Spatiotemporal ecological risk evaluation and source identification of heavy metals and nutrients in the water and lake surface sediment in a protected catchment area of a volcanic lake.

Indonesia has numerous lakes; however, research on the spatiotemporal sediment quality and source identification in lakes remains limited. The overaccumulation of heavy metals and nutrients in lakes severely threatens aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to identify potential sources of metallic deposits (Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, Al, and Cd) and nutrients (TN and TP) in lake-surface sediment, utilizing enrichment factors (EF), geoaccumulation indices (Igeo), potential ecological risk indices (Er), and risk indices (RI). Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis, were conducted to pinpoint pollution sources linked to land use. Eight sampling sites for surface sediment and water were examined in both wet and dry seasons at Menjer Lake, chosen for its diverse applications in tourism, hydropower, floating net cages, and extensive agriculture in its catchment. Correlation and PCA results indicated that Pb, Fe, and Al mainly originate from tourism, while Al, Fe, TN, and TP are associated with agriculture. The highest average loading from land use was observed in agriculture (> 0.8), floating net cages (> 0.76), and tourism (> 0.68). Furthermore, the highest loading from nutrients and all metals were TP (> 0.71) and all metals (> 0.35), respectively. Ecological risk assessment revealed low to moderately polluted EFs and Igeo in the dry season. However, Menjer Lake's Er and RI for heavy metals were generally classified as unpolluted.

Ecological risk and source identifications of heavy metals contamination in the water and surface sediments from anthropogenic impacts of urban river, Indonesia.

Heavy metal pollution in urban rivers corresponds to anthropogenic impacts. Considering the environmental importance of the Winongo River for domestic use, agriculture, and fisheries, a comprehensive study of heavy metal contamination in this river needs to be conducted. This research focused on the assessment of heavy metal in the water and sediment using the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Ecological Risk Index (Er), and Potential ecological risk index (RI). Results showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Al, and Fe in the water samples exceeded thresholds. Based on EF, Igeo, and Er assessment, the level of contamination by the heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd was found to be low, and that by Fe and Al was found to be moderate to high. The mean values of heavy metals in sediment in the descending order are as follows Fe > Al > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd (1,445, 2692.42, 0.17, 0.048, 0.016, 0 mg/kg) respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values of heavy metals in the water in descending were Al (1.208), Fe (0.857), Pb (0.155), Cu (0.018), Cr (0.009), and Cd (0 mg/L) respectively. The sources pollution of Cu, Cd, and Pb were identified as anthropogenic sources such as city effluent, road, fisheries, and mechanic workshops. Fe and Al from sediment exhibit strong correlation (r = 0.688). This suggests that Fe and Al possibly comes from same sources originating from earth materials. In general, the potential risk assessment showed that in the Winongo River, the midstream area had higher pollution levels than the downstream and upstream areas (pollution in midstream > downstream > upstream). The sources of pollution in the midstream were identified as city effluent, roads, fisheries, and mechanic workshops. For this reason, the findings of this research are expected to provide a scientific basis for pollution control.

Performance of village midwives in detecting neonatal emergency through self efficacy and work engagement as mediation: Cross-sectional study in Pamekasan Regency, Indonesia.

Backgrounds: The government's strategy in reducing the high infant mortality rate (IMR) in Indonesia is to place midwives in the village and use the Integrated Management of Young Infants (MTBM) guidelines that integrate all steps through early detection and effective treatment. Midwives have not shown maximum performance in neonatal coverage and neonatal complications, each of which has not reached the target. This study aims to analyze the effect of self-efficacy and work engagement on task performance in the Pamekasan Public Health Center Work Area. Designs and methods: This research was conducted as an analytic study with a cross-sectional study. A sample of 151 village midwives in each Puskesmas' working area, was then analyzed and interpreted to test the model with SEMPLS. Results: Directly self-efficacy has no effect on performance (t statistic 0.315 < 1.96; p-value 0.753 > 0.05), self-efficacy affects work engagement (t statistic 13.98 > 1.96; p-value 0.000 < 0.05), while work engagement has an effect on performance (t statistic 11.426 > 1.96; p-value 0.000 > 0.05). Indirectly, self-efficacy will affect performance if it is through work engagement (t statistic 7.392 > 1.96; p-value 0.000 > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings show that self-efficacy and work engagement can help improve the performance of village midwives in detecting neonatal emergencies.

