[Spatial organization of house-keeping genes in interphase nuclei].

Spatial organization of the eukaryotic genome is tightly connected to its functioning. In particular, the interaction of gene promoters with remote enhancer elements in active chromatin hubs, as well as the recruitment of genes to the common transcription factories plays an important role in regulation of gene transcription. Most of works related to the analysis of spatial interaction of genome regulatory elements relies on models of tissue-specific genes. Meanwhile, it remains unclear to which extent the spatial organization of chromosomes is guided by house-keeping genes that are transcribed in most of cell types and outnumber the transcribed tissue-specific genes. To address this question, we used the 4C technique to characterize genome-wide the spatial contacts of the chicken house-keeping genes CARHSP1 and TRAP1 situated on chromosome 14. The promoters of these genes had an increased frequency of interaction with chromosome regions enriched in CpG islands and binding motifs for the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1, both of which mark promoters of house-keeping genes, and overall with transcriptionally active regions. By contrast, the analysis of interaction of a gene poor region of chromosome 14 revealed no such preferences. The evidence for the interaction of house-keeping gene promoters were also obtained in independent cytological experiments aimed at visualization of non-methylated CpG islands in individual nuclei of human cells, which showed clustering of CpG islands in the nuclear space. Altogether, the results of our work suggest that the interaction of house-keeping genes constitutes an important factor that determines the spatial organization of interphase chromosomes.

[The chicken beta-globin genes: a model system for studying transcription regulation at the level of genomic domains].

In the last quarter of the XX century, as a result of studies performed on a number of model systems, a hypothesis was formulated according to which the genome of higher eukaryotes consists of functionally isolated areas named genomic domains. Each domain includes one or more genes and a regulatory system that is normally active only in respect of this domain and allows it to achieve the regulatory autonomy of the neighboring chromosome regions. A genomic domain is characterized by the spectra of covalent histone modifications which define the boundaries of the domain and the degree of chromatin condensation within it, and so, the probability of transcription activation of genes within the domain. Development of the domain hypothesis of genome organization became possible to a large extent through the study of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the globin genes in vertebrates. One of the most popular models in this field of molecular biology is the chicken beta-globin gene domain. Based on this model system, the fundamental principles of complex enhancer action in higher eukaryotes have been described, the properties of insulators and functional units of enhancers and promoters have been studied, the influence of covalent histone modifications on the level of chromatin condensation and their role in the regulation of transcription within the domain have been investigated. In this review we summarize the data on the study of the chicken beta-globin gene domain, as well as consider the domain hypothesis of eukaryotic genome organization.

[Patterns of the histone modifications across the chicken alpha-globin genes domain].

Using native chromatin immunoprecipitation (N-ChIP) followed by TaqMan RT-PCR quantitative analysis we have determined the profiles of histone acetylation and histone methylation within the alpha-globin gene domain before and after switching of embryonic globin genes expression. The results obtained do not support a supposition that the inactivation of the embryonic alpha-type globin gene pi in erythroid cells of the adult lineage is mediated via formation of an inactive chromatin domain. On the other hand we have demonstrated that suppression of the gene pi activity in erythroid cells of adult lineage correlates with the decrease of the histone acetylation level within the embryonic subdomain of the alpha-globin gene domain.

[Expert system of choosing lower limb (thigh) prosthesis and diagnosis of the quality of prosthetics (II)]. / Ekspertnaia sistema vybora protezov nizhnikh konechnostei (bedra) i diagnostiki kachestva protezirovaniia (chast II).

The authors review an expert system (ES) of diagnosing the prosthetics quality, elucidate problems of the ES functioning within the framework of the general ES. Special attention is paid to the description of the knowledge and datum surface, to the algorithms of direct and reverse illegible logical data output in taking decisions as to defects of the patient's prosthesis in accordance with the signs observable. The work of the ES is demonstrated with special reference to concrete cases. Analysis is made of the estimates of the sensitivity to the initial data. The ES presents knowledge in depth, being designed in two versions: for practical (individual and mass) prosthetics and training purposes.

[An expert system for choosing prostheses for the lower extremities (hip) and assessing the quality of the prosthesis. I]. / Ekspertnaia sistema vybora protezov nizhnikh konechnostei (bedra) i diagnostiki kachestva protezirovaniia. Chast I.

The authors describe the structure, characteristic features and experience gained with the employment of an expert system for the choice of hip prostheses (in cases of unilateral amputation) and assessment of the prosthetics quality. Word the requirements for hardware and software, present functional subsystems corresponding to certain interrelated stages of prosthetics. A variant has been devised of an appropriate training expert system with a profound representation of intelligence in an object area.

