The universe of galectin-binding partners and their functions in health and disease.

Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, play key roles in diverse biological processes including tissue repair, adipogenesis, immune cell homeostasis, angiogenesis, and pathogen recognition. Dysregulation of galectins and their ligands has been observed in a wide range of pathologic conditions including cancer, autoimmune inflammation, infection, fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. Through protein-glycan or protein-protein interactions, these endogenous lectins can shape the initiation, perpetuation, and resolution of these processes, suggesting their potential roles in disease monitoring and treatment. However, despite considerable progress, a full understanding of the biology and therapeutic potential of galectins has not been reached due to their diversity, multiplicity of cell targets, and receptor promiscuity. In this article, we discuss the multiple galectin-binding partners present in different cell types, focusing on their contributions to selected physiologic and pathologic settings. Understanding the molecular bases of galectin-ligand interactions, particularly their glycan-dependency, the biochemical nature of selected receptors, and underlying signaling events, might contribute to designing rational therapeutic strategies to control a broad range of pathologic conditions.

Effectiveness of CPAP vs. Noninvasive Ventilation Based on Disease Severity in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome and Concomitant Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

RATIONALE: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) with concomitant severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is treated with CPAP or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during sleep. NIV is costlier, but may be advantageous because it provides ventilatory support. However, there are no long-term trials comparing these treatment modalities based on OHS severity. OBJECTIVE: To determine if CPAP have similar effectiveness when compared to NIV according to OHS severity subgroups. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of the Pickwick randomized clinical trial in which 215 ambulatory patients with untreated OHS and concomitant severe OSA, defined as apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI)≥30events/h, were allocated to NIV or CPAP. In the present analysis, the Pickwick cohort was divided in severity subgroups based on the degree of baseline daytime hypercapnia (PaCO2 of 45-49.9 or ≥50mmHg). Repeated measures of PaCO2 and PaO2 during the subsequent 3 years were compared between CPAP and NIV in the two severity subgroups. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS: 204 patients, 97 in the NIV group and 107 in the CPAP group were analyzed. The longitudinal improvements of PaCO2 and PaO2 were similar between CPAP and NIV based on the PaCO2 severity subgroups. CONCLUSION: In ambulatory patients with OHS and concomitant severe OSA who were treated with NIV or CPAP, long-term NIV therapy was similar to CPAP in improving awake hypercapnia, regardless of the severity of baseline hypercapnia. Therefore, in this patient population, the decision to prescribe CPAP or NIV cannot be solely based on the presenting level of PaCO2.

Effectiveness of CPAP vs. Noninvasive Ventilation Based on Disease Severity in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome and Concomitant Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea / El impacto de la terapia de presión positiva de larga duración en el síndrome de hipoventilación-obesidad en función de la gravedad de la enfermedad

Rationale: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) with concomitant severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is treated with CPAP or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during sleep. NIV is costlier, but may be advantageous because it provides ventilatory support. However, there are no long-term trials comparing these treatment modalities based on OHS severity.ObjectiveTo determine if CPAP have similar effectiveness when compared to NIV according to OHS severity subgroups.MethodsPost hoc analysis of the Pickwick randomized clinical trial in which 215 ambulatory patients with untreated OHS and concomitant severe OSA, defined as apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI)≥30events/h, were allocated to NIV or CPAP. In the present analysis, the Pickwick cohort was divided in severity subgroups based on the degree of baseline daytime hypercapnia (PaCO2 of 45–49.9 or ≥50mmHg). Repeated measures of PaCO2 and PaO2 during the subsequent 3 years were compared between CPAP and NIV in the two severity subgroups. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects model.Results204 patients, 97 in the NIV group and 107 in the CPAP group were analyzed. The longitudinal improvements of PaCO2 and PaO2 were similar between CPAP and NIV based on the PaCO2 severity subgroups.ConclusionIn ambulatory patients with OHS and concomitant severe OSA who were treated with NIV or CPAP, long-term NIV therapy was similar to CPAP in improving awake hypercapnia, regardless of the severity of baseline hypercapnia. Therefore, in this patient population, the decision to prescribe CPAP or NIV cannot be solely based on the presenting level of PaCO2. (AU)

