Consensus document on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) established by the Mexican Association of Hepatology.

Acute-on chronic liver failure (ACLF) has been an intensively debated topic mainly due to the lack of a unified definition and diagnostic criteria. The growing number of publications describing the mechanisms of ACLF development, the progression of the disease, outcomes and treatment has contributed to a better understanding of the disease, however, it has also sparked the debate about this condition. As an attempt to provide medical professionals with a more uniform definition that could be applied to our population, the first Mexican consensus was performed by a panel of experts in the area of hepatology in Mexico. We used the most relevant and impactful publications along with the clinical and research experience of the consensus participants. The consensus was led by 4 coordinators who provided the most relevant bibliography by doing an exhaustive search on the topic. The entire bibliography was made available to the members of the consensus for consultation at any time during the process and six working groups were formed to develop the following sections: 1.- Generalities, definitions, and criteria, 2.- Pathophysiology of cirrhosis, 3.- Genetics in ACLF, 4.- Clinical manifestations, 5.- Liver transplantation in ACLF, 6.- Other treatments.

Position statement on the use of albumin in liver cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is characterised by a prolonged asymptomatic period in which the inflammation persists, increasing as the disease progresses. Characteristic of this is the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidant molecules which are determining factors in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. In the early development of cirrhosis, splanchnic arterial vasodilation, activation of vasoconstrictor systems (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) and the sympathetic nervous system (noradrenaline) bring about bacterial translocation and systemic dissemination via portal circulation of bacterial products, and molecular patterns associated with damage, which exacerbate the systemic inflammation present in the patient with cirrhosis. Albumin is a molecule that undergoes structural and functional changes as liver damage progresses, affecting its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, oncotic and endothelial stabilising properties. Our knowledge of the properties of albumin reveals a molecule with multiple treatment options in patients with cirrhosis, from the compensated then decompensated phases to multiple organ dysfunction. Its recognised uses in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunction, acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome are fully validated, and a treatment option has opened up in decompensated cirrhosis and in acute-on-chronic liver disease.

Angiosarcoma of the liver as a cause of fulminant liver failure.

Primary liver sarcomas make up 2% of all malignant neoplasms of the liver; of these, angiosarcoma is the most common type. Primary liver tumours rarely cause fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), which is most frequently caused by non-neoplasmic pathologies. In the case of neoplasms, the most frequent are lymphoma and metastatic carcinomas. We describe the case of a 76-year-old man who suffered from FHF as a result of a liver angiosarcoma and we present a review of the medical literature in which we found only two cases of liver angiosarcomas linked to FHF.

Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of Mexican patients included in a multicenter international clinical trial.

Treatment with polyethylene glycol-modified interferon alfa-2a (peginterferon) alone produces significantly higher sustained antiviral responses than treatment with interferon alfa-2a alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We compared the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin, interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin, and peginterferon alfa-2a alone in the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to treatment, and received at least one dose of medication consisting of 180 microg of peginterferon alfa-2a once weekly plus daily ribavirin (1,000 or 1,200 mg, depending on body weight) (n = 14), weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus daily placebo (n = 6), or three million units of interferon alfa-2b thrice weekly plus daily ribavirin for 48 weeks (n = 12). More patients who received peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin had a sustained virologic response (defined as the absence of detectable HCV RNA 24 weeks after cessation of therapy) than patients who received interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin (7/14 vs. 4/12) or peginterferon alfa-2a plus placebo (0/6). The overall safety profiles of the three treatment regimens were similar. In conclusion, for patients with chronic hepatitis C, once-weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin was tolerated as well as interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin and produced significant improvements in the rate of sustained viral reduction compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin or peginterferon alfa-2a alone.

[Adverse reactions and quality of life]. / Reacciones adversas y calidad de vida.

Several studies evaluated the impact of chronic hepatitis C on the patient's quality of life. The findings show that chronic HCV infection affects life quality, independently of the severity of the hepatitis. Quality of life improves when the virus is eliminated. Adverse reactions of the monotherapy with interferon or combination therapy with ribavirin can be added to the debilitating effects of the disease itself. Impact on the quality of life may be even greater with a program that includes frequent doses of standard interferon. Preliminary data, reported as abstracts and as complete documents, suggest that pegylated interferon has better results during and after treatment as far as quality of life is concerned. The comparison was made with interferon a2a alone and with interferon a2b plus ribavirin.

Síndrome de conductos biliares evanescentes / Syndrome of evanescents biliary ducts

Mujer de 47 años de edad, con regulares hábitos higiénicos-dietéticos. Menarca a los 15 años, GVI, PV, Ci; último parto hacía 8 años; fecha de la última menstruación 1o. de julio de 1982. A los 24 años de edad se le transfundió sangre después de una cesárea. En 1979 presentó neumonía lobar aguda e ictericia; fue tratada con eritromicina por ser alérgica a la penicilina. Desde 1980 se refirió elevación de las bilirrubinas séricas y bilirrubinas. En 1981 recibió HAIN, etambutol y estreptomicina por tener tos y una radiografía de tórax compatible con tuberculosis pulmonar. En 1982 se estableció el diagnóstico de probable síndrome de Sjögren