Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on masticatory and swallowing functions in children with posterior crossbite

Abstract Objective: Investigate the influence of posterior crossbite on masticatory and swallowing functions by videofluoroscopy examination and to analyze the effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) on the same functions. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 32 children, 21 of them with posterior crossbite (10 girls and 11 boys, mean age 9.2 years, study group) and 11 children with no occlusal changes (6 girls and 5 boys, mean age 9.3 years, control group). The children were evaluated by an orthodontist for diagnosis, group characterization and occlusal treatment, by the otorhinolaryngology team for the assessment of respiratory symptoms, and by a speech therapist for videofluoroscopic evaluation of masticatory and swallowing parameters. The children with posterior crossbite were treated orthodontic ally using the Haas disjunctor for approximately six months and re-evaluated 5-months after removal of the appliance. Data were analyzed statistically by the Studentt-test for independent samples for comparison of the crossbite and control groups before and after treatment. Results: There was no significant difference in oral preparatory and oral transit times, nor in cycles and masticatory frequency, between the pre and post orthodontic treatment groups and the control group. Conclusion: Rapid maxillary expansion did not influence the masticatory and swallowing variables studied by videofluoroscopy. However, the data require caution in interpretation.

Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on masticatory and swallowing functions in children with posterior crossbite.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the influence of posterior crossbite on masticatory and swallowing functions by videofluoroscopy examination and to analyze the effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) on the same functions. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 32 children, 21 of them with posterior crossbite (10 girls and 11 boys, mean age 9.2 years, study group) and 11 children with no occlusal changes (6 girls and 5 boys, mean age 9.3 years, control group). The children were evaluated by an orthodontist for diagnosis, group characterization and occlusal treatment, by the otorhinolaryngology team for the assessment of respiratory symptoms, and by a speech therapist for videofluoroscopic evaluation of masticatory and swallowing parameters. The children with posterior crossbite were treated orthodontic ally using the Haas disjunctor for approximately six months and re-evaluated 5-months after removal of the appliance. Data were analyzed statistically by the Studentt-test for independent samples for comparison of the crossbite and control groups before and after treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in oral preparatory and oral transit times, nor in cycles and masticatory frequency, between the pre and post orthodontic treatment groups and the control group. CONCLUSION: Rapid maxillary expansion did not influence the masticatory and swallowing variables studied by videofluoroscopy. However, the data require caution in interpretation.

Swallowing evaluation after surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty vs. expansion pharyngoplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pharyngeal surgery on swallowing pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to compare two surgical techniques: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and expansion pharyngoplasty (EP), through videofluoroscopy. METHODS: Longitudinal prospective cohort, in a tertiary referral center. 17 adult patients were enrolled this study, divided into two groups: patients who underwent UPPP (n = 10) or EP (n = 7). Swallowing videofluoroscopy (for both liquid and pasty consistences) was assessed at three different periods: before surgery, and at 14 and 28 days following surgery. Comparisons were performed between pre- and post-operative (PO) swallowing conditions in the same patient, and between surgical techniques. RESULTS: Asymptomatic OSAS patients already presented altered swallowing pattern before surgery. Both surgical procedures led to an increased hyoid movement time and an increased frequency of laryngeal penetration in early PO during liquid ingestion. For pasty consistency, both techniques reduced velum movement time and increased pharyngeal transit time and the rate of stasis in hypopharynx. All these parameters reached or tended to reach the pre-operative indices at day PO 28. CONCLUSIONS: OSAS patients show sub-clinical changes in swallowing pattern before surgery. Both surgical techniques are related to transitory changes in swallowing biomechanics. Complete or partial reversal to pre-operative swallowing parameters occurs 1 month after both surgery techniques.

Muscular and functional changes following adenotonsillectomy in children.

BACKGROUND: It is recognized that adenotonsillar hypertrophy leads to muscular and functional changes in face, and that adenotonsillectomy is associated to improvement in this condition. However, the ideal interval one should wait until this spontaneous recovery is not well defined, neither if this recovery is expected to be complete or partial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the muscular and functional changes in face of children prior and after adenotonsillectomy in a monthly evaluation. METHODS: 8 children aged from 4 to 6 years were prospectively studied. All patients underwent adenotonsillectomy, and were assessed before and monthly-after surgery up to 6 months, through the Protocol of Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES). RESULTS: There was a progressive improvement in OMES score in all measured parameters, including the "mobility" and "posture" sub-tests; this improvement was significant at the first month after surgery. The sub-test "function" was not affected by surgery. Improvement continued from the first to the sixth month after surgery, although it was not significant between these two periods. Additionally, all parameters remained altered after the final evaluation at six months. There was a significant correlation between the improvement in "mobility" sub-test and in total score of OMES. CONCLUSION: We observed a partial recovery in facial muscular and functional changes following adenotonsillectomy, particularly during the first month after surgery. This improvement was especially observed in the "mobility" and "posture" sub-tests. We conclude that waiting for a spontaneous muscular and functional facial recovery during the first month post-operatively seems reasonable. Nevertheless, after this period, if the patient fails to achieve recovery, it may be advised that this child should undergo myofunctional therapy.

