Hydropower capacity factors trending down in the United States.

The United States hydropower fleet has faced increasing environmental and regulatory pressures over the last half century, potentially constraining total generation. Here we show that annual capacity factor has declined at four fifths of United States hydropower plants since 1980, with two thirds of decreasing trends significant at p < 0.05. Results are based on an analysis of annual energy generation totals and nameplate capacities for 610 plants (>5 megawatt), representing 87% of total conventional hydropower capacity in the United States. On aggregate, changes in capacity factor imply a fleetwide, cumulative generation decrease of 23% since 1980 before factoring in capacity upgrades-akin to retiring a Hoover Dam once every two to three years. Changes in water availability explain energy decline in only 21% of plants, highlighting the importance of non-climatic drivers of generation, including deterioration of plant equipment as well as changes to dam operations in support of nonpower objectives.

Acute Pericarditis: Rapid Evidence Review.

Acute pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium and occurs in approximately 4.4% of patients who present to the emergency department for nonischemic chest pain, with a higher prevalence in men. Although there are numerous etiologies of pericarditis, most episodes are idiopathic and the cause is presumed to be viral. Diagnosis of pericarditis requires at least two of the following criteria: new or worsening pericardial effusion, characteristic pleuritic chest pain, pericardial friction rub, or electrocardiographic changes, including new, widespread ST elevations or PR depressions. Pericardial friction rubs are highly specific but transient, and they have been reported in 18% to 84% of patients with acute pericarditis. Classic electrocardiographic findings include PR-segment depressions; diffuse, concave, upward ST-segment elevations without reciprocal changes; and T-wave inversions. Transthoracic echocardiography should be performed in all patients with acute pericarditis to characterize the size of effusions and evaluate for complications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment option. Glucocorticoids should be reserved for patients with contraindications to first-line therapy and those who are pregnant beyond 20 weeks' gestation or have other systemic inflammatory conditions. Colchicine should be used in combination with first- or second-line treatments to reduce the risk of recurrence. Patients with a higher risk of complications should be admitted to the hospital for further workup and treatment.

Blood myeloid cells differentiate to lung resident cells and respond to pathogen stimuli in a 3D human tissue-engineered lung model.

Introduction: Respiratory infections remain a leading global health concern. Models that recapitulate the cellular complexity of the lower airway of humans will provide important information about how the immune response reflects the interactions between diverse cell types during infection. We developed a 3D human tissue-engineered lung model (3D-HTLM) composed of primary human pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells with added blood myeloid cells that allows assessment of the innate immune response to respiratory infection. Methods: The 3D-HTLM consists of small airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface layered on fibroblasts within a collagen matrix atop a permeable membrane with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells layered underneath. After the epithelial and endothelial layers had reached confluency, an enriched blood monocyte population, containing mostly CD14+ monocytes (Mo) with minor subsets of CD1c+ classical dendritic cells (cDC2s), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs), and CD16+ non-classical monocytes, was added to the endothelial side of the model. Results: Immunofluorescence imaging showed the myeloid cells migrate through and reside within each layer of the model. The myeloid cell subsets adapted to the lung environment in the 3D-HTLM, with increased proportions of the recovered cells expressing lung tissue resident markers CD206, CD169, and CD163 compared with blood myeloid cells, including a population with features of alveolar macrophages. Myeloid subsets recovered from the 3D-HTLM displayed increased expression of HLA-DR and the co-stimulatory markers CD86, CD40, and PDL1. Upon stimulation of the 3D-HTLM with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the CD31+ endothelial cells increased expression of ICAM-1 and the production of IL-10 and TNFα was dependent on the presence of myeloid cells. Challenge with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) led to increased expression of macrophage activation and antiviral pathway genes by cells in the 3D-HTLM. Discussion: The 3D-HTLM provides a lower airway environment that promotes differentiation of blood myeloid cells into lung tissue resident cells and enables the study of respiratory infection in a physiological cellular context.

Cytokine-Mediated Degradation of the Transcription Factor ERG Impacts the Pulmonary Vascular Response to Systemic Inflammatory Challenge.

