Diversity and functional assessment of indigenous culturable bacteria inhabiting fine-flavor cacao rhizosphere: Uncovering antagonistic potential against Moniliophthora roreri.

The Peruvian Amazonian native cacao faces ongoing challenges that significantly undermine its productivity. Among them, frosty pod rot disease and cadmium accumulation result in losses that need for effective and environmentally safe strategies, such as those based on bacteria. To explore the biological resources in the cacao soil, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria across three production districts in the Amazonas region: La Peca, Imaza, and Cajaruro. The study also focused on the functional properties of these bacteria, particularly those related to the major issues limiting cacao cultivation. For this purpose, 90 native bacterial isolates were obtained from the cacao rhizosphere. According to diversity analysis, the community was composed of 19 bacterial genera, with a dominance of the Bacillaceae family and variable distribution among the districts. This variability was statistically supported by the PCoA plots and is related to the pH of the soil environment. The functional assessment revealed that 56.8% of the isolates showed an antagonism index greater than 75% after 7 days of confrontation. After 15 days of confrontation with Moniliophthora roreri, 68.2% of the bacterial population demonstrated this attribute. This capability was primarily exhibited by Bacillus strains. On the other hand, only 4.5% were capable of removing cadmium, highlighting the biocontrol potential of the bacterial community. In addition, some isolates produced siderophores (13.63%), solubilized phosphate (20.45%), and solubilized zinc (4.5%). Interestingly, these traits showed an uneven distribution, which correlated with the divergence found by the beta diversity. Our results revealed a diverse bacterial community inhabiting the Amazonian cacao rhizosphere, showcasing crucial functional properties related to the biocontrol of M. roreri. The information generated serves as a significant resource for the development of further biotechnological tools that can be applied to native Amazonian cacao.

Changes in Body Composition and Physical Performance after a Six-Week International Tour in Young Chilean Female Tennis Players.

Junior tennis players travel a lot to play tennis tournaments; this causes them to spend a lot of time away from their homes and disrupts their training, which could reduce their performance and increase the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in physical performance and body composition after a six-week international tour in young Chilean female tennis players. Thirty young female tennis players (15.4 ± 0.6) participated in this study. Body weight, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 with stationary start test (505 test), the pro-agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. The results show a significant increase in BFP and decrease in SMM (p < 0.01; d = -0.18 and 0.19, respectively). In terms of physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 test (p < 0.01; d = -0.95 and -0.95, respectively), CMJ, MBT, and HJ significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; d = 0.96, 0.89 and 0.47, respectively). We conclude that, after a six-week international tour, there were changes in body composition and a significant decrease in 5 m sprint, the 505 test, CMJ, and MBT.

The surface of leaves and fruits of Peruvian cacao is home for several Hannaella yeast species, including the new species Hannaella theobromatis sp. nov.

As part of a long-term study aiming to isolate and identify yeast species that inhabit the surface of leaves and fruits of native fine-aroma cacao in the department of Amazonas, Peru, we obtained multiple isolates of Hannaella species. Yeasts of the genus Hannaella are common inhabitants of the phyllosphere of natural and crop plants. On the basis of morphological, and physiological characteristics, and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), we identified five species of Hannaella from the phyllosphere of Peruvian cacao. Four have been previously described: H. phyllophila (isolates KLG-073, KLG-091), H. pagnoccae (KLG-076), H. sinensis (KLG-121), and H. taiwanensis (KLG-021). A fifth, represented by eight isolates (KLG-034, KLG-063, KLG-074, KLG-078, KLG-79, KLG-082, KLG-084, KLG-085), is not conspecific with any previously described Hannaella species, and forms the sister clade to H. surugaensis in the phylogenetic analysis. It has 2.6-3.9% (18-27 substitutions, 2-4 deletions, and 1-3 insertions in 610-938 bp-long alignments), and 9.8-10.0% nucleotide differences (37 substitutions and 14 insertions in 511-520 bp-long alignments) in the LSU and ITS regions, respectively, to H. surugaensis type strain, CBS 9426. Herein, the new species Hannaella theobromatis sp. nov. is described and characterised. The species epithet refers to its epiphytic ecology on its host Theobroma cacao.

