RESUMEN
The purpose of the research: To study the water balance of lung and NO level in blood in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis combined with capsaicin blockade of vagus nerve. Methods: Experiments were conducted on 47 adult (16-week-old) male rats weighing 220-280 g. To simulate the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats were subcutaneously injected with encephalitogenic mixture in complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 ml; the content of inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 5 mg/ml) at the rate of 100 mg of homologous spinal cord homogenate per animal. Сapsaicin blockade was performed by bilateral application of 50 uM capsaicin («Sigma¼) on the neck portions of vagus nerves. The animals were divided into 4 groups: intact rats - control group1; rats with EAE; rats with capsaicin application on vagus nerve + EAE; sham operated rats subjected to vagus nerves allocation without the subsequent capsaicin application + EAE - control group 2. The next parameters were detected: the content of nitric oxide in blood plasma; protein content in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid; lung water balance indices including the amount of total, extra- and intravascular fluid and blood supply of lungs, which were calculated based on wet and dry lung mass and the hemoglobin content in blood and lung tissue determined by hemiglobincyanide method. Results: It was found that EAE is accompanied by an increase of total fluid, extravascular fluid (EVF) and blood supply of lungs on the background of increasing content of nitric oxide in arterial (art) and venous (ven) blood. In EAE and its combination with bilateral capsaicin blockade of vagus nerve a strong negative correlation between the NOart / NOven coefficient and EVF amount was found out. The blockade of capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents normalized lung water balance impaired in EAE and restored the levels of nitric oxide in blood plasma. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents with NO-ergic mechanisms involvment take part in the development of pulmonary hyperhydration during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Asunto(s)
Capsaicina/efectos adversos , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental , Pulmón , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Nervio Vago , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico , Animales , Capsaicina/farmacología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/sangre , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Masculino , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/sangre , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/inmunología , Ratas , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/efectos de los fármacos , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In rats with ligation of both common carotid arteries in condition of bilateral capsaicin blockade of vagus nerve the metabolic functions of the lungs associated with their participation in the regulation of hemostasis, lipid composition of blood plasma and lung surfactant were investigated. It is shown that cerebral ischemia is accompanied by changes in the fractional composition of phospholipids in both arterial and venous blood, as well as in pulmonary surfactant, and the decrease of the lung hypocoagulation effect. The phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (as one of the factors involved in surfactant lipids metabolism) in brain ischemia is reduced. After the blockade of capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents the changes in surfactant and plasma phospholipids caused by cerebral ischemia, are abolished, hypocoagulation effect of lung restores, but the functional activity of macrophages remains decreased. These findings suggest that capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents are involved in the development of disregulatory disorders of lung metabolic function in cerebral ischemia.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Capsaicina/farmacología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Bloqueo Nervioso , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Isquemia Encefálica/sangre , Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Surfactantes Pulmonares/metabolismo , Ratas , Nervio Vago/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Direct effects of circulating blood microparticles on fibrin formation and structure were studied. Clots made from platelet-free plasma and from microparticle-depleted plasma obtained by filtration was studied in parallel, including clots from the microparticle-depleted plasma replenished with phospholipids. Fibrin formation was induced by exogenous thrombin without Ca2+ to prevent formation of endogenous thrombin and exclude indirect kinetic effects of microparticles related to thrombin generation. In the presence of natural microparticles or exogenous phospholipids the maximal turbidity of fibrin clots was significantly smaller, indicating structural distinctions from the clots formed in the absence of microparticles. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy showed that clots formed from platelet-free plasma, i. e. in the presence of microparticles, unlike clots from the microparticle-depleted plasma, contained 0.1-0.5-µm-large CD61-positive granules associated with fibrin fibers that were identical to the particles found on the surface of filters used for microparticle removal. The results show that platelet-derived microparticles bind to fibrin and affect its structure. The revealed interactions of cell-derived microparticles with fibrin highlight a previously unknown role of microparticles in hemostasis and thrombosis as constituents and modulators of a fibrin clot structure.
Asunto(s)
Coagulación Sanguínea , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Fibrina/metabolismo , Plaquetas/citología , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/ultraestructura , Fibrina/ultraestructura , Humanos , Integrina beta3/genética , Integrina beta3/metabolismo , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
The dynamics of rat's swimming test with a load after 10 daily deprivation of light or dark were investigated. It was established that in the control group in nature illumination daily physical swimming with a load to full exhaustion from the first to the third day of the experiment, there was an increase of active swimming time indicator followed by stabilization. In groups of animals kept before bringing swimming test in a day and night lighting or darkening around the clock, there was an increase in swimming time only on the first day of the experiment, and the next days there was a decrease of efficiency. After a five-day cycle of the swimming load the level of lactate in the blood of control animals was increased, and experienced - has not changed in comparison with the intact, not subjected to any stress.
Asunto(s)
Oscuridad/efectos adversos , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Esfuerzo Físico , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Natación , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Estrés Psicológico/etiologíaRESUMEN
It is known that intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is accompanied by the development of neurogenic pulmonary edema and insufficiency of surfactant function. The present study was undertaken for evaluation of the role of vagal afferents in the mechanisms of ICH effects on pulmonary surfactant and water balance of the lung. We explored the surface activity and biochemical composition of surfactant, as well as blood supply, total, intravascular and extravascular fluid content in lung after ICH, simulated by intraventricular administration of autologous blood against the background of bilateral blockade of capsaicin-sensitive vagal affere its. The blockade was caused by the capsaicin application (50 mcmol) on the cervical part of the nerves. Intracerebralhemorrhage was accompanied by the decrease of surfactant activity which appeared by the enhancement of minimal, maximal and static surface tension of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), the reduction of total phospholipids including their main fraction phosphatidylcholine, the increase of lysophosphatidyicholine content and hyperhydration of the lung. The level of total proteins in BAL elevated, confirmed the enhanced permeability of the alveolar-blood barrier. The exhaustion of neuropeptides in capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents led to the partial restoration of surface active properties of lung, normalization of phospholipids and protein contents and water balance parameters. The obtained results suggest that capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents play a pivotal role in the disturbances of surfactant function and water balance of the lung after ICH.