Psychometric properties of the Turkish reduced morningness and eveningness questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 5-item Turkish Reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) for the first time. The study involved 875 university students in an adaptation and validation study. Participants completed the rMEQ, MEQ, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Short Form (BIS-SF), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF). The factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency, sensitivity, and specificity of the rMEQ were examined. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the rMEQ had a one-dimensional structure with good fit indices (χ2/df = 2.94, CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.979, RMSEA = 0.047, and SRMR = 0.019). There was a significantly strong correlation between rMEQ and MEQ. In addition, we found a significantly weak correlation between rMEQ and DASS-21, ISI, BIS-SF, and OHQ-SF. The internal consistency coefficients of rMEQ were Cronbach's α = 0.706 and McDonald's ω = 0.740. The sensitivity and specificity of rMEQ were 83.3%-92.7% for morning types and 86.3%-87.3% for evening types. The Turkish rMEQ has adequate psychometric properties and can be used to assess an individual's chronotype.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Sleep Condition Indicator: A Clinical Screening Instrument Based on the DSM-5 Criteria for Insomnia.

Purpose: We aimed to adapt the Turkish Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) version and examine its psychometric properties among the general population. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The item-total correlation, standard error of measurement, Cronbach's α, and McDonald's ω were used for internal consistency. We ran confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and network analysis to confirm the factor structure. Multigroup CFA was run to assess the measurement invariance across gender, whether clinical insomnia or not, and poor sleep quality. We correlated SCI scores with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores to evaluate construct validity. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to calculate the cut-off score of the SCI. The temporal stability was examined with the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Eight hundred thirty-four participants attended. Over half of the participants were women (63.2% n = 527); the mean age was 36.15 ± 9.64. Confirmatory factor and network analysis results show that the two-factor correlated model had a good model fit for the SCI. The SCI had scalar level invariance across gender, having clinical insomnia and poor sleep quality in the Multigroup CFA. ROC curve analysis shows that the SCI has good sensitivity (90.3%) and specificity (91.8%) for cut-off ≤ 15. The intraclass correlation coefficient computed between the first and second SCI total scores was significant (r=0.80 with a 95% confidence interval from 0.78 to 0.87; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Turkish SCI is a practical self-reported insomnia scale with good psychometric properties that can be used to screen for insomnia disorder.

Type D personality to insomnia: Sleep reactivity, sleep effort, and sleep hygiene as mediators.

Background: Insomniacs are heterogenous group with very diverse personalities. We aimed to investigate the mediating role of sleep reactivity (SR), sleep hygiene (SH), and sleep effort (SE) in the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 474 participants. The survey comprised the sociodemographic data form, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), D Type Personality Scale (DS-14), Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST), Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analysis to identify the associations between age, sex, SR, Type D personality traits, SE, SH, and insomnia severity. We subsequently conducted mediation analyses to examine whether SR, SH, and SE mediated the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia. Results: ISI, DS-14, FIRST, SHI, and GSES scores were significantly higher in individuals with Type D personality. Female sex, SR, Type D personality traits, SE, and SH explained 45% of the variance in insomnia severity. When age, sex, insomnia response to stress, and Type D personality traits were controlled, SE and SH significantly explained 25% of the variance in insomnia severity (R 2 = 0.45, R 2 change = 0.25, F (6.474) = 65.58, p < 0.001). SR, SE, and SH each played a partial mediating role between Type D personality and insomnia. Conclusion: The findings showed that individuals with Type D personality had high SR and that individuals with a higher number of these personality traits exhibited more severe insomnia symptoms through high SR, greater SE, and worse SH.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a Turkish adaptation of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES). METHODS: We randomly divided the data into two: one set (n = 374) was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the other (n = 373) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The psychometric properties were assessed using the item response theory approach. Reliability analyses were assessed. Convergent validity of the GSES with the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep Scale-16 (DBAS-16), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were explored. For the predictive validity, we used an independent-samples t-test for comparing the total score of the GSES between poor sleepers and good sleepers following the PSQI, and between clinical insomnia and non-clinical insomnia groups according to the ISI. The cut-off score of the GSES was examined. RESULTS: A single factor structure explaining 49.2% of the total variance was detected using the EFA. The CFA also found single-factor good fit indices. Cronbach's alpha and omega values were 0.82 and 0.83, respectively. There were statistically significant correlations between the GSES and DBAS-16, ISI, PSQI, and DASS-21 in convergent validity. In the Graded Response Model, the GSES was more efficient and provided reasonable information at the -0.75 to 2.25 theta level. The GSES cut-off score was 6 points for clinical insomnia and 3 points for poor sleepers. CONCLUSIONS: The GSES is valid and reliable for measuring sleep effort among Turkish university students.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Anxiety and Preoccupation about Sleep Questionnaire in clinical and non-clinical samples.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Anxiety and preoccupation about sleep questionnaire (APSQ) in clinical and non-clinical samples. Material and Methods: Two samples (141 university students and 42 patients with major depressive disorders) completed Turkish APSQ, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), the insomnia severity index (ISI) and the sociodemographic data form. Content validity analysis was performed with the Davis technique after the translation process of the original scale. Explanatory factor analysis and principal component analysis were performed to determine the scales construct validity, and internal consistency and temporal stability analyses were conducted to evaluate its reliability. The PSQI and the insomnia severity index (ISI) were used to assess criterion- related validity. In addition, we divided all the participants into two groups as good-sleepers and clinical insomnia according to ISI scores. Predictive validity analyses were also computed via comparing groups. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale model aligns well with the original scales 10 items and two-factor structure. The scales and subdimensions Cronbach's alpha coefficients were excellent (Factor 1; 0.935, factor 2; 0.906, total scale; 0.952). The test-retest correlations were 0.661 and 0.828 for depression group and university student group, respectively. Turkish APSQ scores were found to be significantly higher in both of the clinical groups (depression group vs. university student group, clinic insomnia group vs. good-sleepers group). Conclusion: The Turkish APSQ is adequate reliability and validity for assessing anxiety and preoccupation about sleep in Turkish clinical and non-clinical samples.

