Twist is inversely associated with claudins in germ cell tumors of the testis.

We investigated the expression of claudins 1, 3-7 and transcriptional factor twist in a set of testicular germ cell tumors. The material consisted of 17 seminomas, 13 teratomas, 9 teratocarcinomas, 20 embryonal carcinomas and 9 mixed germ cell tumors. They were immunostained with antibodies to claudins 1, 3-7 and twist. As expected, all claudins were variably present in germ cell tumors with epithelial elements or differentiation, but the intensity of expression varied depending on the claudin type. Mesenchymal elements in teratomatous tumors remained negative for claudins. Expression of different claudins was less intense and inconsistent in other types of germ cell tumors. Choriocarcinomatous elements in germ cell tumors expressed relatively strongly claudin 4 and weaker positivity for claudins 5-7, while claudins 1 and 3 were negative. Seminomas showed expression only for claudins 5 and 7. The transcriptional factor twist was most strongly expressed in seminoma followed by embryonal carcinoma. Twist expression was inversely associated with several claudins (claudins 1, 3, 4 and 6). Germ cell tumors vary in their expression of claudins 1-7. Twist expression was inversely associated with several claudins, suggesting that it takes part in the downregulation of claudins in testicular tumors.

The effect of topical pimecrolimus on inflammatory infiltrate in vulvar lichen sclerosus.

OBJECTIVE: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucosal surfaces. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 29 women with histologically confirmed, active LS were recruited to this study with 2 aims. First, we evaluated the effectiveness of pimecrolimus treatment to LS not responding to conventional corticosteroid treatment. The second aim in this study was to provide information of in vivo effects of topical pimecrolimus in acute LS lesions, especially the inflammatory cell infiltration. RESULTS: In all, 25 of 29 women applied cream as recommended. After 2 months of treatment, 20 patients had reached partial or complete clinical remission. Histology showed decreased inflammatory lymphoid infiltrate with down-regulation of CD3(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and CD57(+) natural killer cells. Also macrophage marker CD68 staining showed down-regulation. There was no change in CD20(+) B lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: We conclude that calcineurin inhibitors are an effective treatment for patients not responding to corticosteroid treatment.

Primary sex cord-like variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis.

Endometriosis, a relatively common disease generally affecting women in the reproductive age group, is mostly found in the pelvic organs. Although endometriosis is a benign disease, some malignant tumors have been reported to develop in endometriotic lesions, most commonly in the ovary. The relationship between endometriosis and malignancy is not well known, but the majority of endometriosis-associated ovarian malignancies are usually endometrioid adenocarcinomas and clear cell carcinomas. The sex cord-like variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor that histologically closely resembles the sex cord-stromal tumor. Despite its rarity, the correct histological diagnosis of the sex cord-like variant of endometrioid adenocarcinoma is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis of a less aggressive tumor. We here report a 53-year-old woman who was diagnosed as having this very rare subtype of endometroid adenocarcinoma curiously arising from an endometriotic lesion at the site of previous salpingo-oophorectomy. The tumor was diagnosed based on light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

Type I and type III collagen synthesis and composition in the valve matrix in aortic valve stenosis.

Changes in the collagenous matrix may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of human aortic valve stenosis (AS). To evaluate the significance of collagen I and III in the pathogenesis of AS, we studied their synthesis in diseased valves. Type I and type III collagen mRNA expression and the immunohistochemical localization of the collagen antigens were studied from 36 AS and 2 normal aortic valves. The concentrations of propeptides and telopeptide structure of type I (PINP, PICP, and ICTP) and those of III collagens (PIIINP and IIINTP) were measured by radioimmunoassays in soluble tissue extracts and trypsin-solubilized calcified and non-calcified matrices of 11 AS and 24 healthy aortic valves of different ages. The synthesis of type I collagen, localized in the myofibroblasts adjacent to calcified nodules, was two- to three-fold in the AS samples compared to the controls. The proportion of collagen in the total protein fraction was 90% in the healthy valves, 50% in the non-calcified matrix, and 10% in the calcified matrix of AS valves. In the calcified valves, the ICTP content was six-fold compared to the age-matched controls and two-fold compared to the young control group. In the controls, the amount of ICTP in type I collagen decreased with age (r=-0.908, p<0.001) and was replaced by other cross-linked C-telopeptide structure. The concentration of type III collagen decreased during aging (r=-0.753, p<0.001). The decrease in total collagen content, despite the increase in type I collagen synthesis indicates an increase in collagen turnover in AS. The calcification of the aortic valves is accompanied by increased amount of ICTP in type I collagen.

Inflammation and prognosis in colorectal cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Previous work has indicated that quantification of inflammatory cell reaction is of prognostic value in colorectal cancer. We evaluated the prognostic significance of inflammatory cell reaction patterns in colorectal cancer and developed a grading method which could be used in the routine assessment of tumours. METHODS: The intensity of overall inflammatory cell reaction, numbers of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, lymphoid cells and macrophages in both the central region and the invasive margin were estimated in 386 colorectal cancer patients. Prognostic significance was analysed by uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Our method for classification of inflammatory reaction was reliable. High-grade inflammation at the invasive margin in Dukes' stage A and B cancers (pT1-2N0 and pT3N0, respectively) was associated with better 5-year-survival (87.6%) than low-grade inflammation (47.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cell response at the invasive border is a relevant prognostic indicator and could be easily incorporated into the routine evaluation of histopathological specimens.