[The increase of carbon dyoxidi production at hypoxia in health subjects].

Pulmonary gas exchange, SpO2 and heart rate at 15-min hypoxia (respiration by air with 0.17; 0.15 and 0.13 oxygen fractions) have been investigated in 24 health subjects. It has been established, results of the group analysis and the results of the individual analysis had been differed. Reaction on hypoxia at the group analysis had been found only at 0.13 02 fraction. It was only hyperventilation. The individual analysis had revealed 4 types of reaction on hypoxia already at 0.17 and 0.15 02 fractions: (1) hyperventilation, (2) decrease of oxygen consumption, (3) increase of ventilation effectiveness, (4) increase of CO2 production. The mechanisms of last reaction are unknown, but we supposed it was connected with anaerobic metabolism. The reactions were detected at light hypoxia (0.17 and 0.15 oxygen fractions) in 90% health subjects when SpO2 decreased to 87-93%. The increase ventilation has been detected at hypoxia within respiration 0.13 oxygen in 60% subjects when SpO2 decreased to 83-87%, while other reactions were nearly absent.

[Oksiv-Del'ta preproduction system for functional diagnosis of the gas-exchange function of lungs].

The results of testing of a preproduction version of the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system for examination of the metabolic rate and the gas exchange rate in lungs are presented. Testing in volunteers was performed both in a normoxic environment and using air mixtures with various O2 concentrations. The results of testing were used in debugging the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system and its preparation to clinical trial.

[State of respiratory system under prolonged exposure to aerosols and vapors of heavy metals salts].

Study covering 480 male workers of chemical enterprise revealed that chronic exposure to allowable ambient air concentrations of metal salts doubles occurrence of respiratory tract diseases. 75% of the healthy workers constantly exposed to heavy metal salts demonstrate lower level of oxidative processes, and 15% of the examinees were diagnosed as having primary histotoxic hypometabolism.

[Effects of smoking on the external respiration system in adolescents and young adults]. / Vliianie kureniia tabaka na sistemu vneshnego dykhaniia u podrostkov i iunoshei.

The specific features of the function and apparatus of external respiration were studied in adolescent and juvenile smokers and non-smokers. Ninety three boys aged 14-16 years who were 8-10--form pupils and 130 young men aged 19-23 years who were University students were examined. It was found that 38.7% of schoolchildren and 26.2% were smokers. 61% of the non-smokers were recorded to be apparently healthy. This condition was encountered 1.2-1.6 times less frequently in the smokers. The same number of smokers and non-smokers were at risk for lung pathology that was detectable in the former 2-2.5 times more frequently. Most indices of the function and apparatus of external respiration were not different in the smokers and non-smokers and they were in the normal range. The exceptions were functional residual capacity and expiratory PO?? which are significantly higher in the smokers, which suggests that respiratory tissue is of higher airiness aimed at compensating for permanent or recurrent hypoxia.

[Structural organization of a human lung lobule]. / Strukturnaia organizatsiia legochnoi dol'ki cheloveka.

Structure and number of human lung lobules were investigated in corrosion preparations and by the method of 3-dimensional reconstruction using serial sections. It was established that the bronchial tree branches inside the lobules 4 to 6 times forming 3 to 5 orders of intralobular bronchioles and 1 order of terminal bronchioles. Structure of lobules in all human lung lobes is identical and has a repeating group of bronchial branches as a basis. The lung lobule consists of 8 to 20 acini. In the right lung the average of lobules numbers is 1200.

[The protective reaction of external respiratory system to the long-term action of ecological factors]. / Zashchitnaia reaktsiia sistemy vneshnego dykhaniia na dlitel'noe deistvie ékologicheskikh faktorov.

Analyzes physiological manifestations and mechanisms of defense reaction of the external respiration system in response to two ecological factors: low air temperature and dust. Clinically healthy men (without clinical and laboratory signs of lung disease) were examined, living or working under conditions of low temperature or high dust content in the air. These two factors cause mobilization of reserve tissue of respiratory compartments of the lungs by involving the reserve acini in ventilation. This brings about an increase in FRC and RV, thus decreasing the harmful effect of the ecological factor and impairing gas metabolism in the lungs. Compensatory hyperventilation develops in response to it, expressed in increase of minute ventilation and decrease of ventilation efficiency. Competitive relationships between defense reaction and gas metabolism lead to external respiration stress.

Macrostructure differences of polar fox and dog lungs.

The lungs of the polar fox and dog have the typical form and lobular structure characteristic of beasts of prey. Both display secondary fusion of the cranial and middle lobes in the left lung, but this is more extensive in the fox. A consistent relationship between the beast body mass and the mass and volume of the lungs is present. The relative weight of dog lungs independent of body size (weight index) is 1.7 times that of the polar fox. In the latter the parenchyma is much more subdivided than in the dog. There are 23 segments per lung pair in the polar fox, compared to 19 in the dog. Although these are of unequal size throughout the lungs of both species, corresponding segments in the fox are about half as large as those in the dog. The greater segmentation of polar fox lungs may be of assistance in restricting the spread of inflammatory processes.