Physical Exercise Methods and Their Effects on Glycemic Control and Body Composition in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): A Systematic Review.

The prevalence of T2DM represents a challenge for health agencies due to its high risk of morbidity and mortality. Physical Activity (PA) is one of the fundamental pillars for the treatment of T2DM, so Physical Exercise (PE) programs have been applied to research their effectiveness. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of PE methods on glycemic control and body composition of adults with T2DM. A systematic review without meta-analysis was performed, using the PubMed database. Quasi-experimental and pure experimental clinical trials were included, which were available free of charge and were published during 2010-2020. In the results, 589 articles were found and 25 passed the inclusion criteria. These were classified and analyzed according to the methods identified (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), duration and variable(s) studied. It is concluded that PE is effective for glycemic control and body composition in adults with T2DM using different methods (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), both in the short and long term. Adequate organization of PE components such as frequency, duration, volume, and intensity, is essential.

[Practicing without a diploma, battling for a license: crossroads in the history of the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia]. / Ejercer sin diploma, batallar por la licencia: encrucijadas en la historia de la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia.

This paper addresses the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia during the first half of the twentieth century. To fully comprehend such a process, we must consider the tensions between the practice of non-certified and certified dentistry. As an outcome of such tensions, dentists began to acquire professional autonomy. We analyze applications for license files to practice dentistry without a degree, some of which were of women. The findings show the informal transfer of knowledge outside formal apprenticeship and the unrestricted practice of dentistry by many non-professionals but "permitted" dentists who faced a centralized and powerful professional bureaucracy.

Este artículo estudia la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Esta historia no puede comprenderse en todas sus dimensiones si se dejan de lado las tensiones entre los practicantes con diploma y los sin diploma. Como resultado de estas tensiones, los odontólogos ganaron autonomía profesional. Analizamos solicitudes de licencia para ejercer sin título profesional, entre ellas las de algunas mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran la transmisión de conocimientos por fuera de la enseñanza formal, el ejercicio sin título y sin restricciones por parte de un gran número de odontólogos "permitidos" que se enfrentaron a una pesada y centralizada burocracia diplomada.

Uromyces savulescui on statice (Limonium sinuatum) in the Americas and reevaluation of its reported geographic range.

