect in an optical Kerr gate. Asymmetric encryption by our XOR system with the influence of a switchable probe beam transmittance and electrical signals in the sample was studied. Immediate applications for developing multifunctional quantum systems driven by dynamic parameters in electrochromic and nonlinear optical materials were highlighted.

A Framework for Biosensors Assisted by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning.

The ability to interpret information through automatic sensors is one of the most important pillars of modern technology. In particular, the potential of biosensors has been used to evaluate biological information of living organisms, and to detect danger or predict urgent situations in a battlefield, as in the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in this era. This work is devoted to describing a panoramic overview of optical biosensors that can be improved by the assistance of nonlinear optics and machine learning methods. Optical biosensors have demonstrated their effectiveness in detecting a diverse range of viruses. Specifically, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated disturbance all over the world, and biosensors have emerged as a key for providing an analysis based on physical and chemical phenomena. In this perspective, we highlight how multiphoton interactions can be responsible for an enhancement in sensibility exhibited by biosensors. The nonlinear optical effects open up a series of options to expand the applications of optical biosensors. Nonlinearities together with computer tools are suitable for the identification of complex low-dimensional agents. Machine learning methods can approximate functions to reveal patterns in the detection of dynamic objects in the human body and determine viruses, harmful entities, or strange kinetics in cells.

Driving Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities in Photoluminescent Si Nanoparticles by Nitrogen Co-Implantation in a Silica Matrix.

The photoluminescence and third-order nonlinear optical effects of co-implanted silicon nanoparticles and nitrogen ions in a silica matrix were studied. Experimental evidence shows the potential of nitrogen ions for changing optical properties exhibited by silicon nanoparticles implanted in an integrated system. The modification of the optical bandgap and photoluminescent intensity in the studied nanomaterials by the incorporation of nitrogen was analyzed. Standard two-wave mixing experiments were conducted using nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength. At this off-resonance condition, only multiphoton excitation can promote electrons at energies above the optical bandgap of the silicon nanoparticles. The picosecond results show that the co-implanted sample with nitrogen exhibits a three-fold enhancement of the nonlinear Kerr response. Femtosecond z-scan measurements were undertaken at 800 nm in order to explore the modification of the ultrafast nonlinear response of the samples that revealed a purely electronic Kerr nonlinearity together to saturable absorption of the SiNPs in the near-infrared. Remarkably, femtosecond results reveal that nitrogen co-implantation in the SiNPs system derives from the quenching of the third-order nonlinear optical behavior. These findings pointed out a simple approach for engineering the optical bandgap of nanocomposites, which can be controlled by a doping process based on ion-implanted nitrogen. It is highlighted that the enhanced light-matter interactions induced by nitrogen implantation can be useful for developing nonlinear integrated silicon photonics nanodevices with low power excitation.

Structured light using carbon nanostructures driven by Kerr nonlinearities and a magnetic field.

A substantial influence of a magnetic field on the third-order nonlinear optical properties exhibited by aggregated networks of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) is reported by systematic measurements. A two-wave mixing was employed to explore and modulate the refractive index in the nanostructures in the nanosecond and picosecond regime. The presence of a magnetic field was able to modify the optical transmittance in the sample and the potentiality to generate structured light was proposed. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the magnetic field phenomena and the oscillations of the electric field in the studied sample. We discussed theoretical concepts, experimental methods, and computational tools employed to evaluate the third-order nonlinear optical properties of CNT in film form. Immediate applications of the system to modulate structured light can be contemplated.

Taming the Autophagy as a Strategy for Treating COVID-19.

Currently, an efficient treatment for COVID-19 is still unavailable, and people are continuing to die from complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the development of new therapeutic approaches is urgently needed, and one alternative is to target the mechanisms of autophagy. Due to its multifaceted role in physiological processes, many questions remain unanswered about the possible advantages of inhibiting or activating autophagy. Based on a search of the literature in this field, a novel analysis has been made to highlight the relation between the mechanisms of autophagy in antiviral and inflammatory activity in contrast with those of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The present analysis reveals a remarkable coincidence between the uncontrolled inflammation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and autophagy defects. Particularly, there is conclusive evidence about the substantial contribution of two concomitant factors to the development of severe COVID-19: a delayed or absent type I and III interferon (IFN-I and IFN-III) response together with robust cytokine and chemokine production. In addition, a negative interplay exists between autophagy and an IFN-I response. According to previous studies, the clinical decision to inhibit or activate autophagy should depend on the underlying context of the pathological timeline of COVID-19. Several treatment options are herein discussed as a guide for future research on this topic.

