Prognostic factors affecting survival in children and adolescents with HIV and Hodgkin lymphoma in South Africa.

South African children with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have low 5-year overall survival (OS) rates. In this retrospective multicenter study, 271 South African pediatric patients with HL were studied to determine OS and prognostic factors in those with HIV and HL. Univariate risk factor analysis was performed to analyze prognostic factors. The 29 HIV-infected patients were younger (p = .021), more likely to present with wasting (0.0573), stunting (0.0332), and Stage IV disease (p = .000) than HIV-uninfected patients. The 5- and 10-year OS of HIV-infected patients of 49% and 45% versus 84% and 79%, respectively for HIV-uninfected patients (p = .0001) appeared to be associated with hypoalbuminemia (<20 g/dL) and CD4 percentage of <15%. Causes of death in the HIV-infected group included disease progression (6/14), infection (4/14), unknown (3/14), and second malignancy (1/14). HIV-infected pediatric patients with HL experience increased mortality due to post-therapy opportunistic and nosocomial infections.

Metronomic Chemotherapy for Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Survey of Current Practices and Opinions of Pediatric Oncologists.

PURPOSE: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience the burden of 80% of new childhood cancer cases worldwide, with cure rates as low as 10% in some countries. Metronomics combines frequent administrations of low-dose chemotherapy with drug repurposing, which consists of using already-approved drugs for new medical applications. With wide availability, limited costs, and little infrastructure needs, metronomics can be part of constraint-adapted regimens in these resource-limited settings-with the understanding that metronomics shall not be a substitute for standard treatments when available and doable. Our study aims to describe the experience, practices, opinions, and needs in metronomics of physicians working in LMICs. METHODS: An online questionnaire was sent to more than 1,200 physicians in pediatric oncology networks in LMICs. Items included the type of center, physician's demographics, experience in pediatric oncology, and experience with current knowledge of metronomics. Opinions and perspectives were explored using multiple-answer and open questions. RESULTS: Of physicians, 17% responded. Of respondents, 54.9% declared that they had already used a metronomic regimen. The most frequently cited repositioned drugs were celecoxib (44%) followed by propranolol and valproic acid (17%). Respondents highlighted the advantages of outpatient use (20%) and expected low toxicity (24%). In considering the drawbacks of metronomics, 47% of responses highlighted the lack of scientific evidence or guidelines, 33% the availability or affordability of drugs, and 18% the problem of acceptance or compliance. Of physicians, 79% believed that use of metronomics will spread in LMICs in the near future and 98% of them were willing to participate in international metronomic protocols or registries. CONCLUSION: Metronomics is already used in LMICs and is a potential answer to unmet needs in pediatric oncology. There is room for improvement in the availability of drugs and a necessity to develop collaborative protocols and research to generate level A evidence.

Treatment outcomes of children with Hodgkin lymphoma between 2000 and 2010: First report by the South African Children's Cancer Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Children with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have excellent survival rates in high-income countries, but there are minimal outcome data in South African patients. Differing approaches to treatment are used in centres across South Africa, and the South African Children's Cancer Study Group (SACCSG) embarked on a programme to audit outcomes to improve survival rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicentre study was conducted to analyse outcomes and prognostic factors of children with HL in South Africa. Ten dedicated South African paediatric oncology units participated in a retrospective data review. All patients with HL treated consecutively between January 2000 and December 2010 were included. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression model were employed to determine survival rates and prognostic factors. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-four patients were eligible for inclusion. The median age at presentation was 9.6 years (range 2.9-18.8); 55.4% of the patients presented with Stage III and IV disease and 9.9% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. First-line therapy consisted of adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) in 158 patients, vincristine, procarbazine/etoposide, prednisone and doxorubicin in 97 and adriamycin, bleomycin, vincristine and dacarbazine-chlorambucil, vinblastine, prednisone and procarbazine in 23 patients. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 79% (95% confidence interval 73-84%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HIV infection (P = 0.018) and Ann Arbor Stage III and IV disease (P = 0.006) conferred a poor prognosis, while treatment with ABVD was associated with higher survival rates (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: OS rates are encouraging for a middle-income country, although economic disparities continue to impact negatively on outcomes. Study results will form the basis for the development of national protocol and continued advocacy to rectify disparities.