Introducción: El síndrome de hipoventilación-obesidad (SHO) con apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) grave concomitante se trata con CPAPo ventilación no invasiva (VNI) durante el sueño. La VNI es más costosa, pero puede ser beneficiosa porque proporciona soporte ventilatorio; sin embargo, no existen estudios a largo plazo que comparen estas modalidades de tratamiento basándose en la gravedad del SHO.ObjetivoDeterminar si la CPAP tiene una eficacia similar a la VNI según los subgrupos de gravedad del SHO.MétodosAnálisis a posteriori del ensayo clínico aleatorizado Pickwick en el que 215 pacientes ambulatorios con SHO sin tratar y con AOS grave concomitante (definida como un índice de apnea-hipopnea [IAH] ≥ 30 episodios/hora) recibieron tratamiento con VNI o CPAP. En el presente análisis, la cohorte Pickwick se dividió en subgrupos según la gravedad basándose en el grado de hipercapnia diurna al inicio del estudio (PaCO2 de 45-49.9mm Hg o ≥ 50mm Hg). Se compararon las mediciones periódicas de PaCO2 y PaO2 durante los 3 años siguientes entre la CPAP y la VNI entre los dos subgrupos de gravedad. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando un modelo lineal mixto.ResultadosSe analizaron 204 pacientes, 97 en el grupo de VNI y 107 en el grupo de CPAP. Las mejoras lineales de PaCO2 y PaO2 fueron similares entre la CPAP y la NIV según los subgrupos de gravedad en función de la PaCO2.ConclusiónEn los pacientes ambulatorios con SHO y AOS grave concomitante a los que se trató con VNI o CPAP, el tratamiento a largo plazo con VNI resultó similar a la CPAP, en cuanto a la mejora de la hipercapnia en vigilia, independientemente de la gravedad de la hipercapnia de inicio. Por lo tanto, en esta población de pacientes la decisión de prescribir CPAP o VNI no puede basarse exclusivamente en el nivel de partida de PaCO2. (AU)

Galectin-1 confers resistance to doxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulation of P-glycoprotein expression.

Galectin-1 (GAL1), a ß-galactoside-binding protein abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment, has emerged as a key mechanism of chemoresistance developed by different tumors. Although increased expression of GAL1 is a hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, aggressiveness and metastasis, limited information is available on the role of this endogenous lectin in HCC resistance to chemotherapy. Moreover, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect are uncertain. HCC has evolved different mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy including those involving the P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump, which controls intracellular drug concentration. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying GAL1-mediated chemoresistance in HCC cells, particularly the involvement of P-gp in this effect. Our results show that GAL1 protected HepG2 cells from doxorubicin (DOX)- and sorafenib-induced cell death in vitro. Accordingly, GAL1-overexpressing HepG2 cells generated DOX-resistant tumors in vivo. High expression of GAL1 in HepG2 cells reduced intracellular accumulation of DOX likely by increasing P-gp protein expression rather than altering its membrane localization. GAL1-mediated increase of P-gp expression involved activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Moreover, 'loss-of-function' experiments revealed that P-gp mediates GAL1-driven resistance to DOX, but not to sorafenib, in HepG2 cells. Conversely, in PLC/PRF/5 cells, P-gp protein expression was undetectable and GAL1 did not control resistance to DOX or sorafenib, supporting the critical role of P-gp in mediating GAL1 effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that GAL1 confers chemoresistance in HCC through mechanisms involving modulation of P-gp, thus emphasizing the role of this lectin as a potential therapeutic target in HCC.

Extracellular ATP and adenosine in tumor microenvironment: Roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion.