Limonium sinuatum (Plumbaginaceae) is the most commonly cultivated recognizable cut flower crop in the genus Limonium. It is known by several common names including statice and sea lavender, due to its lilac-colored flowers and the fact that it naturally inhabits mainly coastal areas (Mellesse et al, 2013). Limonium sinuatum is native to the Mediterranean, although as a popular garden plant, has been naturalized in other parts of the world including coastal areas of California (USDA NRCS 2020). Cultivated L. sinuatum is used in fresh and dry flower arrangements in the Americas, comprising approximately 20% of the floriculture cultivated area in Ecuador (Vega and Morales 2011; Abascal Cañas 2017). In December 2014, L. sinuatum plants in the public park "Baños del Inca" in Cajamarca, Peru (S 7 9'46"; W 78 27'53"), were found infected with a rust disease. The plants were scattered in the park but infection incidence was 100% as individual plants were all found to be infected (Fig 1). Based on the percentage of symptomatic areas, including the yellow halos around pustules, calculated with ImageJ (Collins, 2007) from field photographs, the disease severity was estimated to be 58.9% in average, ranging from 19.8% up to 90.0%. Uredinia were present on both sides of the leaves as well as on stems and were roundish, oblong, pulverulent, and cinnamon brown in color; urediniospores 25.5 to 35.0 × 22.5 to 31.0 µm, were globoid to ellipsoid; urediniospore walls were cinnamon-brown, 2.5 to 3.0 µm thick, densely verrucose, with 2 to 3 equatorial germ pores. Few telia were present on leaves; these were scattered roundish or oblong, and greyish in color; teliospores 26.5 to 41.0 × 16.0 to 25.0 µm, were ellipsoid to obovoid, mostly attenuated at the apex; teliospore walls were colorless, 2-3 µm thick at sides, and up to 10 µm thick at apex. Teliospores readily germinated in sori producing basidia and basidiospores (Fig. 2). The rust features and dimensions of rust spores are consistent with available descriptions of Uromyces savulescui Rayss (Guyot 1951; Vakalounakis and Malathrakis 1987). To confirm identity, a 576 bp region of the 28S subunit of the ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced following previously published protocols and primers (Aime 2006, Aime et al. 2018). The resulting sequence (GenBank Accession No. OR291160) shared 99.83% (573/574 bp) identity with a sequence deposited as Uromyces limonii (DC.) Lev. (accession KY764194, BPI910295, Demers et al. unpublished) from L. sinuatum in Ethiopia. However, U. limonii produces orange uredinia, thin-walled yellow-orange urediniospores, teliospores with mostly light chestnut brown wall and infects different hosts (Savile and Conners 1951). It is likely that KY764194 represents a misannotated record of U. savulescui. While Koch's postulates can be a useful tool for establishing causality in certain infectious diseases, their use may be limited when it comes to rust diseases based on old herbarium specimens. In our case, due to the age of the specimen, which is almost nine years old, various other methods were employed to identify the pathogen. These methods included microscopic examination for morphological criteria of the urediniospores and teliospores, as well as molecular techniques like 28S rDNA sequencing. Rust disease on L. sinuatum has been previously reported in Ecuador but the causal agent was identified as a Puccinia sp. and reported that the rust was able to destroy entire plots in humid conditions (Vega and Morales 2011). Whether this report also represent U. savulescui is not certain, but given that the urediniospores of Puccinia species are generally 2-celled, it is unlikely. García-Hernández et al. (2008) reported U. limonii on Limonium spp. from Chile, and Coca (2020) also reported U. limonii on Limonium sp., from Bolivia. However, judging from the photomicrographs (Coca 2020), the rust in the latter report is definitely U. savulescui and not U. limonii. Uromyces savulescui has been previously reported from the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands (Vakalounakis and Malathrakis 1987). To our knowledge there is no report of this rust in the Americas, excepting the probable misidentifications already listed herein. The specimen has been deposited in the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University as PURN15037.

Effects of Combined Movement and Storytelling Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skills, Language Development and Physical Activity Level in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study protocol aims to analyze and compare the effects of combined movement and storytelling intervention (CMSI) on fundamental motor skills (locomotor skills and object control), language development (language comprehension, language expression, vocabulary and language description), and physical activity levels (light intensity, moderate-to-vigorous intensity and sedentary time) in children aged 3 to 6 years. The sample will consist of 144 children from 12 class groups, randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups (n = 72 children) and 3 control groups (n = 72 children), belonging to 4 class groups of upper-middle-level classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 3 to 4 years), 4 transition level 1 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 4 to 5 years) and 4 transition level 2 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 5 to 6 years). The experimental groups will perform CMSI for 3 sessions per week (40 min per session) over 12 weeks (using one motor story per week), while the control groups will not receive any treatment. The main outcome will provide information about fundamental motor skills, language development, and physical activity levels. Our hypothesis indicates that CMSI has the potential to generate significant increases in selected assessments. If this intervention proves to be beneficial, it could contribute to preschool and school curricula.

