Level of satisfaction of critical care patients regarding the nursing care received: Correlation with sociodemographic and clinical variables.

BACKGROUND: The satisfaction of critical care patients regarding the nursing care received is a key indicator of the quality of hospital care. It is, therefore, essential to identify the factors associated with the level of satisfaction of critical care patients. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the level of satisfaction of critical care patients in relation to the nursing care received and to determine the relationship between the level of satisfaction and the sociodemographic and clinical variables. METHODS: This is a prospective and descriptive correlational study. The population were all patients discharged (January 2013 to January 2015) from three intensive care units of a third-level hospital (n = 200). The data on the satisfaction level were collected using the previously validated Nursing Intensive-Care Satisfaction Scale, and the sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean participants' age in the study (n = 200) was 65.9 years (standard deviation 13.4 years), with a 66% proportion of men (n = 132). There was a very high level of satisfaction regarding the nursing care received during the patients' stay in the intensive care unit, with a rating of 5.73 (standard deviation 0.41). There is no correlation between the level of satisfaction and the sociodemographic variables collected. However, there were statistically significant differences in the average score of the overall level of satisfaction (rho = 0.182, p = 0.010) with respect to the perception of the state of health. CONCLUSION: Critical care patients expressed very high rates of satisfaction, for both the scale as a whole and each of the factors. A high level of satisfaction is strongly influenced by the perception of the state of health.

Addiction as a disease: Mitigating or fuelling stigma? / La adicción como enfermedad: ¿mitigando o alimentando el estigma?

Letter to the Editor.

Carta al editor.

Nursing Intensive-Care Satisfaction Scale [NICSS]: Development and validation of a patient-centred instrument.

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Nursing Intensive-Care Satisfaction Scale to measures satisfaction with nursing care from the critical care patient's perspective. BACKGROUND: Instruments that measure satisfaction with nursing cares have been designed and validated without taking the patient's perspective into consideration. Despite the benefits and advances in measuring satisfaction with nursing care, none instrument is specifically designed to assess satisfaction in intensive care units. DESIGN: Instrument development. METHODS: The population were all discharged patients (January 2013 - January 2015) from three Intensive Care Units of a third level hospital (N = 200). All assessment instruments were given to discharged patients and 48 hours later, to analyse the temporal stability, only the questionnaire was given again. The validation process of the scale included the analysis of internal consistency, temporal stability; validity of construct through a confirmatory factor analysis; and criterion validity. RESULTS: Reliability was 0.95. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the total scale was 0.83 indicating a good temporal stability. Construct validity showed an acceptable fit and factorial structure with four factors, in accordance with the theoretical model, being Consequences factor the best correlated with other factors. Criterion validity, presented a correlation between low and high (range: 0.42-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The scale has been designed and validated incorporating the perspective of critical care patients. Thanks to its reliability and validity, this questionnaire can be used both in research and in clinical practice. The scale offers a possibility to assess and develop interventions to improve patient satisfaction with nursing care.

La adicción como enfermedad: ¿mitigando o alimentando el estigma? / Addiction as a disease: Mitigating or fuelling stigma?

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[Reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the brief form of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10)]. / Fiabilidad y validez de la versión abreviada en español del Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the metric properties of the abridged, 10-item version of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10) in its Spanish adaptation. METHOD: The sample consists of 63 people beginning treatment for cocaine-abuse (n=23) or dependence (n=40) disorders according to DSM-IV criteria. Participants completed an assessment battery that included the extended, 45-item version of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ-N-45) - in which the CCQ-N-10 is embedded -, the Cocaine Craving Scale (CCS), a Visual Analog Craving Scale (VAS), the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), and the Clinical Psychiatric Impression (CPI). RESULTS: Cronbach's values for the CCQ-N-10, CCQ-N-45, SDS and CCS scales were 0.95, 0.88, 0.79 and 0.93, respectively, indicating that all instruments show high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability for the CCQ-N-10 was fair (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient=0.59; p<0.001). A factor analysis of the CCQ-N-10 (KMO=0.85) shows a one-factor structure explaining 68.6% of the variance, with factor loadings ranging from 0.64 to 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the unidimensionality of the scale (CF =0.91; SRMR=0.06). The CCQ-N-10 explains 86.6% of the variance accounted for by the CCQ-N extended version (CCQ-N-45) and shows convergent validity with related measures such as the CCS (r=0.64, p<0.001), VAS (r=0.65, p<0.001), SDS (r=0.53, p<0.001) and CPI (r=0.50, p<0.001). Persons fulfilling criteria for cocaine-dependence disorder, compared to those who present cocaine abuse, show higher CCQ-N-10 scores (F(1;60.6)=7.16, p=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish adaptation of the CCQ-N-10 shows metric adequacy, and can be considered as a suitable assessment instrument in relation to cocaineuse disorders.