BACKGROUND: During infectious diseases, proinflammatory cytokines transiently destabilize interactions between adjacent vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate the passage of immune molecules and cells into tissues. However, in the lung, the resulting vascular hyperpermeability can lead to organ dysfunction. Previous work identified the transcription factor ERG (erythroblast transformation-specific-related gene) as a master regulator of endothelial homeostasis. Here we investigate whether the sensitivity of pulmonary blood vessels to cytokine-induced destabilization is due to organotypic mechanisms affecting the ability of endothelial ERG to protect lung ECs from inflammatory injury. METHODS: Cytokine-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ERG were analyzed in cultured HUVECs (human umbilical vein ECs). Systemic administration of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) or the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide was used to cause a widespread inflammatory challenge in mice; ERG protein levels were assessed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Murine Erg deletion was genetically induced in ECs (Ergfl/fl;Cdh5[PAC]-CreERT2), and multiple organs were analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: In vitro, TNFα promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of ERG in HUVECs, which was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. In vivo, systemic administration of TNFα or lipopolysaccharide resulted in a rapid and substantial degradation of ERG within lung ECs but not ECs of the retina, heart, liver, or kidney. Pulmonary ERG was also downregulated in a murine model of influenza infection. Ergfl/fl;Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2 mice spontaneously recapitulated aspects of inflammatory challenges, including lung-predominant vascular hyperpermeability, immune cell recruitment, and fibrosis. These phenotypes were associated with a lung-specific decrease in the expression of Tek-a gene target of ERG previously implicated in maintaining pulmonary vascular stability during inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data highlight a unique role for ERG in pulmonary vascular function. We propose that cytokine-induced ERG degradation and subsequent transcriptional changes in lung ECs play critical roles in the destabilization of pulmonary blood vessels during infectious diseases.

Cytokine-Mediated Degradation of the Transcription Factor ERG Impacts the Pulmonary Vascular Response to Systemic Inflammatory Challenge.

Background: During infectious diseases, pro-inflammatory cytokines transiently destabilize interactions between adjacent vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to facilitate the passage of immune molecules and cells into tissues. However, in the lung the resulting vascular hyperpermeability can lead to organ dysfunction. Previous work identified the transcription factor ERG as a master regulator of endothelial homeostasis. Here we investigate whether the sensitivity of pulmonary blood vessels to cytokine-induced destabilization is due to organotypic mechanisms affecting the ability of endothelial ERG to protect lung ECs from inflammatory injury. Methods: Cytokine-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ERG was analyzed in cultured Human Umbilical Vein ECs (HUVECs). Systemic administration of TNFα or the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to cause a widespread inflammatory challenge in mice; ERG protein levels were assessed by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Murine Erg deletion was genetically induced in ECs ( Erg fl/fl ;Cdh5(PAC)Cre ERT2 ), and multiple organs were analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and electron microscopy. Results: In vitro, TNFα promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of ERG in HUVECs, which was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. In vivo, systemic administration of TNFα or LPS resulted in a rapid and substantial degradation of ERG within lung ECs, but not ECs of the retina, heart, liver, or kidney. Pulmonary ERG was also downregulated in a murine model of influenza infection. Erg fl/fl ;Cdh5(PAC)-Cre ERT2 mice spontaneously recapitulated aspects of inflammatory challenges, including lung-predominant vascular hyperpermeability, immune cell recruitment, and fibrosis. These phenotypes were associated with a lung-specific decrease in the expression of Tek , a gene target of ERG previously implicated in maintaining pulmonary vascular stability during inflammation. Conclusions: Collectively, our data highlight a unique role for ERG in pulmonary vascular function. We propose that cytokine-induced ERG degradation and subsequent transcriptional changes in lung ECs play critical roles in the destabilization of pulmonary blood vessels during infectious diseases.

Collection and curation of prokaryotic genome assemblies from type strains at NCBI.

The public sequence databases are entrusted with the dual responsibility of providing an accessible archive to all submitters and supporting data reliability and its re-use to all users. Genomes from type materials can act as an unambiguous reference for a taxonomic name and play an important role in comparative genomics, especially for taxon verification or reclassification. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) collects and curates information on prokaryotic type strains and genomes from type strains. The average nucleotide identity (ANI)-based quality control processes introduced at NCBI to verify the genomes from type strains and improve related sequence records are detailed here. Using the curated genomes from type strains as reference, the taxonomy of over 1.1 million GenBank genomes were verified and the taxonomy of over 7000 new submissions before acceptance to GenBank and over 1800 existing genomes in GenBank were reclassified.