Relación entre la salud física y salud mental psicológica en estudiantes educación física pertenecientes a distintas universidades de Chile / Relationship between physical and Mental health in physical education students belonging to different universities in Chile / Relação entre saúde física e psicológica em estudantes de educação física pertencentes a diferentes universidades no Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los efectos del confinamiento (COVID-19), en la salud física y psicológica, en universitarios de Educación física de Chile. La metodología es cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva; la muestra estuvo constituida por 254 estudiantes pertenecientes a siete universidades chilenas. El 63% de la muestra fueron hombres (n = 160) y 37% mujeres (n = 94). La recogida de la información fue por medio del cuestionario auto informe del Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Los resultados muestran que la variable Actividad Física en confinamiento se relacionó de forma negativa y significativa con la variable de IMC y Uso de Medios de Comunicación. Al relacionarse con Conductas Asociadas al Confinamiento y Escala de Experiencias Positivas ante la Adversidad, fue positiva y significativa; en relación a la Escala de Distres, se correlacionó negativa significativamente, de igual manera con la Escala de interferencia por el Coronavirus y Cuestionario de Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Se concluye que existen efectos negativos para la salud física y psicológica de los estudiantes de Educación física producto del confinamiento y algunos positivos como el autocuidado y sistemas de protección.

The objective of this study was to relate the effects of confinement (COVID-19) on physical and mental health in physical education undergraduate students in Chile. The methodology is quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive. The sample consisted of 254 students belonging to seven Chilean universities. Sixty-three percent of the sample were men (n = 160), whereas 37% were women (n = 94). The information was collected through the self-report questionnaire on the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus. The results show that the variable Physical Activity in confinement was negatively and significantly related to the variable of BMI and use of communication media. When relating to behaviors associated with confinement and the Scale of Positive Experiences in the Face of Adversity (EEPA, by its initials in Spanish), it was positive and significant. Concerning the Distress Scale, it was significantly negatively correlated, in the same way with the Coronavirus Interference Scale and the Coronavirus Psychological Impact Questionnaire. It is concluded that there are negative effects on the physical and psychological health of Physical Education students as a result of confinement and some positive ones, such as self-care and protection systems.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar os efeitos do confinamento (COVID-19) na saúde física e psicológica em estudantes universitários de educação física no Chile. A metodologia é quantitativa, transversal, descritiva; A amostra foi composta por 254 estudantes pertencentes a 7 universidades chilenas. 63% da amostra eram homens (n = 160) e 37% mulheres (n = 94) As informações foram coletadas por meio do questionário de autorrelato sobre o Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Os resultados mostram que a variável Atividade Física em confinamento esteve negativa e significativamente relacionada com a variável IMC e Uso de Meios de Comunicação. Quanto aos Comportamentos Associados ao Confinamento e à Escala de Experiências Positivas Face à Adversidade, foi positivo e significativo; em relação à Escala de Aflição, apresentou correlação negativa significativa, da mesma forma com a Escala de Interferência do Coronavírus e o Questionário de Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Conclui-se que existem efeitos negativos na saúde física e psicológica dos alunos de Educação Física decorrentes do confinamento e alguns positivos como o autocuidado e os sistemas de proteção.

Morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic evidence reveals the causal agent of thread blight disease of cacao in Peru is a new species of Marasmius in the section Neosessiles, Marasmius infestans sp. nov.

The thread blight disease (TBD) of cacao ( Theobroma cacao) in the department of Amazonas, Peru was recently reported to be caused by Marasmius tenuissimus (sect. Neosessiles). This same species is known to be the main causal agent of TBD in West Africa. However, some morphological characteristics, such as the presence of rhizomorphs, the almost exclusively white color, and pileus sizes less than 5 mm, among others, differ to the description of M. tenuissimus. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a taxonomic revision of the cacao-TBD causal agent in Peru, by using thorough micro and macro morphological, phylogenetic, and nuclear and mitochondrial genomic approaches. We showed that the causal agent of TBD of cacao in Amazonas, Peru, belongs to a new species, Marasmius infestans sp. nov. This study enriches our knowledge of species in the sect. Neosessiles, and strongly suggests that the M. tenuissimus species complex is highly diverse.

