[Changes in functional organization of the respiratory system among residents of West Siberia in the winter season].

The study examines respiratory parameters in healthy young males from Western Siberia. The correlations between the parameters are analyzed and the functional structure of the respiratory system in the summer and in the winter is identified. It was discovered that different regulatory programs operate depending on the temperature of inhaled air. The study shows that the changes in the oxygen request of the body in the summer are achieved through the changes in the volume of pulmonary ventilation ("ventilation" or "summer program"). In the winter, when maintaining the level of energy processes in the body is in conflict with maintaining thermal homeostasis in the respiratory regions of the lungs, pulmonary ventilation becomes limited and the number of functioning lung units is reduced. At the same time, for providing compensation, lung diffusion capacity increases ("diffusion" or "winter program"). This means that the functioning of the apparatus of external respiration is optimized in the winter.

[The peculiarities of the pulmonary acinus structure in the residents of Western Siberia].

Pulmonary acinus architectonics and parameters were studied in six men aged 19-27 years that permanently lived in the city of Novosibirsk. The study was conducted on the serial histological sections by using morphometry and volumetric graphic reconstruction of the acini. In a typical acinus, three generations of the respiratory bronchioles, four generations of the alveolar ducts, and one generation of the alveolar sacs (AS) were found. All the intraacinar components branched in the form of dichotomy, most commonly, irregular. It was shown that the acini were regularly asymmetrical, 32% of branches of the alveolar ducts of the second order had no continuation and ended with AS. In the same way, two thirds of the third order alveolar ducts also continued into AS, i. e. about 40% of branches are rudimentary. Intra-acinar path from the first alveoli in the respiratory bronchioles to the terminal alveoli is equal to 7.2 +/- 1.0 mm. The peculiar feature of the acinus of the Siberian residents is an increased transitional zone and a distal shift of respiratory zone by one generation of branches in the direction from the conducting airways, which reduces its cooling during breathing cold air in winter.

[The increase of carbon dyoxidi production at hypoxia in health subjects].

Pulmonary gas exchange, SpO2 and heart rate at 15-min hypoxia (respiration by air with 0.17; 0.15 and 0.13 oxygen fractions) have been investigated in 24 health subjects. It has been established, results of the group analysis and the results of the individual analysis had been differed. Reaction on hypoxia at the group analysis had been found only at 0.13 02 fraction. It was only hyperventilation. The individual analysis had revealed 4 types of reaction on hypoxia already at 0.17 and 0.15 02 fractions: (1) hyperventilation, (2) decrease of oxygen consumption, (3) increase of ventilation effectiveness, (4) increase of CO2 production. The mechanisms of last reaction are unknown, but we supposed it was connected with anaerobic metabolism. The reactions were detected at light hypoxia (0.17 and 0.15 oxygen fractions) in 90% health subjects when SpO2 decreased to 87-93%. The increase ventilation has been detected at hypoxia within respiration 0.13 oxygen in 60% subjects when SpO2 decreased to 83-87%, while other reactions were nearly absent.

[Changes in respiratory function tests of healthy miners in accordance with length of service].

The study covered respiratory function tests in healthy miners with variable length of service. Findings are that the first year of mining is characterized by slower interchange of gases in respiratory parts of lungs, by induced protective reaction that increases dilution of inspired air. The years from second to fifth demonstrate stabilized changes and external respiratory system fixed in new functional state kept over next 15-18 years. After 20 years of service in mine, the external respiration system becomes overstrained with intensified compensatory pulmonary ventilation and protective reaction.

[Oksiv-Del'ta preproduction system for functional diagnosis of the gas-exchange function of lungs].

The results of testing of a preproduction version of the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system for examination of the metabolic rate and the gas exchange rate in lungs are presented. Testing in volunteers was performed both in a normoxic environment and using air mixtures with various O2 concentrations. The results of testing were used in debugging the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system and its preparation to clinical trial.

[Variations of respiratory parameters in healthy men].

The subjects of the study were 656 healthy men living in the south of West Siberia, in whom the basic parameters of gas exchange, lung ventilation, static lung volumes, and bronchial permeability were measured. The significance and incidence of non-pathological changes in the system of external respiration were defined on the basis of statistical and cluster analysis of these parameters. The study shows that individuals with functional changes can be divided into four groups with different characteristics: 1. Steady mobilization of the reserve tissue of the respiratory parts of the lungs as a physiological defense reaction to unfavorable ecological factors; 2. An increased airiness of the respiratory tissue as a sign of a compensatory reaction directed towards maintaining gas homeostasis in frequent and prominent overload of the system of external respiration; 3. Steady hyperventilation as a direct functional response of the organism to the slowing down of oxygen mass transfer in the respiratory parts of the lungs; 4. Restriction of external respiration due to respiratory diseases in the past. Despite differences in the origin, all the studied functional changes have one common feature, i.e. their association with a decrease in external respiratory reserve; all of them should be considered pulmonological risk manifestations.