COVID-19 Worry and Related Factors: Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Worry Scale.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Worry Scale and related factors with COVID-19 worry. Methods: The data were collected through online survey from 846 participants and final sample was 804 after excluding missing data. The psychometric properties of the Turkish Coronavirus Worry Scale were assessed through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability analysis, and Pearson product moment correlation with other psychological constructs. Finally, the one-way analysis of variance and independent samples t-test were utilized for comparing the Coronavirus Worry Scale scores between different socio-demographic and clinical variables. Higher Coronavirus Worry Scale scores suggested higher COVID-19 worry. Results: Exploratory factor analysis explored the single-factor structure of the Turkish Coronavirus Worry Scale and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this single-factor structure with good model fits. This scale had good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.92, McDonald's ω = 0.92). The Coronavirus Worry Scale scores were significantly positively correlated with the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (r = 0.41, P < .01), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (r =0.67, P < .01), Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (r = 0.54, P < .01), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (r = 0.36, P < .01). COVID-19 worry was higher in females, those who had a chronic disease, the loss of first-degree or other relatives or close friends due to COVID-19, or those who had never been vaccinated for COVID-19. Those who obeyed the COVID-19 rules, such as wearing masks and physical distancing had higher Coronavirus Worry Scale scores. Also, those who avoided crowded environments to protect themselves from COVID-19 transmission had higher Coronavirus Worry Scale scores. Conclusion: These findings show that the Turkish Coronavirus Worry Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing COVID-19 worry.

Predictors of Caregiver Burden in Family Caregivers of Male Patients with Opioid Use Disorders.

Background: We aimed to determine the factors that correlate and best predict caregiver burden in family caregivers of male patients with opioid use disorders, specifically with heroin use. Methods: A total of 100 patients with opioid use disorders and their primary caregivers (n = 100) were included in the study. Both patients and caregivers completed sociodemographic data collection forms. The Addiction Severity Index was applied to the patients, and the Burden Assessment Scale, COPE Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were applied to the caregivers. Patients and their caregivers were divided into groups according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and then the caregiver burden scores were compared. In addition, factors correlating with caregiver burden were determined. Finally, in considering all these data, the factors that best predict caregiver burden were identified using regression analysis. Results: Factors that increased the burden of caregivers were duration of care, at least 1 instance of inpatient treatment, the presence of verbal and physical violence between patients and other family members, intravenous drug use, and moderate or severe dependence, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Caregivers' active coping scores, based on the COPE Inventory, were found to negatively predict caregiver burden, while the patients' family-social relationship scores, based on the Addiction Severity Index, were found to positively predict caregiver burden. Conclusions: Developing caregivers' coping skills and patients' family-social relationships may thus contribute to reducing the burden of disease related to heroin-addicted patients.