Gram-Positive Bacteria Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Polymers Activate Human Dendritic Cells to Produce IL-23 and IL-1ß and Promote TH17 Cell Differentiation.

Gram-positive bacterial infections are a major cause of organ failure and mortality in sepsis. Cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) is shed during bacterial replication, and Bacillus anthracis PGN promotes a sepsis-like pathology in baboons. Herein, we determined the ability of polymeric Bacillus anthracis PGN free from TLR ligands to shape human dendritic cell (DC) responses that are important for the initiation of T cell immunity. Monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors were incubated with PGN polymers isolated from Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus. PGN activated the human DCs, as judged by the increased expression of surface HLA-DR, CD83, the T cell costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, and the chemokine receptor CCR7. PGN elicited the DC production of IL-23, IL-6, and IL-1ß but not IL-12p70. The PGN-stimulated DCs induced the differentiation of naïve allogeneic CD4+ T cells into T helper (TH) cells producing IL-17 and IL-21. Notably, the DCs from a subset of donors did not produce significant levels of IL-23 and IL-1ß upon PGN stimulation, suggesting that common polymorphisms in immune response genes regulate the PGN response. In sum, purified PGN is a highly stimulatory cell wall component that activates human DCs to secrete proinflammatory cytokines and promote the differentiation of TH17 cells that are important for neutrophil recruitment in extracellular bacterial infections.

Hip Fractures: Diagnosis and Management.

Hip fractures are common causes of disability, with mortality rates reaching 30% at one year. Nonmodifiable risk factors include lower socioeconomic status, older age, female sex, prior fracture, metabolic bone disease, and bony malignancy. Modifiable risk factors include low body mass index, having osteoporosis, increased fall risk, medications that increase fall risk or decrease bone mineral density, and substance use. Hip fractures present with anterior groin pain, inability to bear weight, or a shortened, abducted, externally rotated limb. Plain radiography is usually sufficient for diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging should be obtained if suspicion of fracture persists despite normal radiography. Operative management within 24 to 48 hours of the fracture optimizes outcomes. Fractures are usually managed by surgery, with the approach based on fracture type and location; spinal or general anesthesia can be used. Nonsurgical management can be considered for patients who are not good surgical candidates. Pre- and postoperative antistaphylococcal antibiotics are given to prevent joint infection. Medications for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis are also recommended. Physicians should be alert for the presence of delirium, which is a common postoperative complication. Early postoperative mobilization, followed by rehabilitation, improves outcomes. Subsequent care focuses on prevention, with increased physical activity, home safety assessments, and minimizing polypharmacy. Two less common hip fractures can also occur: femoral neck stress fractures and insufficiency fractures. Femoral neck stress fractures typically occur in dancers 20 to 30 years of age, endurance athletes, and military service members, often because of training overload. Insufficiency fractures due to compromised bone strength occur without trauma in postmenopausal women. If not recognized and treated, these fractures can progress to complete and displaced fractures with high rates of nonunion and avascular necrosis.

Revised monthly energy generation estimates for 1,500 hydroelectric power plants in the United States.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) conducts a regular survey (form EIA-923) to collect annual and monthly net generation for more than ten thousand U.S. power plants. Approximately 90% of the ~1,500 hydroelectric plants included in this data release are surveyed at annual resolution only and thus lack actual observations of monthly generation. For each of these plants, EIA imputes monthly generation values using the combined monthly generating pattern of other hydropower plants within the corresponding census division. The imputation method neglects local hydrology and reservoir operations, rendering the monthly data unsuitable for various research applications. Here we present an alternative approach to disaggregate each unobserved plant's reported annual generation using proxies of monthly generation-namely historical monthly reservoir releases and average river discharge rates recorded downstream of each dam. Evaluation of the new dataset demonstrates substantial and robust improvement over the current imputation method, particularly if reservoir release data are available. The new dataset-named RectifHyd-provides an alternative to EIA-923 for U.S. scale, plant-level, monthly hydropower net generation (2001-2020). RectifHyd may be used to support power system studies or analyze within-year hydropower generation behavior at various spatial scales.