[State of respiratory system under prolonged exposure to aerosols and vapors of heavy metals salts].

Study covering 480 male workers of chemical enterprise revealed that chronic exposure to allowable ambient air concentrations of metal salts doubles occurrence of respiratory tract diseases. 75% of the healthy workers constantly exposed to heavy metal salts demonstrate lower level of oxidative processes, and 15% of the examinees were diagnosed as having primary histotoxic hypometabolism.

[Age changes in interalveolar septa and their relationship to a decrease in gas exchange]. / Vozrastnye izmeneniia mezhal'veoliarnykh peregorodok i ikh otnoshenie k zamedleniiu gazoobmena.

External respiration and interalveolar septa ultrastructure were examined in healthy men aged 45-49 and 60-70 years. Involution reduction of static lung volumes, decrease in lung ventilation capacity and deceleration of gas exchange in the respiratory portion of the lung were noted. Age changes in interalveolar septa capillary network structure, air-blood barrier and the interstitium have been established. In the elderly people, the capillary network was found to lose some small loops, which were substituted by a connective tissue. The thickness of air-blood barrier was shown to increase, thus causing a deceleration of oxygen diffusion from alveolar lumen into the blood of pulmonary capillaries. The interstitial connective tissue was found to contain a larger proportion of collagen and, particularly, of elastic fibers per unit volume. In the aged persons interalveolar septa underwent obvious sclerotic changes, and the disappearance of Kohn pores could be considered as one of their manifestations. All these changes seem to disturb the uniformity of intraacinar ventilation and may significantly influence gas exchange conditions.

[Bronchial parameters in inhabitants from the North]. / Osobennosti parametrov bronkhial'nogo dereva u zhitelei Severa]

The number of branches in the bronchial tree as a whole and in each generation was calculated on corrosion preparations of the right lung in 16 male inhabitants of Novosibirsk and Magadan. Diameters and lengths of a trachea, main, lobar, segmentary and subsegmentary bronchi, interlobular, lobular and terminal bronchioles were determined. The parameters of the 9 first generations were measured completely while those of distal airways--by 15% occasional choice. In both groups the number of branches in the generation was established to grow proportionally to generation number growth and then to decrease due to asymmetry of branches and termination of the part of them at the level of terminal bronchiole. In Magadan inhabitants bronchial tree was longer and wider. The anatomical dead space was 1.6 fold larger in North inhabitants than in that of Novosibirsk. Comparison to physiological data shows that in Novosibirsk inhabitants anatomic dead space makes 27% of respiratory volume, while in that of Magadan--34%. As a result the volume of the air inhaled in North inhabitants which is blended in airways is greater than in Western Siberia people.

[Effects of smoking on the external respiration system in adolescents and young adults]. / Vliianie kureniia tabaka na sistemu vneshnego dykhaniia u podrostkov i iunoshei.

The specific features of the function and apparatus of external respiration were studied in adolescent and juvenile smokers and non-smokers. Ninety three boys aged 14-16 years who were 8-10--form pupils and 130 young men aged 19-23 years who were University students were examined. It was found that 38.7% of schoolchildren and 26.2% were smokers. 61% of the non-smokers were recorded to be apparently healthy. This condition was encountered 1.2-1.6 times less frequently in the smokers. The same number of smokers and non-smokers were at risk for lung pathology that was detectable in the former 2-2.5 times more frequently. Most indices of the function and apparatus of external respiration were not different in the smokers and non-smokers and they were in the normal range. The exceptions were functional residual capacity and expiratory PO?? which are significantly higher in the smokers, which suggests that respiratory tissue is of higher airiness aimed at compensating for permanent or recurrent hypoxia.

[Architectonics and parameters of interlobular bronchioles in residents of western Siberia]. / Arkhitekhtonika i parametry mezhdol'kovykh bronkhiol u zhitelei zapadnoi Sibiri.

Architectonics and parameters of interlobular bronchioles (ILBs) were examined in corrosion and histological preparations of the right lung in 13 male residents of Novosibirsk died from accidents. It was demonstrated that ILBs were present in all pulmonary segments and subsegments and were carrying the air from subsegmental bronchi to lobular bronchioles. According to architectonics, ILBs could be divided into three types: trunk, scattered and mixed. Majority of ILBs belonged to the trunk type (65-66%), while scattered and mixed types were less frequent (constituting 13-14% and 20-21%, respectively). Right lung contained 230-250 ILBs. The number of lobules stemming from one ILB varied from one to twelve. The average ILB had 3.4 +/- 0.1 branches and was found to ventilate 5.3 +/- 0.3 pulmonary lobules. Parameters of I and II order ILBs were measured separately. No significant differences in the mean ILBs diameters in different lobes and segments were detected. Regularities in length distribution were not found.

[Structural organization of a human lung lobule]. / Strukturnaia organizatsiia legochnoi dol'ki cheloveka.

