Grub in the mouth: an unusual case with review of literature.

Oral myiasis is a rare disease, identified primarily in non-industrialised nations. It is caused fundamentally by the attack of larvae from Dipteran flies on the human tissues. Predisposing factors for oral myiasis are extraction wounds, destitute oral cleanliness, meagreness, mouth breathing amid rest, suppurative injuries, necrotic tissues, diabetes and perivascular infections primarily within the elderly, extreme halitosis, alcohol addiction, cerebral paralysis and components that favour prolonged mouth opening. Myiasis may have predilection to patients with mental challenges, cerebral palsy and hemiplegia due to unfortunate physical agility. The present case reports an oral myiasis in a 25-year-old woman who was mentally challenged. This condition was treated by topical application of turpentine oil with manual expulsion of hatchlings, taken after by surgical debridement and wide range antimicrobials.

Different Regenerative Responses of Two Platelet Concentrates in the Treatment of Human Periodontal Infrabony Defects: A Clinico-Radiographic Study.

BACKGROUND: Platelet concentrates usage in the treatment of intrabony defects has been improved due to advancement of research. Many generation of platelet concentrates were used, but research regarding advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) regarding periodontal treatment is scanty. AIM: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare PRF and A-PRF in the treatment of human periodontal infrabony defects (IBDs) both clinically and radiographically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients having IBDs were divided into Group A (PRF) and Group B (A-PRF). Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and 3 and 6 months and radiographic examination at baseline and 6 months were also recorded to evaluate defect fill, resolution, and change in the alveolar crest height. Then, all the data were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel sheet and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviations of the clinical and radiographic parameters were calculated, and unpaired t-test was performed to assess intergroup comparison at different time intervals. RESULTS: Intragroup comparison showed statistically significant improvement in PPD and CAL at 3 and 6 months while statistically significant improvement was observed in mean defect fill and resolution in Group B. CONCLUSION: Individually, both the materials have shown promising results. However, statistically, PRF group (Group A) showed better treatment outcome in terms of bone fill and A-PRF group (Group B) in terms of soft tissue healing.

Climate policy in India: what shapes international, national and state policy?

At the international level, India is emerging as a key actor in climate negotiations, while at the national and sub-national levels, the climate policy landscape is becoming more active and more ambitious. It is essential to unravel this complex landscape if we are to understand why policy looks the way it does, and the extent to which India might contribute to a future international framework for tackling climate change as well as how international parties might cooperate with and support India's domestic efforts. Drawing on both primary and secondary data, this paper analyzes the material and ideational drivers that are most strongly influencing policy choices at different levels, from international negotiations down to individual states. We argue that at each level of decision making in India, climate policy is embedded in wider policy concerns. In the international realm, it is being woven into broader foreign policy strategy, while domestically, it is being shaped to serve national and sub-national development interests. While our analysis highlights some common drivers at all levels, it also finds that their influences over policy are not uniform across the different arenas, and in some cases, they work in different ways at different levels of policy. We also indicate what this may mean for the likely acceptability within India of various climate policies being pushed at the international level.