Unilateral Perforant Path Transection Does Not Alter Lateral Entorhinal Cortical or Hippocampal CA3 Arc Expression.

It is well established that degradation of perforant path fibers is associated with age-related cognitive dysfunction and CA3 hyperactivity. Whether this fiber loss triggers a cascade of other functional changes within the hippocampus circuit has not been causatively established, however. Thus, the current study evaluated the effect of perforant path fiber loss on neuronal activity in CA3 and layer II of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) in relation to mnemonic similarity task performance. Expression of the immediate early gene Arc was quantified in rats that received a unilateral right hemisphere transection of the perforant path or sham surgery that cut the cortex but left the fibers intact. Behavior-related expression of Arc mRNA was measured to test the hypothesis that fiber loss leads to elevated activation of CA3 and LEC neurons, as previously observed in aged rats that were impaired on the mnemonic similarity task. Transection of perforant path fibers, which has previously been shown to lead to a decline in mnemonic similarity task performance, did not alter Arc expression. Arc expression in CA3, however, was correlated with task performance on the more difficult discrimination trials across both surgical groups. These observations further support a link between CA3 activity and mnemonic similarity task performance but suggest the reduced input from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, as observed in old age, does not causatively elevate CA3 activity.

ResOpsUS, a dataset of historical reservoir operations in the contiguous United States.

There are over 52,000 dams in the contiguous US ranging from 0.5 to 243 meters high that collectively hold 600,000 million cubic meters of water. These structures have dramatically affected the river dynamics of every major watershed in the country. While there are national datasets that document dam attributes, there is no national dataset of reservoir operations. Here we present a dataset of historical reservoir inflows, outflows and changes in storage for 679 major reservoirs across the US, called ResOpsUS. All of the data are provided at a daily temporal resolution. Temporal coverage varies by reservoir depending on construction date and digital data availability. Overall, the data spans from 1930 to 2020, although the best coverage is for the most recent years, particularly 1980 to 2020. The reservoirs included in our dataset cover more than half of the total storage of large reservoirs in the US (defined as reservoirs with storage greater 0.1 km3). We document the assembly process of this dataset as well as its contents. Historical operations are also compared to static reservoir attribute datasets for validation.

Comparison of potential drinking water source contamination across one hundred U.S. cities.

Drinking water supplies of cities are exposed to potential contamination arising from land use and other anthropogenic activities in local and distal source watersheds. Because water quality sampling surveys are often piecemeal, regionally inconsistent, and incomplete with respect to unregulated contaminants, the United States lacks a detailed comparison of potential source water contamination across all of its large cities. Here we combine national-scale geospatial datasets with hydrologic simulations to compute two metrics representing potential contamination of water supplies from point and nonpoint sources for over a hundred U.S. cities. We reveal enormous diversity in anthropogenic activities across watersheds with corresponding disparities in the potential contamination of drinking water supplies to cities. Approximately 5% of large cities rely on water that is composed primarily of runoff from non-pristine lands (e.g., agriculture, residential, industrial), while four-fifths of all large cities that withdraw surface water are exposed to treated wastewater in their supplies.

Rodent mnemonic similarity task performance requires the prefrontal cortex.