Evaluation of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)-related Caries Severity among Caries Risk Groups in Pendul District: An Observational Study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in severity of caries code 5 or 6 according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) among caries risk groups in Pendul district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 730 people who were residing in Pendul district belonged to population of this study. One of the inclusion criteria of this study was the people who were ≥5 years old according to World Health Organization. On the basis of our preliminary survey, we confirmed 660 people who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The subjects were selected using the accidental simple random sampling. Slovin's formula was used with margin of error 8% to obtain the 138 subjected people. Of the 138 subjects studied, there were only 87 people who could be included in the further inclusion criteria by having dental caries code 5 or 6 according to ICDAS. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used to analyze the differences as the data belong to nonparametric and there were three variable groups. Next, the Mann-Whitney U was used to test the differences between these variables. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the severity of caries among caries risk groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The higher the caries risk the higher the caries severity that was observed. This result supported the potential use of caries risk assessment as a predictive and supportive tool to prevent the increasing caries severity in the community.

Increasing mothers' knowledge of cervical cancer risk through peer group health education with "PinKa" method

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of peer group health education in attempt to increase mothers’ knowledge of cervical cancer Risk. Quasi experimental design with non-equivalent control group was used as the design of this study. A total of 128 mothers at risk of developing cervical cancer from Surya Indah and Beringin Indah Pangkalan Kuras, Pelalawan were chosen as samples using stratified random sampling technique. The results of this study showed a score increase up to 40.70% with p value 0.0000 (p < 0.05) in the experimental group after the group received health education with "PinKa" method. The conclusion is that a health education increases mothers’ knowledge about cervical cancer. Therefore, health education about cervical cancer is recommended to improve the awareness of cervical cancer so that cervical cancer can be detected earlier and its risks can be minimized

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Mortality among people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in Bali, Indonesia: incidence and predictors.

Indonesia has the third highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and the greatest increase in proportion of AIDS-related mortality in the Asia Pacific region between 2005 and 2013. Longitudinal mortality data among PLWH in Indonesia are limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from medical records of antiretroviral treatment (ART) recipients attending Badung General Hospital (BGH) and Bali Medica Clinic (BMC) between 2006 and 2014. We explored incidence of mortality by Kaplan-Meier analysis and identified predictors using a Cox proportional hazard model. In total, 575 patients were included in the analysis; the majority were male. The overall mortality rate was 10% per year. Multivariate analysis suggested that being male (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-5.59), having a lower education (aHR: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.31-3.61), having heterosexual (aHR: 7.40; 95% CI: 2.61-21.00) or injecting drug use (aHR: 13.20; 95% CI: 3.17-55.00) as the likely transmission risk category, starting treatment with low CD4 cell counts (aHR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.16-8.69), and not having a treatment supervisor (aHR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44-6.65) were independent predictors of mortality. The mortality was high, particularly in the first three months after initiating ART. These findings highlight the need to encourage HIV testing and early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Applying aspects of BMCs targeted HIV services model in more generalised services such as BGH may be beneficial. Providing adherence support as part of ART services is key to promoting adherence to ART.

Chitosan as a potential osteogenic factor compared with dexamethasone in cultured macaque dental pulp stromal cells.

Chitosan, a natural biopolymer derived from chitin, is considered a promising scaffold material for bone tissue engineering. The ability of chitosan to promote the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stromal/stem cells (DPSCs) is unknown. We have evaluated the potential of chitosan to induce the osteogenic differentiation of macaque DPSCs in comparison with that of dexamethasone. DPSCs were cultured in mineralizing medium supplemented with 5 or 10 µg/ml chitosan or with 1 or 10 nM dexamethasone. The metabolic activity of DPSCs was measured by MTT assay. Their osteogenic differentiation was determined by the number of transcripts of RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and COL1A1 by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, by alizarin red staining for mineral deposition, and by the ALP activity released into the medium for their ability to support biomineralizaton. Addition of chitosan to the mineralizing medium significantly increased DPSCs metabolism after 7 and 14 days of culture (P ≤ 0.0001). Chitosan at 5 µg/ml also significantly enhanced RUNX2 and ALP mRNA but not COL1A1 mRNA; chitosan tended to increase the release of ALP hydrolytic enzyme activity into the medium during the first week. Dexamethasone upregulated the osteogenic markers tested. Mineral deposition was similar in the chitosan and dexamethasone groups and was not statistically different from that of the mineralizing control group. Thus, the potential of chitosan to stimulate DPSCs proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation is comparable with that of dexamethasone, but mineralization remains unaffected by chitosan treatment. In addition to its role as a three-dimensional scaffold for osteogenic cells in vivo, chitosan might also stimulate DPSCs proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation in vitro.