Under nonpathological conditions, the extracellular nucleotide concentration remains constant and low (nM range) because of a close balance between ATP release and ATP consumption. This balance is completely altered in cancer disease. Adenine and uridine nucleotides are found in the extracellular space of tumors in high millimolar (mM) concentrations acting as extracellular signaling molecules. In general, although uridine nucleotides may be involved in different tumor cell responses, purinergic signaling in cancer is preferentially focused on adenine nucleotides and nucleosides. Extracellular ATP can bind to specific receptors (P receptors) triggering different responses, or it can be hydrolyzed by ectoenzymes bound to cell membranes to render the final product adenosine. The latter pathway plays an important role in the increase of adenosine in tumor microenvironment. In this study, we will focus on extracellular ATP and adenosine, their effects acting as ligands of specific receptors, activating ectoenzymes, and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion in cancer cells. Finding the roles that these nucleotides play in tumor microenvironment may be important to design new intervention strategies in cancer therapies.

Risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension in obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is prevalent in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). However, there is a paucity of data assessing pathogenic factors associated with PH. Our objective is to assess risk factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of PH in untreated OHS. METHODS: In a post hoc analysis of the Pickwick trial, we performed a bivariate analysis of baseline characteristics between patients with and without PH. Variables with a P value ≤ .10 were defined as potential risk factors and were grouped by theoretical pathogenic mechanisms in several adjusted models. Similar analysis was carried out for the 2 OHS phenotypes, with and without severe concomitant obstructive sleep apnea. RESULTS: Of 246 patients with OHS, 122 (50%) had echocardiographic evidence of PH defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 40 mm Hg. Lower levels of awake PaO2 and higher body mass index were independent risk factors in the multivariate model, with a negative and positive adjusted linear association, respectively (adjusted odds ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 0.98; P = .003 for PaO2, and 1.07; 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.12; P = .001 for body mass index). In separate analyses, body mass index and PaO2 were independent risk factors in the severe obstructive sleep apnea phenotype, whereas body mass index and peak in-flow velocity in early/late diastole ratio were independent risk factors in the nonsevere obstructive sleep apnea phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies obesity per se as a major independent risk factor for PH, regardless of OHS phenotype. Therapeutic interventions targeting weight loss may play a critical role in improving PH in this patient population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: Clinicaltrial.gov; Name: Alternative of Treatment in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01405976; Identifier: NCT01405976. CITATION: Masa JF, Benítez ID, Javaheri S, et al. Risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension in obesity hypoventilation syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(4):983-992.

ALCAM/CD166: A pleiotropic mediator of cell adhesion, stemness and cancer progression.

Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a glycoprotein involved in homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesion. ALCAM can be proteolytically cleaved at the cell surface by metalloproteases, which generate shedding of its ectodomain. In various tumors, ALCAM is overexpressed and serves as a valuable prognostic marker of disease progression. Moreover, CD166 has been identified as a putative cancer stem cell marker in particular cancers. Herein, we summarize biochemical aspects of ALCAM, including structure, proteolytic shedding, alternative splicing, and specific ligands, and integrate this information with biological functions of this glycoprotein including cell adhesion, migration and invasion. In addition, we discuss different patterns of ALCAM expression in distinct tumor types and its contribution to tumor progression. Finally, we highlight the role of ALCAM as a cancer stem cell marker and introduce current clinical trials associated with this molecule. Future studies are needed to define the value of shed ALCAM in biofluids or ALCAM isoform expression as prognostic biomarkers in tumor progression.

Full-length galectin-8 and separate carbohydrate recognition domains: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?

Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a tandem-repeat type galectin with affinity for ß-galactosides, bearing two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) connected by a linker peptide. The N- and C-terminal domains (Gal-8N and Gal-8C) share 35% homology, and their glycan ligand specificity is notably dissimilar: while Gal-8N shows strong affinity for α(2-3)-sialylated oligosaccharides, Gal-8C has higher affinity for non-sialylated oligosaccharides, including poly-N-acetyllactosamine and/ or A and B blood group structures. Particularly relevant for understanding the biological role of this lectin, full-length Gal-8 can bind cell surface glycoconjugates with broader affinity than the isolated Gal-8N and Gal-8C domains, a trait also described for other tandem-repeat galectins. Herein, we aim to discuss the potential use of separate CRDs in modelling tandem-repeat galectin-8 and its biological functions. For this purpose, we will cover several aspects of the structure-function relationship of this protein including crystallographic structures, glycan specificity, cell function and biological roles, with the ultimate goal of understanding the potential role of each CRD in predicting full-length Gal-8 involvement in relevant biological processes.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on inflammatory, antioxidant, and depression biomarkers in women with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on mediators of cardiovascular disease and depression in women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unknown. We aimed to assess the effect of CPAP therapy on a variety of biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and depression in women with OSA. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in 247 women diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15). Women were randomized to CPAP (n = 120) or conservative treatment (n = 127) for 12 weeks. Changes in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. Additional analyses were conducted in subgroups of clinical interest. RESULTS: Women had a median (25th-75th percentiles) age of 58 (51-65) years, body mass index 33.5 (29.0-38.3) kg/m2, and AHI 33.3 (22.8-49.3). No differences were found between groups in the baseline levels of the biomarkers. After 12 weeks of follow-up, there were no changes between groups in any of the biomarkers assessed. These results did not change when the analyses were restricted to sleepy women or to those with severe OSA. In women with CPAP use at least 5 hours per night, only TNFα levels decreased compared to the control group (-0.29 ± 1.1 vs -0.06 ± 0.53, intergroup difference -0.23 [95% CI = -0.03 to -0.50]; p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of CPAP therapy does not improve biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, or depression compared to conservative treatment in women with moderate-to-severe OSA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02047071.

Growth hormone upregulates the pro-tumorigenic galectin 1 in mouse liver.

Transgenic mice overexpressing growth hormone (GH) spontaneously develop liver tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), within a year. The preneoplastic liver pathology in these mice recapitulates that observed in humans at high risk of developing hepatic cancer. Although increased expression of galectin 1 (GAL1) in liver tissue is associated with HCC aggressiveness, a link between this glycan-binding protein and hormone-related tumor development has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated GAL1 expression during liver tumor progression in mice continuously exposed to high levels of GH. GAL1 expression was determined by Western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in the liver of transgenic mice overexpressing GH. Animals of representative ages at different stages of liver pathology were studied. GAL1 expression was upregulated in the liver of GH-transgenic mice. This effect was observed at early ages, when animals displayed no signs of liver disease or minimal histopathological alterations and was also detected in young adults with preneoplastic liver pathology. Remarkably, GAL1 upregulation was sustained during aging and its expression was particularly enhanced in liver tumors. GH also induced hepatic GAL1 expression in mice that were treated with this hormone for a short period. Moreover, GH triggered a rapid increment in GAL1 protein expression in human HCC cells, denoting a direct effect of the hormone on hepatocytes. Therefore, our results indicate that GH upregulates GAL1 expression in mouse liver, which may have critical implications in tumorigenesis. These findings suggest that this lectin could be implicated in hormone-driven liver carcinogenesis.

MicroRNAs contribute to ATP-binding cassette transporter- and autophagy-mediated chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an elevated mortality rate, largely because of high recurrence and metastasis. Additionally, the main obstacle during treatment of HCC is that patients usually develop resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer drug resistance involves many different mechanisms, including alterations in drug metabolism and processing, impairment of the apoptotic machine, activation of cell survival signaling, decreased drug sensitivity and autophagy, among others. Nowadays, miRNAs are emerging as master regulators of normal physiology- and tumor-related gene expression. In HCC, aberrant expression of many miRNAs leads to chemoresistance. Herein, we particularly analyzed miRNA impact on HCC resistance to drug therapy. Certain miRNAs target ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter genes. As most of these miRNAs are downregulated in HCC, transporter levels increase and intracellular drug accumulation decrease, turning cells less sensitive to death. Others miRNAs target autophagy-related gene expression, inhibiting autophagy and acting as tumor suppressors. Nevertheless, due to its downregulation in HCC, these miRNAs do not inhibit autophagy or tumor growth and, resistance is favored. Concluding, modulation of ABC transporter and/or autophagy-related gene expression or function by miRNAs could be determinant for HCC cell survival under chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Undoubtedly, more insights on the biological processes, signaling pathways and/or molecular mechanisms regulated by miRNAs are needed. Anyway, miRNA-based therapy together with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs has a great future in cancer therapy.