Mnemonic similarity task performance, in which a known target stimulus must be distinguished from similar lures, is supported by the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Impairments on this task are known to manifest with advancing age. Interestingly, disrupting hippocampal activity leads to mnemonic discrimination impairments when lures are novel, but not when they are familiar. This observation suggests that other brain structures support discrimination abilities as stimuli are learned. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical for retrieval of remote events and executive functions, such as working memory, and is also particularly vulnerable to dysfunction in aging. Importantly, the medial PFC is reciprocally connected to the perirhinal cortex and neuron firing in this region coordinates communication between lateral entorhinal and perirhinal cortices to presumably modulate hippocampal activity. This anatomical organization and function of the medial PFC suggests that it contributes to mnemonic discrimination; however, this notion has not been empirically tested. In the current study, rats were trained on a LEGO object-based mnemonic similarity task adapted for rodents, and surgically implanted with guide cannulae targeting prelimbic and infralimbic regions of the medial PFC. Prior to mnemonic discrimination tests, rats received PFC infusions of the GABAA agonist muscimol. Analyses of expression of the neuronal activity-dependent immediate-early gene Arc in medial PFC and adjacent cortical regions confirmed muscimol infusions led to neuronal inactivation in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices. Moreover, muscimol infusions in PFC impaired mnemonic discrimination performance relative to the vehicle control across all testing blocks when lures shared 50-90% feature overlap with the target. Thus, in contrast hippocampal infusions, PFC inactivation impaired target-lure discrimination regardless of the novelty or familiarity of the lures. These findings indicate the PFC plays a critical role in mnemonic similarity task performance, but the time course of PFC involvement is dissociable from that of the hippocampus.

Development of a pharmacy 'patient prioritization tool' for use in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Pharmacists play an integral role in paediatric patient care by ensuring the safe and optimal use of medications. There are increasing demands on pharmacists' time and challenges to meet them within allocated resources, and therefore, it is important to ensure that resources are used efficiently. Patient prioritization tools for clinical pharmacists have been proposed via many studies, but are generally adult-based and/or have not been validated to confirm their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to create, pilot and validate a patient prioritization tool to be used by pharmacists providing clinical pharmacy services to paediatric patients. METHODS: A two-phase (retrospective and prospective) observational audit of pharmacists' interventions collected via notes made on their ward handover information sheets and patient case notes was conducted over a 2-year period in a tertiary paediatric hospital. A patient prioritization tool was created based on pharmacists' interventions in real time. This tool could be used at the start of the working day (without the need to review the patient or their case notes) to identify patients who would benefit most from a clinical pharmacist review. The tool was validated for effectiveness and selectivity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The tool was easy to use and effective in identifying that 43% of paediatric inpatients did not require a routine clinical pharmacist review. It had 98% specificity in identifying patients who require a pharmacist intervention. It could be easily used at the start of the day to select patients for pharmacist review. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: A new patient prioritization tool has been developed and validated for identifying paediatric inpatients requiring clinical pharmacist review.

NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy includes organism names and classifications for every sequence in the nucleotide and protein sequence databases of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. Since the last review of this resource in 2012, it has undergone several improvements. Most notable is the shift from a single SQL database to a series of linked databases tied to a framework of data called NameBank. This means that relations among data elements can be adjusted in more detail, resulting in expanded annotation of synonyms, the ability to flag names with specific nomenclatural properties, enhanced tracking of publications tied to names and improved annotation of scientific authorities and types. Additionally, practices utilized by NCBI Taxonomy curators specific to major taxonomic groups are described, terms peculiar to NCBI Taxonomy are explained, external resources are acknowledged and updates to tools and other resources are documented. Database URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy.

Perindopril in Breast Milk and Determination of Breastfed Infant Exposure: A Prospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the amount of perindopril and its active metabolite perindoprilat present in breast milk and corresponding maternal and infant plasma concentrations. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal, observational. SETTING: Tertiary specialist paediatric and obstetric hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. POPULATION: Breastfeeding women actively treated with perindopril for hypertensive disorders postpartum. METHODS: Eight breast milk samples and a single plasma sample were collected from each participant over a 24 hrs period, and plasma samples were taken from eligible breastfed infants. Breast milk and plasma concentrations of perindopril and perindoprilat were analysed using a validated Liquid Chromatography tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean breast milk concentrations of perindopril and perindoprilat, Relative Infant Dose (RID) <10%, and Theoretical Infant Dose (TID). RESULTS: Ten women and three infants participated in the study. The mean concentration of perindopril in breast milk for each participant ranged from 0.003 to 1.2 ng/mL and perindoprilat 0.2-36 ng/mL. RID for perindopril was 0.0005-0.2% and perindoprilat 0.03-4.6%. TID for perindopril was 0.00045-0.18 µg/kg/day and perindoprilat 0.032-5.4 µg/kg/day. Infant plasma levels for perindopril ranged from 0.44 to 1.12 ng/mL and perindoprilat undetectable - 10.14 ng/mL. Maternal reports described normal infant growth and development. CONCLUSION: Infant exposure to perindopril and perindoprilat through breast milk is low. However, some infants were found to have plasma perindoprilat concentrations consistent with pharmacodynamic effects. Perindopril may be used in mothers of healthy term infants, provided the infant is carefully monitored.