Macroecology of methane-oxidizing bacteria: the ß-diversity of pmoA genotypes in tropical and subtropical rice paddies.

Studies addressing microbial biogeography haveincreased during the past decade, but research onmicrobial distribution patterns is still in its infancies,and many aspects are only poorly understood. Here,we compared the methanotroph community in paddysoils sampled in Indonesia, Vietnam, China and Italy,focusing on the distance­decay relationship.We usedthe pmoA gene as marker for methanotroph diversityin terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,microarray and pyrosequencing approaches. Wecould observe a significant increase of ß-diversity with geographical distance across continents (12 000 km).Measured environmental parameters explained only asmall amount of data variation, and we found no evidencefor dispersal limitation. Thus, we propose historicalcontingencies being responsible for theobserved patterns. Furthermore, we performed anin-depth analysis of type II methanotroph pmoA distributionat the sequence level. We used ordinationanalysis to project sequence dissimilarities into athree-dimensional space (multidimensional scaling).The ordination suggests that type II methanotrophs inpaddy fields can be divided into five major groups.However, these groups were found to be distributed inall soils independent of the geographic origin. Byincluding tropical field sites (Indonesia and Vietnam)into the analysis, we further observed the firstpaddy fields harbouring a methanotroph communitydepleted in type II methanotrophs.

The development of wild immature Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) at Ketambe.

Orangutans have the longest immature period and inter-birth interval of all ape species. This may be explained by a slow life history, the need to develop skills or by their relatively solitary lifestyle, which prevents a mother from associating with two offspring. This study of wild immature orangutans at the Ketambe Research Station, Indonesia, describes, with partly cross-sectional, partly longitudinal data, their development to independence. The study subjects ranged from 1 to 11 years of age. Data on their activity budget, diet, mother-offspring proximity and maintenance of proximity, association with conspecifics and play behavior were collected. The results indicate that immature orangutans can provide for their own food and transport, and therefore were independent of direct maternal care, at an age of possibly 3 but more clearly 6 years. This is similar to chimpanzees, and refutes the slow life history hypothesis. Immature orangutans remain within their mother's vicinity until the age of 8 years, indicating a dependence on indirect maternal care, and this coincides with the period during which the mother does not produce another offspring. A female orangutan seems unable to associate with an older immature while caring for a new infant. This is consistent with the solitary-lifestyle hypothesis and corroborates the results obtained with the Sumatran orangutan population at Suaq Balimbing. However, why an immature depends indirectly on its mother for such a long period remains unclear. It is possible that it needs to develop ecological or social skills or needs the protection of its mother. Unfortunately, no data were available to distinguish between these possibilities.

A simple alternative to line transects of nests for estimating orangutan densities.

We conducted a validation of the line transect technique to estimate densities of orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) nests in a Bornean swamp forest, and compared these results with density estimates based on nest counts in plots and on female home ranges. First, we examined the accuracy of the line transect method. We found that the densities based on a pass in both directions of two experienced pairs of observers was 27% below a combined sample based on transect walks by eight pairs of observers, suggesting that regular line-transect densities may seriously underestimate true densities. Second, we compared these results with those obtained by nest counts in 0.2-ha plots. This method produced an estimated 15.24 nests/ha, as compared to 10.0 and 10.9, respectively, by two experienced pairs of observers who walked a line transect in both directions. Third, we estimated orangutan densities based on female home range size and overlap and the proportion of females in the population, which produced a density of 4.25-4.5 individuals/km(2) . Converting nest densities into orangutan densities, using locally estimated parameters for nest production rate and proportion of nest builders in the population, we found that density estimates based on the line transect results of the most experienced pairs on a double pass were 2.82 and 3.08 orangutans/km(2), based on the combined line transect data are 4.04, and based on plot counts are 4.30. In this swamp forest, plot counts therefore give more accurate estimates than do line transects. We recommend that this new method be evaluated in other forest types as well.

Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture.

Geographic variation in some aspects of chimpanzee behavior has been interpreted as evidence for culture. Here we document similar geographic variation in orangutan behaviors. Moreover, as expected under a cultural interpretation, we find a correlation between geographic distance and cultural difference, a correlation between the abundance of opportunities for social learning and the size of the local cultural repertoire, and no effect of habitat on the content of culture. Hence, great-ape cultures exist, and may have done so for at least 14 million years.