Long-term clinical effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy versus non-invasive ventilation therapy in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is commonly treated with continuous positive airway pressure or non-invasive ventilation during sleep. Non-invasive ventilation is more complex and costly than continuous positive airway pressure but might be advantageous because it provides ventilatory support. To date there have been no long-term trials comparing these treatment modalities. We therefore aimed to determine the long-term comparative effectiveness of both treatment modalities. METHODS: We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial at 16 clinical sites in Spain. We included patients aged 15-80 years with untreated obesity hypoventilation syndrome and an apnoea-hypopnoea index of 30 or more events per h. We randomly assigned patients, using simple randomisation through an electronic database, to receive treatment with either non-invasive ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure. Both investigators and patients were aware of the treatment allocation. The research team was not involved in deciding hospital treatment, duration of treatment in the hospital, and adjustment of medications, as well as adjudicating cardiovascular events or cause of mortality. Treating clinicians from the routine care team were not aware of the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was the number of hospitalisation days per year. The analysis was done according to the intention-to-treat principle. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01405976. FINDINGS: From May 4, 2009, to March 25, 2013, 100 patients were randomly assigned to the non-invasive ventilation group and 115 to the continuous positive airway pressure group, of which 97 patients in the non-invasive ventilation group and 107 in the continuous positive airway pressure group were included in the analysis. The median follow-up was 5·44 years (IQR 4·45-6·37) for all patients, 5·37 years (4·36-6·32) in the continuous positive airway pressure group, and 5·55 years (4·53-6·50) in the non-invasive ventilation group. The mean hospitalisation days per patient-year were 1·63 (SD 3·74) in the continuous positive airway pressure group and 1·44 (3·07) in the non-invasive ventilation group (adjusted rate ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·34-1·77; p=0·561). Adverse events were similar between both groups. INTERPRETATION: In stable patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe obstructive sleep apnoea, non-invasive ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure have similar long-term effectiveness. Given that continuous positive airway pressure has lower complexity and cost, continuous positive airway pressure might be the preferred first-line positive airway pressure treatment modality until more studies become available. FUNDING: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Respiratory Foundation, and Air Liquide Spain.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment Does not Reduce Uric Acid Levels in OSA Women / La presión positiva continua en las vías aéreas no reduce los niveles de ácido úrico en las mujeres con SAOS

Objectives: Although an association between uric acid (UA) levels and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been reported, the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on this measure is yet unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of CPAP therapy on serum UA levels in patients with OSA. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial in 307 women diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15) in 19 Spanish Sleep Units. Women were randomized to CPAP (n = 151) or conservative treatment (n = 156) for 12 weeks. Changes in serum UA measures were assessed on an intention-to-treat basis. Additional analyses were conducted in the subgroup of women with CPAP adherence ≥ 4 h/night and those with UA levels ≥ 6 mg/dl. Results: Women had a mean (SD) age of 57.1 (10.1) years, median (first-third quartile) body mass index of 33.7 (29.0-38.5) mg/kg2 and AHI of 32.0 (22.6-48.5). The average serum UA measure was 5.11 (1.26) mg/dl, and 80 (26.1%) participants had UA ≥ 6 mg/dl. Compared with the control group, the CPAP group did not achieve any reduction in UA levels (non-adjusted intergroup difference -0.03mg/dl, 95%CI -0.20 to 0.13; p = 0.702) after 12 weeks of follow-up. These results did not change when the analysis was restricted to women with CPAP adherence ≥4 h/night, or the subgroup of women with hyperuricemia. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of CPAP therapy does not reduce UA levels compared to conservative treatment in women with moderate-to-severe OSA