Navigation of Silver/Carbon Nanoantennas in Organic Fluids Explored by a Two-Wave Mixing.

Within this work are analyzed third-order nonlinear optical properties with a potential influence on the dynamic mechanics exhibited by metal/carbon nanofluids. The nanofluids were integrated by multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with Ag nanoparticles suspended in ethanol or in acetone. Optical third-order nonlinearities were experimentally explored by vectorial two-wave mixing experiments with a Nd-YAG laser system emitting nanosecond pulses at a 532 nm wavelength. An optically induced birefringence in the metal/organic samples seems to be responsible for a significant modification in density and compressibility modulus in the nanosystems. The measured nonlinear refractive index was associated with a thermal process together with changes in density, compressibility modulus and speed of sound in the samples. Nanofluid diffusivity was studied to characterize the dynamic concentration gradients related to the precipitation of nanostructures in the liquid solutions. The evolution of the nanoparticle density suspended in the nanofluids was considered as a temporal-resolved probabilistic system. It is stated that the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles in carbon nanotubes produces strong mechanical changes in carbon-based nanofluids. According to numerical simulations and optical evaluations, immediate applications for developing dynamic nanoantennas optical logic gates and quantum-controlled metal/carbon systems can be contemplated.

Dynamic compressibility and third-order optical nonlinearities in carbon/metal-based nanofluids.

The influence of the superposition of two high-irradiance optical beams on the mechanical properties exhibited by carbon nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles was analyzed. The change in density, compressibility modulus and acoustic velocity in the samples suspended in acetone and ethanol was estimated by measuring the nonlinear refractive index tested by a two-wave mixing experiment. The nanotubes were prepared by a spray pyrolysis processing route and the metal decoration was carried by chemical vapor deposition. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy studies confirmed the multiwall nature of the carbon nanotubes; while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveals the separated presence of platinum nanoparticles incorporated to the hybrid nanostructures. An Nd-YAG laser system emitting at 532 nm wavelength with 4 ns pulse duration was used for conducting the third-order nonlinear optical evaluations by a standard optical Kerr gate technique. Comparative experiments showed that the composition of the liquid solution plays an important role in the manipulation of the density exhibited by the nanofluids. Remarkably, the incorporation of Pt in the tubes originates stronger changes of the mechanical characteristics induced by optical nonlinearities in the nanofluids irradiated by nanosecond pulses. Within this work, it is highlighted that potential applications for developing multivalent logic operations by fuzzy mechano-optic effects exhibited by nanofluids can be contemplated.

Magnetic Force Microscopy Study of Multiscale Ion-Implanted Platinum in Silica Glass, Recorded by an Ultrafast Two-Wave Mixing Configuration.

This study explores magnetization exhibited by nanoscale platinum-based structures embedded in pure silica plates. A superposition of laser pulses in the samples produced periodic linear arrangements of micro-sized structures. The samples were integrated by PtO2 microstructures (PtOΣs) with dispersed Pt oxide nanoparticles in their surroundings. The characterization of the materials was performed by high transmission electron microscopy studies. Furthermore, topographical and magnetic effects on the sample surfaces were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy, respectively. The magnetic measurements indicated an enhancement in the gradient phase shift and in the gradient force related to the magnetic PtOΣs. The possibility of tuning the magnetic characteristics of the samples through contact with a Nd2Fe14B magnet was demonstrated. This process corresponds to an innovative method for obtaining magnetic PtOΣs induced by laser pulses. Moreover, an increase in the compactness of the silica with platinum-based structures was confirmed by an evaluation of the effective elastic modulus with reference to pure silica. The multimodal magnetic structures studied in this work seem to be candidates for developing high-density magnetic storage media.

Chaotic Signatures Exhibited by Plasmonic Effects in Au Nanoparticles with Cells.

The evolution of the optical absorptive effects exhibited by plasmonic nanoparticles was systematically analyzed by electronic signals modulated by a Rössler attractor system. A sol-gel approach was employed for the preparation of the studied Au nanoparticles embedded in a TiO2 thin solid film. The inclusion of the nanoparticles in an inhomogeneous biological sample integrated by human cells deposited in an ITO glass substrate was evaluated with a high level of sensitivity using an opto-electronic chaotic circuit. The optical response of the nanoparticles was determined using nanosecond laser pulses in order to guarantee the sensing performance of the system. It was shown that high-intensity irradiances at a wavelength of 532 nm could promote a change in the absorption band of the localized surface plasmon resonance associated with an increase in the nanoparticle density of the film. Moreover, it was revealed that interferometrically-controlled energy transfer mechanisms can be useful for thermo-plasmonic functions and sharp selective optical damage induced by the vectorial nature of light. Immediate applications of two-wave mixing techniques, together with chaotic effects, can be contemplated in the development of nanostructured sensors and laser-induced controlled explosions, with potential applications for biomedical photo-thermal processes.

Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids Induce Mitophagy in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells.

Ursolic and oleanolic acids are natural isomeric triterpenes known for their anticancer activity. Here, we investigated the effect of triterpenes on the viability of A549 human lung cancer cells and the role of autophagy in their activity. The induction of autophagy, the mitochondrial changes and signaling pathway stimulated by triterpenes were systematically explored by confocal microscopy and western blotting. Ursolic and oleanolic acids induce autophagy in A549 cells. Ursolic acid activates AKT/mTOR pathways and oleanolic acid triggers a pathway independent on AKT. Both acids promote many mitochondrial changes, suggesting that mitochondria are targets of autophagy in a process known as mitophagy. The PINK1/Parkin axis is a pathway usually associated with mitophagy, however, the mitophagy induced by ursolic or oleanolic acid is just dependent on PINK1. Moreover, both acids induce an ROS production. The blockage of autophagy with wortmannin is responsible for a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and cell death. The wortmannin treatment causes an over-increase of p62 and Nrf2 proteins promote a detoxifying effect to rescue cells from the death conducted by ROS. In conclusion, the mitophagy and p62 protein play an important function as a survival mechanism in A549 cells and could be target to therapeutic control.

Ultrasonic Influence on Plasmonic Effects Exhibited by Photoactive Bimetallic Au-Pt Nanoparticles Suspended in Ethanol.

The optical behavior exhibited by bimetallic nanoparticles was analyzed by the influence of ultrasonic and nonlinear optical waves in propagation through the samples contained in an ethanol suspension. The Au-Pt nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel method. Optical characterization recorded by UV-vis spectrophotometer shows two absorption peaks correlated to the synergistic effects of the bimetallic alloy. The structure and nanocrystalline nature of the samples were confirmed by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy evaluations. The absorption of light associated with Surface Plasmon Resonance phenomena in the samples was modified by the dynamic influence of ultrasonic effects during the propagation of optical signals promoting nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction. The third-order nonlinear optical response of the nanoparticles dispersed in the ethanol-based fluid was explored by nanosecond pulses at 532 nm. The propagation of high-frequency sound waves through a nanofluid generates a destabilization in the distribution of the nanoparticles, avoiding possible agglomerations. Besides, the influence of mechanical perturbation, the container plays a major role in the resonance and attenuation effects. Ultrasound interactions together to nonlinear optical phenomena in nanofluids is a promising alternative field for a wide of applications for modulating quantum signals, sensors and acousto-optic devices.

Microbiology of high-sugar must fermentation by novel yeasts from the chihuahuan desert.

This work reports important results of aromatic profiles produced by native yeasts isolated from desert-grown wine grapes from the south of Chihuahua, México. These grapes stand very high temperatures during the ripening season, developing high sugar concentration and high pH. Yeast species found in grapes were identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the 5.8S internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA region. Aureobasidium namibiae, Sporobolomyces johnsonii, Candida apicola, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Candida thaimueangensis, Hanseniaspora opuntiae were identified. All of them can grow at glucose concentration of 35% (w/v) and 100 ppm of SO2, and produce low volatile acidity (0.2-1.0 g acetic acid/L). Volatile organic compounds analysis showed that C. thaimueangensis and one strain of C. apicola produce high levels of esters, and Hanseniaspora species produces high levels of higher alcohols and carbonyl compounds. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge about yeast communities associated with desert-grown winegrape yeasts.

Nanoscale influence on photoluminescence and third order nonlinear susceptibility exhibited by ion-implanted Pt nanoparticles in silica.