Fiabilidad y validez de la versión abreviada en español del Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10) / Reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the brief form of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10)

Objetivo: Valorar la calidad métrica de la versión abreviada de 10 ítems del Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10) en su adaptación al castellano. Métodos: La muestra está constituida por 63 personas que inician tratamiento por abuso (n=23) o dependencia de cocaína (n=40) según criterios DSM-IV. Se administró una batería de instrumentos entre los cuales se hallan la versión extendida de 45 ítems del Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-45) de la que se extrae la versión abreviada, la Cocaine Craving Scale (CCS), una Escala Visual-Analógica del craving percibido (EVA), la Entrevista de Severidad de la Dependencia (SDS) y la Impresión Clínica Psiquiátrica (ICP). Resultados: Todos los instrumentos muestran una alta consistencia interna (alpha de Cronbach para CCQ-N-10=0,95; CCQ-N-45=0,88; SDS=0,79 y CCS=0,93) y un Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase para el test-retest del CCQN-10 de 0,59 (p<0,001). El análisis factorial del CCQ-N-10 (KMO=0,85) muestra unidimensionalidad llegando a explicar el 68,6% de la varianza, con saturaciones entre 0,64 y 0,92. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio ratifica la unidimensionalidad observada (CFI=0,91; SRMR=0,06). El CCQ-N-10 explica un 86,6% de la varianza de la versión extendida (CCQ-N-45) y presenta validez convergente con otros constructos afines (correlación CCQ-CCS r=0,64; CCQ-EVA r=0,65; CCQ-SDSr=0,53; y CCQ-ICP r=0,50). Se observan diferencias en las puntuaciones del CCQN-10 (F(1;60,6)=7,16; p=0,010) cuando es administrado a personas con diagnóstico de abuso (M=2,76) respecto a las personas diagnosticadas de dependencia (M=3,62). Conclusiones: La adaptación española del CCQ-N-10 presenta adecuación métrica y puede considerarse como un instrumento oportuno para su utilización en dependencia de cocaína (AU)

Objective: To assess the metric properties of the abridged, 10-item version of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N-10) in its Spanish adaptation. Method: The sample consists of 63 people beginning treatment for cocaine-abuse (n=23) or dependence (n=40) disorders according to DSM-IV criteria. Participants completed an assessment battery that included the extended, 45-item version of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ-N-45) –in which the CCQ-N-10 is embedded–, the Cocaine Craving Scale (CCS), a Visual Analog Craving Scale (VAS), the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), and the Clinical Psychiatric Impression (CPI). Results: Cronbach’s values for the CCQ-N-10, CCQ-N-45, SDS and CCS scales were 0.95, 0.88, 0.79 and 0.93, respectively, indicating that all instruments show high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability for the CCQ-N-10 was fair (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient=0.59; p<0.001). A factor analysis of the CCQ-N-10(KMO=0.85) shows a one-factor structure explaining 68.6% of the variance, with factor loadings ranging from 0.64 to 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the unidimensionality of the scale (CF =0.91; SRMR=0.06). The CCQ-N-10 explains86.6% of the variance accounted for by the CCQ-N extended version (CCQ-N-45) and shows convergent validity with related measures such as the CCS (r=0.64,p<0.001), VAS (r=0.65, p<0.001), SDS (r=0.53, p<0.001) and CPI (r=0.50, p<0.001). Persons fulfilling criteria for cocaine-dependence disorder, compared to those who present cocaine abuse, show higher CCQ-N-10 scores (F(1;60.6)=7.16, p=0.010). Conclusions: The Spanish adaptation of the CCQ-N-10 shows metric adequacy, and can be considered as a suitable assessment instrument in relation to cocaine use disorders (AU)

[Validation study of the Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale (MACS)]. / Estudio de validación de la Escala Multidimensional de Craving de Alcohol.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Craving is a psychobiological phenomenon characteristic of addictive behaviours, which is difficult to assess due to its subjective nature and multidimensionality. The aim of this study was to validate a multidimensional alcohol craving scale (MACS) entirely developed in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The validation of the MACS was based on an observational study, carried out in 452 alcohol-dependent patients treated with naltrexone. The scales used as standards were an Analogic Visual Scale (AVS) for alcohol craving and the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Validity, reliability and sensitivity were studied for the validation process. RESULTS: The factorial analysis (construct validity) showed that the scale had two factors: desire and behavioural disinhibition (lack of resistance). Their correlation values with the assessment scales were r = 0.56 and r = 0.50, respectively. The scale's internal consistency was alpha = 0.94. The correlation of the scores on the scale with the AVS oscillated between 0.56 and 0.46 (p < 0.01) throughout the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The MACS has good psychometric properties: it measures two craving factors --desire and behavioural disinhibition-- and may be considered as an accurate and precise instrument to use in both research studies and medical and psychological clinical practice.