Prevalence of trichomoniasis infection among adults in Nigerian community settings.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is a sexually transmitted pathogen. The study was conducted to determine its prevalence among 300 adult patients in 4 public health facilities in the Nsukka District of Enugu State, Nigeria. METHOD: The researchers collected high vagina swabs and urine samples were collected from 150 men and 150 women, respectively. The specimens were scrutinized for color, odor of discharge and urine, and motile trichomoniasis. RESULTS: The prevalence of the TV was 45.0% (135/300) with women showing the highest prevalence (63.7%). Among the patients attending the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Medical Center, the prevalence was the highest at 31.9%. TV infection was more common among older adults aged 38 to 47 years (39.3%), married adults (76.3%), and those with secondary education (68.9%). Urogenital analysis reported that males with pains during urination were 51.0% and males with penile tingling were 12.2%. The highest vaginal Hydrogen ion concentration level of 6.8 was observed in women aged 38 to 47 years. Additionally, the results reported that Vaginal candidiasis, Bacterial vaginosis, and Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies were not independently associated with TV infection. In the unadjusted analysis, the odds of TV infection were higher in men (8.1), while Chlamydia trachomatis infection was higher in women (8.8). Among the adults diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies, the odds of TV infection were 3.9 for both men and women. Men with penile human papillomavirus infection had lower odds of TV infection (1.9), while women with vaginal human papillomavirus infection had higher odds of TV infection (2.2). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TV infection is high among sexually active adults in the Nigerian community. It is therefore crucial to implement the increased public health actions such as regular and early diagnosis to reduce its prevalence.

Rifampicin resistance patterns and dynamics of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a public health problem globally. The burden is further exacerbated in developing countries like Nigeria, by poor diagnosis, management and treatment, as well as rapid emergence of drug-resistant TB. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of drug-resistant TB, determine the rpoB gene mutation patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and model the dynamics of multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Enugu, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A total of 868 samples, from patients accessing DOTS services in designated centres within the zone, were screened by sputum-smear microscopy, while 207 samples were screened by Nucleic Acid Amplification (Xpert® MTB/Rif) Test (NAAT). A deterministic model was formulated to study the transmission dynamics of TB and MDR-TB, using live data generated through epidemiological study. RESULTS: The results showed TB prevalence values of 22.1% and 21.3% by sputum-smear and NAAT assays, respectively. Analysis of the rifampicin resistance patterns showed the highest occurrence of mutations (50%) along codons 523 - 527. Factors such as combination therapy, multiple therapy and compliance to treatment had influence on both prevalence and development of TB drug resistance in the population. CONCLUSIONS: This first documentation of Rifampicin resistance patterns in MTB from Nigeria shows that a majority of rpoB gene mutations occurred along codons 523 to 527, contrary to the widely reported codon 531 mutation and that multiple interventions such as combination therapy, with good compliance to treatment are needed to reduce both prevalence and development of TB drug resistance in the population.