Multiscale Imaging Reveals Aberrant Functional Connectome Organization and Elevated Dorsal Striatal Arc Expression in Advanced Age.

The functional connectome reflects a network architecture enabling adaptive behavior that becomes vulnerable in advanced age. The cellular mechanisms that contribute to altered functional connectivity in old age, however, are not known. Here we used a multiscale imaging approach to link age-related changes in the functional connectome to altered expression of the activity-dependent immediate-early gene Arc as a function of training to multitask on a working memory (WM)/biconditional association task (BAT). Resting-state fMRI data were collected from young and aged rats longitudinally at three different timepoints during cognitive training. After imaging, rats performed the WM/BAT and were immediately sacrificed to examine expression levels of Arc during task performance. Aged behaviorally impaired, but not young, rats had a subnetwork of increased connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsal striatum (DS) that was correlated with the use of a suboptimal response-based strategy during cognitive testing. Moreover, while young rats had stable rich-club organization across three scanning sessions, the rich-club organization of old rats increased with cognitive training. In a control group of young and aged rats that were longitudinally scanned at similar time intervals, but without cognitive training, ACC-DS connectivity and rich-club organization did not change between scans in either age group. These findings suggest that aberrant large-scale functional connectivity in aged animals is associated with altered cellular activity patterns within individual brain regions.

IRF4-dependent dendritic cells regulate CD8+ T-cell differentiation and memory responses in influenza infection.

Acute respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses is imperfectly mitigated by annual vaccination to select strains. Development of vaccines that elicit lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) would offer more universal protection to seasonal and emerging pandemic viruses. Understanding how lung-resident dendritic cells (DCs) regulate TRM differentiation would be an important step in this process. Here, we used CD11c-cre-Irf4f/f (KO) mice, which lack lung-resident IRF4-dependent CD11b+CD24hi DCs and show IRF4 deficiency in other lung cDC subsets, to determine if IRF4-expressing DCs regulate CD8+ memory precursor cells and TRM during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. KO mice showed defective CD8+ T-cell memory, stemming from a deficit of T regulatory cells and memory precursor cells with decreased Foxo1 expression. Transfer of wild-type CD11b+CD24hi DCs into KO mice restored CD8+ memory precursor cell numbers to wild-type levels. KO mice recovered from a primary infection harbored reduced numbers of CD8+ TRM and showed deficient expansion of IFNγ+CD8+ T cells and increased lung pathology upon challenge with heterosubtypic IAV. Thus, vaccination strategies that harness the function of IRF4-dependent DCs could promote the differentiation of CD8+ TRM during IAV infection.

A pathway of global food supply adaptation in a world with increasingly constrained groundwater.

Many of the world's major freshwater aquifers are being exploited unsustainably, with some projected to approach environmentally unsafe drawdown limits within the 21st century. Given that aquifer depletion tends to occur in important crop producing regions, the prospect of running dry poses a significant threat to global food security. Here we use the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) to explore the response of land use and agriculture sectors to severe constraints on global water resources. We simulate a scenario in which a number of important groundwater aquifers become depleted to the point where further water withdrawal is unviable, either due to excessive extraction costs or environmental limits being reached. Results are then benchmarked against a scenario that neglects constraints on water withdrawals. We find that groundwater depletion and associated water price increases drive two distinct responses in the agriculture sector: an expansion of rain fed agriculture, and a shift in irrigated crop production toward regions with cheaper water resources. Losses in crop production are most pronounced in water stressed regions where groundwater is being depleted unsustainably to meet irrigation demands-namely northwest India, Pakistan, the Middle East, western United States, Mexico, and Central Asia. While these results highlight substantial risks for the affected regional agricultural economies, we show that modest changes in irrigation and location of crop growth, in a world with frictionless trade, could ensure global food demands are met despite severe water constraints.