Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment among participants in a Photovoice project conducted in two districts with different socio-economic status.

Perceptions of the alcohol environment may influence alcohol consumption patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in perceptions of the urban alcohol environment as experienced by residents of two districts with different socio-economic status after taking part in a Photovoice study. The study was conducted in Madrid, Spain, in a district with a high socio-economic status (HSES) and another district with a low socio-economic status (LSES). A Photovoice project was conducted with 26 participants divided into four groups based on sex and district. Groups met over five sessions in which they discussed photographs taken by the participants themselves on the subject of alcohol in their neighbourhood. A qualitative, descriptive and thematic analysis of participants' discourses was performed to explore changes in their perceptions of the alcohol environment over the project sessions. Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in all groups over the project. The process of change varied by districts' socio-economic characteristics and gender. Greater changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in HSES, especially among women, as the participants had a much more positive initial view of their alcohol environment. In LSES, participants showed a more critical perception of the alcohol environment from the beginning of the study, and this broadened and intensified over the course of the sessions. Changes in perceptions also varied by thematic categories, including some categories that were discussed from the start (e.g. socialising and alcohol consumption) and categories that only emerged in later sessions (e.g. alcohol advertising). Involvement in a Photovoice project has favoured a shift in the participant's perceptions of their alcohol environment towards more critical positions, widening their scope of perceived elements and raising their awareness of specific problems, such as alcohol advertising and social role of alcohol consumption in relation to alcohol exposure.

Indigenous language and inequitable maternal health care, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Latin America and the Caribbean still have high maternal mortality rates and access to health care is very uneven in some countries. Indigenous women, in particular, have poorer maternal health outcomes than the majority of the population and are less likely to benefit from health-care services. Therefore, inequities in maternal health between different ethnic groups should be monitored to identify critical factors that could limit health-care coverage. In adopting the United Nations' sustainable development goals, governments have committed to providing equitable and universal health coverage. It is, therefore, the right time to assess ethnic disparities in maternal health care. However, finding a standard method of identifying ethnicity has been difficult, because ethnicity involves several features, such as language, religion, tribe, territory and race. In this study, spoken indigenous language was used successfully as a proxy for ethnicity to detect inequities in maternal health-care coverage between indigenous and non-indigenous populations in four Latin American countries: Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Although, quantifying ethnic inequities in health care is just a starting point, this quantification can help policy-makers and other stakeholders justify the need for monitoring these inequities. This monitoring is essential for designing more culturally appropriate programmes and policies that will reduce the risks associated with maternity among indigenous woman. As long as inequities persist, identifying them is an important step towards their elimination.

L'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes continuent d'afficher des taux de mortalité maternelle élevés et dans certains pays, l'accès aux soins de santé est très inégal. Les femmes autochtones, en particulier, sont dans un plus mauvais état de santé maternelle que la majorité de la population et sont moins susceptibles de bénéficier des services de santé. Il convient donc de suivre les inégalités relatives à la santé maternelle entre les différents groupes ethniques pour identifier les facteurs déterminants qui peuvent limiter la couverture sanitaire. En adoptant les objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies, les gouvernements se sont engagés à fournir une couverture sanitaire équitable et universelle. Il est donc temps d'évaluer les disparités ethniques en matière de soins de santé maternelle. Il s'est néanmoins avéré difficile de trouver une méthode standard permettant de définir l'appartenance ethnique, car cette dernière implique plusieurs caractéristiques, telles que la langue, la religion, la tribu, le territoire et la race. Dans cette étude, la langue autochtone parlée a été utilisée avec succès en tant qu'indicateur d'appartenance ethnique pour détecter les inégalités concernant la couverture des soins de santé maternelle entre les populations autochtones et non autochtones de quatre pays latino-américains: l'État plurinational de Bolivie, le Guatemala, le Mexique et le Pérou. Bien que la quantification des inégalités ethniques en matière de soins de santé ne soit qu'un point de départ, elle peut aider les responsables politiques et d'autres parties prenantes à justifier la nécessité d'un suivi de ces inégalités. Ce suivi est essentiel pour concevoir des programmes et des politiques mieux adaptés à la culture des populations et réduire ainsi les risques associés à la maternité chez les femmes autochtones. Tant que des inégalités persistent, les identifier est une étape importante vers leur élimination.

América Latina y el Caribe siguen teniendo altas tasas de mortalidad materna y el acceso a la atención sanitaria es muy desigual en algunos países. Las mujeres indígenas, en particular, tienen peores resultados en salud materna que la mayoría de la población y menos probabilidades de beneficiarse de los servicios de atención sanitaria. Por tanto, deben vigilarse las desigualdades en temas de salud materna entre los diferentes grupos étnicos para determinar los factores críticos que podrían limitar la cobertura de la atención sanitaria. Al adoptar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, los gobiernos se han comprometido a proporcionar una cobertura sanitaria equitativa y universal. Por tanto, es el momento adecuado para evaluar las disparidades étnicas en la atención sanitaria materna. Sin embargo, ha sido difícil encontrar un método estándar para identificar la etnia, pues esta tiene varias características, como el idioma, la religión, la tribu, el territorio y la raza. En este estudio, el idioma indígena hablado se utilizó con éxito como indicador de la etnicidad para detectar las desigualdades en la cobertura de la atención sanitaria materna entre las poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en cuatro países de América Latina: el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Guatemala, México y Perú. Aunque la cuantificación de las inequidades étnicas en la atención sanitaria es solo un punto de partida, esta cuantificación puede ayudar a los responsables de la formulación de políticas y a otros interesados a justificar la necesidad de monitorizar estas inequidades. Esta monitorización es esencial para diseñar programas y políticas culturalmente más adecuadas que reduzcan los riesgos asociados con la maternidad entre las mujeres indígenas. Mientras persistan las desigualdades, identificarlas es un paso importante hacia su eliminación.