Combined transarterial N-butyl cyanoacrylate and coil embolization of direct carotid-cavernous fistulas. Report of two cases.

The authors report two cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas treated successfully with combined N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue and coil embolization via a transarterial approach. In both cases complete occlusion of the fistula was achieved, with preservation of the parent carotid artery. Casting of the cavernous sinus with a liquid embolic agent was well tolerated and produced no complications of cranial nerve palsy. This technique provides interventionalists with yet another treatment option in these often complex cases.

Transvenous sonographically guided percutaneous access for treatment of an indirect carotid cavernous fistula.

When standard transarterial or transvenous interventional techniques failed to provide access to treat an indirect carotid cavernous fistula, we used sonographically guided direct percutaneous access through the facial vein to successfully embolize a lesion.

Combined transvenous and transarterial embolization of a tentorial-incisural dural arteriovenous malformation followed by primary stent placement in the associated stenotic straight sinus. Case report.

Dural arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving the tentoria-incisura are associated with an aggressive clinical course characterized by subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In these lesions, venous outflow obstruction precipitates leptomeningeal venous drainage, resulting in the arterialization of pial veins and the formation of venous aneurysms, both of which are prone to hemorrhage. Stenotic lesions of the dural sinuses also contribute to the development of retrograde leptomeningeal drainage, which is responsible for the aggressive clinical course of the dural AVM. Endovascular approaches are successful in the treatment of these lesions and of any potential venous outflow obstruction caused by stenosis of a dural sinus. The authors report on a patient with a tentorial-incisural dural AVM and an accompanying stenotic venous sinus. A combined transvenous and transarterial embolization procedure was performed, resulting in complete obliteration of the dural AVM, followed by primary stent placement across a stenotic segment of the straight sinus and normalization of venous outflow. The authors conclude that dural AVMs can be treated safely by using a combined transarterial and transvenous approach and that an extensive search for venous outflow obstruction often reveals stenosis of a draining sinus. Consideration should be given to primary stent placement in the stenotic sinus to protect against ICH.