Structure and number of human lung lobules were investigated in corrosion preparations and by the method of 3-dimensional reconstruction using serial sections. It was established that the bronchial tree branches inside the lobules 4 to 6 times forming 3 to 5 orders of intralobular bronchioles and 1 order of terminal bronchioles. Structure of lobules in all human lung lobes is identical and has a repeating group of bronchial branches as a basis. The lung lobule consists of 8 to 20 acini. In the right lung the average of lobules numbers is 1200.

[Features of the structure and parameters of the intra-alveolar septa in residents of Western Siberia]. / Osobennosti stroeniia i parametrov mezhal'veoliarnykh peregorodok u zhitelei Zapadnoi Sibiri.

In inhabitants of Novosibirsk and Moscow district intraalveolar septum, the basic functional element of the lung consists of interstitial connective tissue and capillar network, limited with basement membranes, on which cells of epithelial lining are placed. There are no principal differences in septal structure between individuals from both regions. The majority of morphometric parameters are statistically similar, although certain peculiarities were noted in human subjects from Siberia, the most important of which is that air-blood barrier in them is 33% thinner than those in inhabitants of Moscow district. Majority of capillaries possess the air-blood barrier from both sides. This increases diffous capacity of the lungs and blood oxygenation level.

[Features of the architectonics of the bronchial tree of the polar fox as a manifestation of adaptation of the lungs to northern conditions]. / Osobennosti arkhitektoniki bronkhial'nogo dereva pestsa, kak proiavlenie adaptatsii legkikh k usloviiam Severa.

Peculiarities of the bronchial tree architectonics as a whole and in the pulmonary lobes have been studied in the animal of the Arctic zone--the Arctic fox in comparison with the dog. Certain species-specific differences in the form and branching of the bronchial tree have been stated. In the Arctic fox the subsegmentary bronchi are more developed, they are longer, with greater number of branchings and, thus, more interlobular bronchioles run off from them. Besides, up to 10% of interlobular additional bronchioles take their origin from the segmentary bronchi and as a result the bronchial tree of the Arctic fox is 1.5 times as thick as that of the dog. Complexes of the branches in the subsegmentary bronchi, or in large interlobular bronchioles of the Arctic fox are well isolated from each other and make the base of the subsegments of two types. The architectonic peculiarities are connected with genetically secured adaptation of the animal to low temperature of the environment, since they improve warming and mixing the inhaled cold air with the warm alveolar air.

[Comparative electron microscopic study of interalveolar septa in Arctic foxes and dogs]. / Sravnitel'noe élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe izuchenie mezhal'veoliarnykh peregorodok u pestsov i sobak.

Structure of the interalveolar septa in the lungs of typical representatives of the Arctic Zone--Arctic foxes--has been studied electron microscopically in comparison with those of dogs from the middle zone of West Siberia. Structure and parameters of the dog pulmonary septa correspond to modern notion on ultrastructure of the respiratory system in animals of middle latitudes. In the Arctic fox a certain combination of morpho-functional peculiarities is observed contributing to an increased diffuse power of the lungs. The capillary ultrastructure of the animal is considerably changed. capillaries with double aerohematic barrier make a greater part of the capillary network (57%), area of the barrier is nearly twice as large (in dogs--37%, in Arctic foxes--65%). A great amount of Cohn's pores in the Arctic boxes (twice as great as in the dogs) is a peculiar feature for the Arctic fox pulmonary septum. The morpho-functional peculiarities stated contribute to an increased diffuse rate and to better saturation of blood with oxygen.

[A quantitative electron microscopic study of the respiratory parts of the lungs. II. The capillary network and septal spaces of the interalveolar septa]. / Kolichestvennoe élektronnomikroskopicheskoe izuchenie respiratornykh otdelov legkikh. II. Kapilliarnaia set' i septal'nye prostranstva mezhal'veoliarnykh peregorodok

A parallel histological and electron microscopic study of the capillary network of interalveolar septa has shown that in this microstructure there is only one two-dimensional capillary network, common for adjacent alveoles. In septal spaces of interalveolar septa the collagenic fibrils form an even thin network and additional collagenic bundles. The latter are mainly found in intercapillary septal spaces. The elastic fibres in interalveolar septa are found rarely, no interstitial cells being found at all.

[Dimensions and alveolar surface of the ineralveolar septa of the rat lung]. / Razmery i al'veoliarnaia poverkhnost' mezhal'veoliarnykh peregorodok legkogo u krys

The dimensions of the alveolar surface of interalveolar septa were studied in albino rats. The mean thickness of certain septa range from 3,1 to 6,2 mu, the mean thickness of the septa in different individuals being factually the same. A part of the alveolar surface of the septa represents the air-haematic barrier which occupies 51-64% of the total alveolar surface in different rats. The mean values of all the parameters in the animals studied are very close. It shows that the interalveolar septa are standard structures in their organization and dimensions both in the same animal and in different animals of the same species.