Objetivos: Aunque se ha determinado una asociación entre los niveles de ácido úrico (AU) y el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS), el efecto de la presión positiva continua en las vías aéreas (CPAP) en esta medida todavía no está claro. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la CPAP en los niveles séricos de AU en pacientes con SAOS. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo abierto, aleatorizado, controlado, multicéntrico en 307 mujeres diagnosticadas con SAOS de moderado a grave (índice de apneas-hipopneas [IAH]≥15) en 19 unidades del sueño españolas. Fueron aleatorizadas a recibir CPAP (n=151) o tratamiento conservador (n=156) durante 12 semanas. Los cambios en las medidas de AU sérico se estimaron mediante análisis por intención de tratar. Se llevaron a cabo análisis adicionales en el subgrupo de mujeres con adherencia a CPAP ≥ 4 h/noche y en aquellas con niveles de AU ≥ 6mg/dl. Resultados: La edad media (DE) de las participantes fue 57,1 (10,1) años, la mediana (primer y tercer cuartil) del índice de masa corporal 33,7 (29,0-38,5) mg/kg2 y el IAH 32,0 (22,6-48,5). El nivel medio de AU fue 5,11 (1,26) mg/dl, y 80 (26,1%) participantes tuvieron AU≥6mg/dl. Comparado con el grupo control, el grupo CPAP no consiguió ninguna reducción de los niveles de AU (diferencia intergrupo no ajustada: -0,03 mg/dl; IC 95%: -0,20-0,13; p= 0,702) tras 12 semanas de seguimiento. El análisis no varió cuando se restringió a las mujeres con adherencia a CPAP ≥ 4h/noche o al subgrupo de mujeres con hiperuricemia. Conclusiones: Doce semanas de terapia con CPAP no reducen los niveles de AU en comparación con el tratamiento conservador en mujeres con SAOS de moderado a grave

Dual knockdown of Galectin-8 and its glycosylated ligand, the activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), synergistically delays in vivo breast cancer growth.

Galectin-8 (Gal-8), a 'tandem-repeat'-type galectin, has been described as a modulator of cellular functions including adhesion, spreading, growth arrest, apoptosis, pathogen recognition, autophagy, and immunomodulation. We have previously shown that activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), also known as CD166, serves as a receptor for endogenous Gal-8. ALCAM is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in cell-cell adhesion through homophilic (ALCAM-ALCAM) and heterophilic (i.e. ALCAM-CD6) interactions in different tissues. Here we investigated the physiologic relevance of ALCAM-Gal-8 association and glycosylation-dependent mechanisms governing these interactions. We found that silencing of ALCAM in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells decreases cell adhesion and migration onto Gal-8-coated surfaces in a glycan-dependent fashion. Remarkably, either Gal-8 or ALCAM silencing also disrupted cell-cell adhesion, and led to reduced tumor growth in a murine model of triple negative breast cancer. Moreover, structural characterization of endogenous ALCAM N-glycosylation showed abundant permissive structures for Gal-8 binding. Importantly, we also found that cell sialylation controls Gal-8-mediated cell adhesion. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a central role of either ALCAM or Gal-8 (or both) in controlling triple negative breast cancer.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment Does not Reduce Uric Acid Levels in OSA Women.