Predictors of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty success in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has been described as an option for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), with variable success rates. The main purpose of our study was to correlate UPPP success to craniofacial bony structure and orofacial muscles function. METHODS: Clinical variables, including body mass index (BMI), age, and preoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI); cephalometric measurements of the craniofacial region and hyoid bone position; and muscle function variables including clinical protocol and tongue strength measures were evaluated in 54 patients who underwent UPPP in the last 7years. The measurements were related to the success or failure of UPPP based on the results of preoperative and postoperative polysomnography (PSG). RESULTS: The variables BMI, preoperative AHI, and cephalometric measurements showed no influence on surgical success. The clinical muscle protocol also was similar between groups. However, the muscle strength of the anterior portion of the tongue was significantly greater in the group that showed surgical success compared to those with surgical failure. CONCLUSION: OSAS is a multifactorial disease and diagnostic symptom assessments should be individualized. In addition, special attention should be given to functional muscle alterations of the airways, as they might influence the evolution of the disease.

Masseter muscle thickness three years after surgical correction of class III dentofacial deformity.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of integrated orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery and orofacial myofunctional therapy on masseter muscle thickness in patients with class III dentofacial deformity three years after orthognathic surgery. DESIGN: A longitudinal study was conducted on 13 patients with class III dentofacial deformities, denoted here as group P1 (before surgery) and group P3 (same patients 3 years to 3 years and 8 months after surgery). Fifteen individuals with no changes in facial morphology or dental occlusion were assigned to the control group (CG). Masseter muscle ultrasonography was performed in the resting and biting situations in the three groups. Data were analysed statistically by a mixed-effects linear model considering a level of significance of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly higher values (P < 0.01) of masseter muscle thickness (cm) were detected in group P3 (right rest: 0.82 ± 0.16, left rest: 0.87 ± 0.21, right bite: 1 ± 0.22, left bite: 1.04 ± 0.28) compared to group P1 (right rest: 0.63 ± 0.19, left rest: 0.64 ± 0.15, right bite: 0.87 ± 0.16, left bite: 0.88 ± 0.14). Between P3 and CG (right rest: 1.02 ± 0.19, left rest: 1 ± 0.19, right bite: 1.18 ± 0.22, left bite: 1.16 ± 0.22) there was a significant difference on the right side of the muscle (P < 0.05) in both situations and on the left side at rest. CONCLUSION: The proposed treatment resulted in improved masseter muscle thickness in patients with class III dentofacial deformity.

Bruxism in children with nasal obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Bruxism is characterized by repeated tooth grinding or clenching. The condition can occur in all age ranges and in both genders, being related or not to other oral habits. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of bruxism in children with nasal obstruction and to determine its association with other factors. METHODS: Sixty children with nasal obstruction seen at the Otorhinolaryngology Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto participated in the study. The data were obtained using a pre-established questionnaire applied to the person responsible and by orofacial evaluation of the patient. The participants were divided into two groups: group with bruxism (GB) as reported by the relatives and with the presence of tooth wear detected by clinical evaluation, and group without bruxism (GWB), consisting of children with none of the two symptoms of bruxism mentioned above. RESULTS: The presence of bruxism exceeded its absence in the sample studied (65.22%). There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between groups regarding gender, phase of dentition, presence of hearing diseases, degree of malocclusion, or child behavior. CONCLUSION: Bruxism and deleterious oral habits such as biting behavior (objects, lips and nails) were significantly present, together with the absence of suction habits, in the children with nasal obstruction.

Effect of treatment of dentofacial deformity on masseter muscle thickness.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the modifications in masseter muscle thickness before and after interdisciplinary orthodontic, oromyofunctional and surgical treatment of class III dentofacial skeletal deformities (DFSD). DESIGN: Fifteen patients with class III DFSD participated in the study, denoted P1 group before the interdisciplinary treatment and P2 group (same patients) 6-8 months after surgery. Fifteen individuals with no DFSD were used as the control group. Bilateral ultrasonography (US) of the masseter muscle under resting and biting conditions was performed in the three groups. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (P<0.01) for all muscles tested between the control, P1 and P2 groups, with greater thickness for controls, intermediate thickness for P2, and the lowest thickness for P1 in all situations evaluated. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there was an increase in masseter muscle thickness after surgical correction of DFSD accompanied by interdisciplinary treatment, although the values were still lower than those observed in the control group.

Myofunctional evaluation after surgery for tonsils hypertrophy and its correlation to breathing pattern: a 2-year-follow up.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the myofunctional status in children submitted to adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy, correlating the pre and post-surgical patterns throughout a 24-month-period. To correlate the myofunctional alterations to the sort of surgery performed (adenoidectomy versus adenotonsillectomy) and to the predominant post-surgical breathing pattern (predominantly nasal versus allergic rhinitis). METHODS: Forty children were assessed by the otorhinolaryngologist and speech therapist before and 1-24 months after surgery. In order to evaluate myofunctional status, a pre-structured protocol was designed, which included observations regarding facial posture, tonicity, mastication, deglutition and respiration. A score from 0 (normal pattern) to 12 (highly altered) was set. RESULTS: There was a partial, but progressive decrease of the score after surgery (p < 0.001). This decrease was markedly observed during the first 6 months following surgical procedure (p < 0.001), after which it was no longer significant. There was no correlation between the myofunctional progress and the sort of surgery performed. The myofunctional improvement was more accentuated in nasal breathers when compared to those with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of myofunctional status seems to be observed in children after surgery. In this study, the improvement was predominantly accomplished during the first 6 months following surgical procedure. Persistent pattern of mouth breathing due to allergic rhinitis may difficult recovery of the myofunctional status. The most adequate post-surgical moment for the otorhinolaryngologist to refer the patient to speech therapist for myofunctional therapy seems to be crucial, as well as the recognition by the speech therapist of the persistence of the obstructive symptoms, re-referring this patient to the physician.