A systematic study has been carried out to investigate photoluminescence and third order nonlinear ultraviolet properties exhibited by platinum nanoparticles nucleated in a high-purity silica matrix. The modification in the characteristic photoluminescence spectra of the nanocomposites, ranging between 400 and 600 nm, was obtained with the assistance of a thermal annealing process that changed the average size of the platinum nanoparticles. The influence of temperature, between 200 °C-1100 °C, during the thermal treatment of the nanostructures was analyzed. UV-vis spectroscopy studies corroborated changes in the optical absorption resonances of the ion-implanted samples after annealing, which could then be correlated with the average size of the nanoparticles. The estimated average size was also corroborated by transmision electron microscopy. For temperatures below 600 °C the system is mainly composed of ultra-small photoluminescent platinum nanoparticles. Larger platinum nanoparticles were formed at higher annealing temperatures but photoluminescence quenching was observed as the typical plasmonics response of larger metal nanoparticles started to emerge. The photoluminescence emission for samples with a particle size of less than 2 nm is enhanced approximately 12 fold with respect to the samples with a particle size in the range of 3-7 nm. Differences in the resulting photoluminescence spectra were revealed by substituting the participation of argon, hydrogen or nitrogen, as environmental gases for thermal annealing. A weak PL emission, featuring 1.5 nW at a laser excitation power of 800 µW, related to larger platinum nanoparticles was observed. New emission peaks emerging from the larger platinum nanoparticles were associated with possible hydrogen adsorption on the nanoparticles' surface. Third order nonlinear ultraviolet measurements were conducted using a time-resolved two-wave mixing method with self-diffraction at 355 nm wavelength. The observed self-diffraction decay time is less than 25 ps, regardless of the average size of the nanoparticles studied. The evolution of the self-diffracted intensities derived from temperature was also linked to the mean size of the nanoparticles in the samples. Comparative two-wave mixing evaluations also validated a modification in third order nonlinear susceptibility exhibited by annealed samples. An important role of the localized surface plasmon resonance phenomena associated with the platinum nanoparticles for photoluminescence and optical nonlinearities was identified. A proposed hypothetical electronic mechanism that may explain the exceptional optical transitions related to low-dimensional platinum systems is discussed.

Acousto-Plasmonic Sensing Assisted by Nonlinear Optical Interactions in Bimetallic Au-Pt Nanoparticles.

A strong influence of mechanical action in nonlinear optical transmittance experiments with bimetallic nanoparticles integrated by gold and platinum was observed. The nanostructured samples were synthesized by a sol-gel method and contained in an ethanol suspension. UV-VIS spectroscopy evaluations, Transmission electron microscopy studies and input-output laser experiments were characterized. A two-photon absorption effect was induced by nanosecond pulses at 532 nm wavelength with an important contribution from the plasmonic response of the nanomaterials. All-optical identification of acoustical waves was remarkably improved by optical nonlinearities. High sensitivity for instrumentation of mechano-optical signals sensing particular fluids was demonstrated by using a variable carbon dioxide incorporation to the system.

Ablation and optical third-order nonlinearities in Ag nanoparticles.

The optical damage associated with high intensity laser excitation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) was studied. In order to investigate the mechanisms of optical nonlinearity of a nanocomposite and their relation with its ablation threshold, a high-purity silica sample implanted with Ag ions was exposed to different nanosecond and picosecond laser irradiations. The magnitude and sign of picosecond refractive and absorptive nonlinearities were measured near and far from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the Ag NPs with a self-diffraction technique. Saturable optical absorption and electronic polarization related to self-focusing were identified. Linear absorption is the main process involved in nanosecond laser ablation, but non-linearities are important for ultrashort picosecond pulses when the absorptive process become significantly dependent on the irradiance. We estimated that near the resonance, picosecond intraband transitions allow an expanded distribution of energy among the NPs, in comparison to the energy distribution resulting in a case of far from resonance, when the most important absorption takes place in silica. We measured important differences in the ablation threshold and we estimated that the high selectiveness of the SPR of Ag NPs as well as their corresponding optical nonlinearities can be strongly significant for laser-induced controlled explosions, with potential applications for biomedical photothermal processes.

Anisotropic linear and nonlinear optical properties from anisotropy-controlled metallic nanocomposites.

High-energy metallic ions were implanted in silica matrices, obtaining spherical-like metallic nanoparticles (NPs) after a proper thermal treatment. These NPs were then deformed by irradiation with Si ions, obtaining an anisotropic metallic nanocomposite. An average large birefringence of 0.06 was measured for these materials in the 300-800 nm region. Besides, their third order nonlinear optical response was measured using self-diffraction and P-scan techniques at 532 nm with 26 ps pulses. By adjusting the incident light's polarization and the angular position of the nanocomposite, the measurements could be directly related to, at least, two of the three linear independent components of its third order susceptibility tensor, finding a large, but anisotropic, response of around 10(-7) esu with respect to other isotropic metallic systems. For the nonlinear optical absorption, we were able to shift from saturable to reverse saturable absorption depending on probing the Au NP's major or minor axes, respectively. This fact could be related to local field calculations and NP's electronic properties. For the nonlinear optical refraction, we passed from self-focusing to self-defocusing, when changing from Ag to Au.