OBJECTIVES: Although an association between uric acid (UA) levels and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been reported, the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on this measure is yet unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of CPAP therapy on serum UA levels in patients with OSA. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial in 307 women diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]≥15) in 19 Spanish Sleep Units. Women were randomized to CPAP (n=151) or conservative treatment (n=156) for 12 weeks. Changes in serum UA measures were assessed on an intention-to-treat basis. Additional analyses were conducted in the subgroup of women with CPAP adherence ≥4h/night and those with UA levels ≥6mg/dl. RESULTS: Women had a mean (SD) age of 57.1 (10.1) years, median (first-third quartile) body mass index of 33.7 (29.0-38.5) mg/kg2 and AHI of 32.0 (22.6-48.5). The average serum UA measure was 5.11 (1.26) mg/dl, and 80 (26.1%) participants had UA≥6mg/dl. Compared with the control group, the CPAP group did not achieve any reduction in UA levels (non-adjusted intergroup difference -0.03mg/dl, 95%CI -0.20 to 0.13; p=0.702) after 12 weeks of follow-up. These results did not change when the analysis was restricted to women with CPAP adherence ≥4h/night, or the subgroup of women with hyperuricemia. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of CPAP therapy does not reduce UA levels compared to conservative treatment in women with moderate-to-severe OSA.

Biomarkers of carcinogenesis and tumour growth in patients with cutaneous melanoma and obstructive sleep apnoea.

The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and the levels of carcinogenesis- and tumour growth-related biomarkers in patients with cutaneous melanoma.This multicentre observational study included patients who were newly diagnosed with melanoma. The patients were classified as non-OSA (apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) 0-5 events·h-1), mild OSA (AHI 5-15 events·h-1) and moderate-severe OSA (AHI >15 events·h-1). ELISAs were performed to analyse the serum levels of hypoxia- and tumour adhesion-related biomarkers (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-8, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1) and markers of tumour aggressiveness (S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA)). A logistic model adjusted for age, sex and body mass index was fitted to each biomarker, and the AHI served as the dependent variable.360 patients were included (52.2% male, median (interquartile range) age 55.5 (43.8-68.0) years and AHI 8.55 (2.8-19.5) events·h-1). The levels of VEGF, IL-8, ICAM-1, S100B and MIA were not related to the severity of OSA. The levels of VCAM-1 were higher in patients with OSA than those without OSA (mild OSA: odds ratio (OR) 2.07, p=0.021; moderate-severe OSA: OR 2.35, p=0.013).In patients with cutaneous melanoma, OSA was associated with elevated circulating levels of VCAM-1 that could indicate the contribution of OSA in tumorigenesis via integrin-based adhesion.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure and metabolic profile in women with sleep apnoea.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduces blood pressure levels in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, the role of CPAP in blood pressure and the metabolic profile in women has not yet been assessed. In this study we investigated the effect of CPAP on blood pressure levels and the glucose and lipid profile in women with moderate-to-severe OSA.A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial was conducted in 307 women diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA (apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥15 events·h-1) in 19 Spanish Sleep Units. Women were randomised to CPAP (n=151) or conservative treatment (n=156) for 12 weeks. Changes in office blood pressure measures as well as in the glucose and lipid profile were assessed in both groups.Compared with the control group, the CPAP group achieved a significantly greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure (-2.04 mmHg, 95% CI -4.02- -0.05; p=0.045), and a nonsignificantly greater decrease in systolic blood pressure (-1.54 mmHg, 95% CI -4.58-1.51; p=0.32) and mean blood pressure (-1.90 mmHg, 95% CI -4.0-0.31; p=0.084). CPAP therapy did not change any of the metabolic variables assessed.In women with moderate-to-severe OSA, 12 weeks of CPAP therapy improved blood pressure, especially diastolic blood pressure, but did not change the metabolic profile, compared with conservative treatment.

Contribution of galectin-1, a glycan-binding protein, to gastrointestinal tumor progression.

