Who predict ADHD with better diagnostic accuracy?: Parents or teachers?

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to determine which parents or teachers predict attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) better in children and adolescents, and to detect both diagnostical and symptomatological agreement levels across informant reports. METHOD: A total of 417 cases aged 6-14 from a non-referred community sample were assessed by a semi-structured interview, parent- and teacher-rated ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Also, impairment criteria were taken into account to ensure the gold standard diagnosis for ADHD. The measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated in each categorical sample. Besides, the agreement between parent and teacher reports of ADHD was investigated. RESULTS: Parents and teachers had similar diagnostic accuracy for predicting ADHD. Both parents and teachers predicted ADHD in similar accuracy in both boys and girls, separately. However, girls were found to be more predictable by both parents and teachers compared to boys. Parents with lower education levels had worse diagnostic accuracy than both parents with higher education levels and teachers. Low to moderate agreement and correlations between parent and teacher ADHD reports were detected. CONCLUSION: In general, parents and teachers seem to predict ADHD in similar accuracy. Nevertheless, child gender and parental education level may alter the predictability power for ADHD. The findings can guide for clinicians that how to evaluate observation reports of parents and teachers to make accurate ADHD diagnosis in patients.

Aetiological evaluation of chest pain in childhood and adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain, as a common cause of hospital admissions in childhood, necessitates detailed investigations due to a wide range of differential diagnoses. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of diseases causing chest pain in children and investigate the clinical characteristics of children with chest pain. METHODS: This study included 782 patients aged between 3 and 18 years who presented to a paediatric cardiology outpatient clinic with chest pain between April 2017 and March 2018. Aetiological causes and demographic features of the patients were analysed. RESULTS: Most prevalent causes of chest pain were musculoskeletal system (33%) and psychogenic (28.4%) causes. Chest pain due to cardiac reasons was seen in eight patients (1%). Diseases of musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal systems and psychogenic disorders were significantly more common in male and female patients, respectively (p < 0.001 for all). In winter, patients' age and the number of patients with ≥12 years were higher than those in other seasons (p < 0.001). Most of the parents (70.8%) and patients (90.2%) thought that chest pain in their children was caused by cardiac causes. CONCLUSION: Most of the diagnoses for chest pain in childhood period are benign and include the musculoskeletal system and psychogenic diseases. Although chest pain due to cardiac diseases is rare, a comprehensive analysis of medical history, detailed physical examination and cardiac imaging with echocardiography is needed to reach more accurate diagnoses.

Effects of medications on ventricular repolarization in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests during childhood. Methylphenidate (MPH), which is a psychostimulant drug, has been often prescribed for the treatment of ADHD in patients. It may increase the risk of fatal arrhythmias by impairing ventricular repolarization. Indicators of ventricular repolarization in ECG are intervals of QT, corrected QT (QTc), QT dispersion (QTd), T-peak to T-end (Tp-e), and Tp-Te/QTc ratio. We aimed to determine ventricular repolarization findings before and after MPH drug therapy in children with ADHD. The study retrospectively examined the medical records of 33 children aged 6-15 years who received MPH for ADHD and who had a control ECG one month after medication. The ECG parameters, heart rate, intervals of QRS, QT, QTc, QTd, Tp-Te, and Tp-Te/QTc ratio, were compared for each patient before and after drug therapy. No significant change was observed in heart rate, QRS, QT, QTc, and QTd interval in ECGs of patients after treatment but pre and posttreatment mean Tp-Te interval was 73.4 ± 9.72 ms and 79.7 ± 10.48 ms, and mean Tp-Te/QTc ratio was 0.17 ± 0.024 and 0.18 ± 0.023, respectively (P = 0.015, P = 0.028). Tp-Te intervals and Tp-Te/QTc ratios remained within normal values after treatment with MPH, but values were higher than baseline.

[Prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders and demographic characteristics of elementary school students]. / Ilkögretim ögrencilerinde anksiyete ve duygudurum bozukluklari yayginligi ve sosyodemografik özellikler.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood psychiatric disorders can prevent individuals from reaching their full potential, and disrupt normal development. Empirical data on the prevalence and incidence of childhood psychiatric disorders are fundamental to understanding the etiology and natural history of such disorders. There have been fewer epidemiologic investigations aimed at estimating the prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, as compared to adults. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of mood disorders (MDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs) in a representative sample of elementary school children from Turkey, providing prevalence rates that were previously unavailable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 12 schools were randomly selected and stratified according to socioeconomic status by the Izmir Directorate of National Education. The sample consisted of 419 randomly selected elementary school students, with a 5% margin of error and alpha (t) of 1%. The study included children aged 6-14 years. In total, 417 students were interviewed (total response rate of 99.5%). The 417 students were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Teacher Report Form (TRF), and Impairment Criterion Scale (ICS). RESULTS: The prevalence of MDs and ADs without considering impairment was 2.9% and 13.9%, respectively, versus 1.4% and 2.6% with considering impairment, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MDs and ADs in the present study's sample are similar to those reported from the Western studies. With the inclusion of diagnosis-specific impairment criteria the rates reduced slightly, as previously reported.

Predicting aggression in children with ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: The present study uses structural equation modeling of latent traits to examine the extent to which family factors, cognitive factors and perceptions of rejection in mother-child relations differentially correlate with aggression at home and at school. METHODS: Data were collected from 476 school-age (7-15 years old) children with a diagnosis of ADHD who had previously shown different types of aggressive behavior, as well as from their parents and teachers. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the differential relationships between maternal rejection, family, cognitive factors and aggression in home and school settings. RESULTS: Family factors influenced aggression reported at home (.68) and at school (.44); maternal rejection seems to be related to aggression at home (.21). Cognitive factors influenced aggression reported at school (.-05) and at home (-.12). CONCLUSIONS: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of aggressive behavior in ADHD. Identifying key risk factors will advance the development of appropriate clinical interventions and prevention strategies and will provide information to guide the targeting of resources to those children at highest risk.

Psychiatric evaluation of children and adolescents with left ventricular assist devices.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the psychiatric symptoms of children equipped with a ventricular assist device (VAD) and follow them up for 6 months. With the shortage of donor hearts available for the treatment of end-stage heart failure, VADs have been used to provide temporary treatment until a heart becomes available. VADs provide external sources of power for mechanical circulatory support and are capable of sustaining life over weeks and months. This study provides preliminary details about the psychiatric symptoms and disorders of the first eight children equipped with a VAD in Turkey. METHODS: Eight pediatric patients who recently underwent VAD implantation, aged 1 to 16 years, were evaluated using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Child Behavior Checklist, Children's Depression Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: In the first evaluation, five participants had a psychiatric disorder diagnosis. Two patients had adjustment disorder with depressive and anxiety symptoms; one had anxiety disorder, not otherwise specified; and two had major depressive disorder. The anxiety and depressive symptom levels in questionnaires were consistent with psychiatric diagnoses. Two patients had heart transplantation during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: To determine and treat psychiatric symptoms and disorders at an earlier stage, it is important for children and adolescents with a VAD and those who have undergone heart transplantation to be evaluated by a multidisciplinary consultation liaison team including psychiatrists, psychologists, consultant nurses, and counselors.