[Computer software and hardware requirements for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases using discriminant analysis]. / Programmno-apparatnoe obespechenie differentsial'noi diagnostiki zabolevanii parodonta s primeneniem diskriminantnogo analiza.

A method of differential diagnosis of parodontium diseases has been devised with the aid of a functional diagnostic system using multichannel rheo- and photoplethysmographs and the deciding rule of discriminant function computation in accordance with an algorithm elaborated. As many as 200 patients have undergone diagnostic examination with the aid of the above-indicated software and hardware system to demonstrate a high probability (92%) of diagnosis.

[The use of discriminant analysis for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases]. / Primenenie diskriminantnogo analiza dlia differentsial'noi diagnostiki zabolevanii parodonta.

Basing on rheo- and photoplethysmography combined with mathematical methods and computers the authors have developed a method for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis). Diagnostic studies carried out in 200 patients have shown a high probability (at least 92 percent) of the method for the differential diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

[A personal system of automated planning of microprocessor printing plates for radio-electronic medical equipment]. / Personal'naia SAPR mikroprotsessornykh pechatnykh plat REMA.

Personal CAD/CAM for graphic projection and manufacture of microprocessor PCB masks, input information-carrying medium and numeric controlled lathes has been designed. CAD/CAM instrument-software could be interfaced to an APRICOT type PC and to the USSR-manufactured equipment. Personal CAD/CAM is considered as a person-machine system and works in the automatic and semi-automatic modes. The convertor program, which is included into the software allows one to use the present CAD/CAM system with the alternative USSR and foreign manufactured systems.

[An expert system for therapeutic and diagnostic processes]. / Ekspertnaia sistema lechebno-diagnosticheskikh protsessov.

Specific peculiarities of the basic knowledge examination system are described herein. They allow to design a consulting system for the intensive care specialist. This system works out recommendations on the artificial kidney applications and recommends dialysate contents for individual applications. Specific examples of the examination medical system LEDI-Z are demonstrated.

[A system of diagnostic tests, the providing of medical equipment and the level of automation in ambulatory care clinics]. / Kompleks diagnosticheskikh issledovanii, pribornoe obespechenie i urovni avtomatizatsii v ambulatorno-poliklinicheskikh uchrezhdeniiakh.

Some problems of establishing the complex of diagnostic investigations based on the use of medical instrumentation in outpatient clinics with 50 000 and more population being served are discussed. The methodology to evaluate informative signs according to every diagnostic examination is presented. Computational relationships for quantitative evaluation of informative signs are given as well as an algorithm of generalized examination results reporting.

[Anamnesis in the structure of an automated subsystem for prophylactic oncological examination]. / Anamnez v strukture avtomatizirovannoi podsistemy profilakticheskikh onkologicheskikh obsledovanii.

Some problems of developing an automated control subsystem "Oncologic examinations" to perform health screening in outpatient conditions with the aim of early neoplasm detection are discussed.

[Construction of a system for the automatic design of printed-circuit boards for medical electronic apparatus]. / Postroenie sistemy avtomatizirovannogo proektirovaniia pechatnykh plat dlia meditsinskoi élektronnoi apparatury.

The structure of the system for designing printed circuit boards based on such widely used technical equipment as minicomputers and unified-system computers, is discussed. The system allows one to carry out, in consecutive stages, the automation of the process of designing printed circuit boards and the technological provision for their manufacture. The principles of designing the boards on the basis of algorithms using the notion of channels and including the subdivision of the total circuit into separate structural units, the location of different elements in these units and their tracing are described in detail. The stage of making up the design documents and the control punch tapes containing the final stage of tracing correction with the output of the control data or a coordinatograph and numerically controlled machines is considered.

[Automation of the technological medical process in ambulatory polyclinic and hospital establishments]. / K voprosu ob avtomatizatsii medistinskogo tekhnologicheskogo protsessa v ambulatorno-poliklinicheskikh i bol'nichnykh uchrezhdeniiakh.

Now, the creation of automated instruments, apparatus and systems providing complex instrumentation of medical technological processes in ambulant-polyclinical and hospital centers became the main line of the medical technique's development. Primary problems and objects of automation are determined from the proposed models of managing the treatment and diagnostic processes in these establishments.

[Dual control of organ-assisting devices according to the criterion of the activity of the partially replaced organ]. / Dual'noe upravlenie vspomogatel'nymi apparatami po kriteriiu aktivnosti chastichno zameshchaemogo organa.

The authors propose a structure of controlled accessory systems that are intended to substitute the functions of different human organs. It is shown, that during controlled process it is possible to extract the value indicating the variability of the substituted organ activity and to use it as the control criterion.