Gastrointestinal cancer is a group of tumors that affect multiple sites of the digestive system, including the stomach, liver, colon and pancreas. These cancers are very aggressive and rapidly metastasize, thus identifying effective targets is crucial for treatment. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) belongs to a family of glycan-binding proteins, or lectins, with the ability to cross-link specific glycoconjugates. A variety of biological activities have been attributed to Gal-1 at different steps of tumor progression. Herein, we summarize the current literature regarding the roles of Gal-1 in gastrointestinal malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that Gal-1 is drastically up-regulated in human gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues, both in tumor epithelial and tumor-associated stromal cells. Moreover, Gal-1 makes a crucial contribution to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancies, favoring tumor development, aggressiveness, metastasis, immunosuppression and angiogenesis. We also highlight that alterations in Gal-1-specific glycoepitopes may be relevant for gastrointestinal cancer progression. Despite the findings obtained so far, further functional studies are still required. Elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms modulated by Gal-1 underlying gastrointestinal tumor progression, might lead to the development of novel Gal-1-based diagnostic methods and/or therapies.

Galectin-1 circumvents lysolecithin-induced demyelination through the modulation of microglial polarization/phagocytosis and oligodendroglial differentiation.

Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a highly conserved family of animal lectins, binds to the common disaccharide [Galß(1-4)-GlcNAc] on both N- and O-glycans decorating cell surface glycoconjugates. Current evidence supports a role for Gal-1 in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous studies showed that Gal-1 exerts neuroprotective effects by promoting microglial deactivation in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation and induces axonal regeneration in spinal cord injury. Seeking a model that could link demyelination, oligodendrocyte (OLG) responses and microglial activation, here we used a lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination model to evaluate the ability of Gal-1 to preserve myelin without taking part in T-cell modulation. Gal-1 treatment after LPC-induced demyelination promoted a significant decrease in the demyelinated area and fostered more efficient remyelination, concomitantly with an attenuated oligodendroglial progenitor response reflecting less severe myelination damage. These results were accompanied by a decrease in the area of microglial activation with a shift toward an M2-polarized microglial phenotype and diminished astroglial activation. In vitro studies further showed that, mechanistically, Gal-1 targets activated microglia, promoting an increase in their myelin phagocytic capacity and their shift toward an M2 phenotype, and leads to oligodendroglial differentiation. Therefore, this study supports the use of Gal-1 as a potential treatment for demyelinating diseases such as MS.

Non-invasive ventilation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome without severe obstructive sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an effective form of treatment in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) who have concomitant severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, there is a paucity of evidence on the efficacy of NIV in patients with OHS without severe OSA. We performed a multicentre randomised clinical trial to determine the comparative efficacy of NIV versus lifestyle modification (control group) using daytime arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) as the main outcome measure. METHODS: Between May 2009 and December 2014 we sequentially screened patients with OHS without severe OSA. Participants were randomised to NIV versus lifestyle modification and were followed for 2 months. Arterial blood gas parameters, clinical symptoms, health-related quality of life assessments, polysomnography, spirometry, 6-min walk distance test, blood pressure measurements and healthcare resource utilisation were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: A total of 365 patients were screened of whom 58 were excluded. Severe OSA was present in 221 and the remaining 86 patients without severe OSA were randomised. NIV led to a significantly larger improvement in PaCO2 of -6 (95% CI -7.7 to -4.2) mm Hg versus -2.8 (95% CI -4.3 to -1.3) mm Hg, (p<0.001) and serum bicarbonate of -3.4 (95% CI -4.5 to -2.3) versus -1 (95% CI -1.7 to -0.2 95% CI)  mmol/L (p<0.001). PaCO2 change adjusted for NIV compliance did not further improve the inter-group statistical significance. Sleepiness, some health-related quality of life assessments and polysomnographic parameters improved significantly more with NIV than with lifestyle modification. Additionally, there was a tendency towards lower healthcare resource utilisation in the NIV group. CONCLUSIONS: NIV is more effective than lifestyle modification in improving daytime PaCO2, sleepiness and polysomnographic parameters. Long-term prospective studies are necessary to determine whether NIV reduces healthcare resource utilisation, cardiovascular events and mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01405976; results.