Latin American registry of renal involvement in COVID-19 disease. The relevance of assessing proteinuria throughout the clinical course.

The Latin American Society of Nephrology and Hypertension conducted a prospective cohort, multinational registry of Latin American patients with kidney impairment associated to COVID-19 infection with the objective to describe the characteristics of acute kidney disease under these circumstances. The study was carried out through open invitation in order to describe the characteristics of the disease in the region. Eight-hundred and seventy patients from 12 countries were included. Median age was 63 years (54-74), most of patients were male (68.4%) and with diverse comorbidities (87.2%). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was hospital-acquired in 64.7% and non-oliguric in 59.9%. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) due to COVID-19 and volume depletion were the main factors contributing to AKI (59.2% and 35.7% respectively). Kidney replacement therapy was started in 46.2%. Non-recovery of renal function was observed in 65.3%. 71.5% of patients were admitted to ICU and 72.2% underwent mechanical ventilation. Proteinuria at admission was present in 62.4% of patients and proteinuria during hospital-stay occurred in 37.5%. Those patients with proteinuria at admission had higher burden of comorbidities, higher baseline sCr, and MODS was severe. On the other hand, patients with de novo proteinuria had lower incidence of comorbidities and near normal sCr at admission, but showed adverse course of disease. COVID-19 MODS was the main cause of AKI in both groups. All-cause mortality of the general population was 57.4%, and it was associated to age, sepsis as cause of AKI, severity of condition at admission, oliguria, mechanical ventilation, non-recovery of renal function, in-hospital complications and hospital stay. In conclusion, our study contributes to a better knowledge of this condition and highlights the relevance of the detection of proteinuria throughout the clinical course.

Síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente: 15 años de experiencia en el Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI / Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: 15 years experience from the Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI

Introducción. Desde 1997 se estableció la clínica de síndrome nefrótico en el Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Del 30 al 50% de los niños con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente evolucionan a insuficiencia renal crónica, y 60-85% remiten con ciclosporina. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar la respuesta al tratamiento y el pronóstico con este esquema en un grupo de pacientes con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal en niños con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente. Se determinaron los resultados de la remisión y la supervivencia renal. Resultados. Se incluyeron 156 pacientes. El 66.7% de sexo masculino, la edad media al diagnóstico fue de 5.9 ± 4.2 años. La biopsia inicial resultó con cambios mínimos en 33 pacientes (21.9%), proliferación mesangial difusa en 74 (49%) y glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria en 44 (29.1%). El promedio de seguimiento fue de 59.3 meses (mín 3 y máx 178 meses). Recibieron ciclosporina 59%; ciclofosfamida, 17.3% y 26 pacientes recibieron secuencialmente ambos esquemas. Remitieron 78.2% de ellos, requirieron diálisis 5.8% y fallecieron 1.9%. La supervivencia renal a 5 años fue de 92.9% y a 10 años, de 80%. La remisión en cambios mínimos y proliferación mesangial difusa fue de 79.8% y 86.5%, respectivamente y en glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria 59.1%. La insuficiencia renal fue más frecuente en glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (20.4%). El riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia renal con glomeruloesclerosis focal comparado con proliferación mesangial difusa fue 4.7 veces mayor, y comparado con cambios mínimos, el riesgo fue 8.72 veces mayor. Conclusiones. En este estudio se encontró remisión similar y frecuencia de progresión a insuficiencia renal mejor a lo que se ha reportado en la literatura.

Background. In 1997, the Clinic for Nephrotic Syndrome was established at the Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexico City); 30-50% of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome develop chronic renal failure and 60-80% achieve remission with cyclosporine. The objective of the study was to report treatment response and prognosis using the described scheme in a group of patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Methods. Retrospective study in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome was done. Remission frequency and renal survival were measured. Results. One-hundred fifty seven patients were studied; 66.7% were male. Mean age at diagnosis was 5.9 ± 4.2 years. Biopsies showed 33 results (21.9%) with minimal changes (MC), 74 (49%) with diffuse mesangial proliferation (DMP) and 44 (29.1%) with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Mean follow-up time was 59.3 months (minimum 3 months, maximum 178 months); 59% were on cyclosporine and 17.3% cyclophosphamide. Twenty six patients received both treatments and six patients received all three medications; 78.2% entered remission, 5.8% were on dialysis and 1.9% died. Five-year renal survival was 92.9% and 10-year survival was 80%. Remission in patients with MC and DMP was 79.8% and 86.5%, respectively and in FSGS was 59.1%. Chronic renal failure was found more often in FSGS (20.4%). Risk of developing renal failure with FSGS compared with DMP was 4.7 times and FSGS compared with MC risk was 8.7 times greater. Conclusions. Similar rates of remission and better renal survival were found compared with the literature.