Ejercer sin diploma, batallar por la licencia: encrucijadas en la historia de la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia / Practicing without a diploma, battling for a license: crossroads in the history of the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia

Resumen Este artículo estudia la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Esta historia no puede comprenderse en todas sus dimensiones si se dejan de lado las tensiones entre los practicantes con diploma y los sin diploma. Como resultado de estas tensiones, los odontólogos ganaron autonomía profesional. Analizamos solicitudes de licencia para ejercer sin título profesional, entre ellas las de algunas mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran la transmisión de conocimientos por fuera de la enseñanza formal, el ejercicio sin título y sin restricciones por parte de un gran número de odontólogos "permitidos" que se enfrentaron a una pesada y centralizada burocracia diplomada.

Abstract This paper addresses the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia during the first half of the twentieth century. To fully comprehend such a process, we must consider the tensions between the practice of non-certified and certified dentistry. As an outcome of such tensions, dentists began to acquire professional autonomy. We analyze applications for license files to practice dentistry without a degree, some of which were of women. The findings show the informal transfer of knowledge outside formal apprenticeship and the unrestricted practice of dentistry by many non-professionals but "permitted" dentists who faced a centralized and powerful professional bureaucracy.

First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum asianum on Mango (Mangifera indica) in Peru.

Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are one of the most important export fruits in Peru and anthracnose, caused by several species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), is one of their main postharvest diseases (Alvarez et al. 2020). Balsas is the major mango producing district in the Amazonas department, where farmers practice intercropping in orchards mostly of less than 5 ha (Cabezudo Cerpa 2022). In July 2021, mango fruits cv. Kent with anthracnose were detected at an incidence of 55 to 80% during postharvest in Balsas. Symptoms included sunken dark brown lesions with appearance of orange conidiomata at advanced stages of the disease. We collected two samples of infected mangoes from a farm located at 6°51'01" S, 77°59'48" W (1088 m.a.s.l.). One axenic culture (INDES-AM1) was obtained from a hyphal tip of a monosporic colony and cultivated on PDA medium at 25 °C in the dark. The growing rate of the colony was 8.1 mm.day-1. Conidia were hyaline, guttulate, unicellular and cylindrical with narrowing center, with dimensions of 15.8 to 23.5 × 4.5 to 7.6 µm (mean = 18.6 ± 0.03 × 6.0 ± 0.02 µm, SE, n = 50), consistent to the CGSC (Weir et al. 2012). Appressoria were dark brown, and ovoid to slightly irregular in shape, ranging from 5.3 to 10.1 × 4.7 to 8.3 µm (mean = 7.9 ± 0.02 × 6.0 ± 0.02 µm, SE, n = 50). Koch's postulates were fulfilled on mature mango fruits of the same cultivar and from the same district. Mangoes were washed with detergent and left to dry before inoculation. PDA-mycelial plugs of 0.5 cm wide were transferred on two different locations of two fruits, with four replicates. One location was previously wounded with five needle punctures of 3 mm depth. The inoculated fruits were maintained in a moist chamber at ambient light and temperature (18.9 ± 0.5 °C, SE). Symptoms appeared three-to-five days post inoculation (dpi), and the superficial diameter of the lesions were 8.3 ± 1.5 and 3.6 ± 2 mm with the invasive and the superficial inoculation approaches, respectively, at five dpi. Lesions were very similar to original symptoms. Macro and micromorphological characteristics of the re-isolated fungal colonies were the same as isolate INDES-AM1. Molecular identification of the pathogen was carried out following Weir et al. (2012). Total DNA was extracted using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial sequences of the chitin synthase (CHS1), actin (ACT), ß-tubulin 2 (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) nuclear genes were sequenced (Accession numbers: OP425395, OP440444, OP440442, OP440443, OP555062, OP555063). ITS, CHS1, ACT, TUB2, CAL, and GAPDH sequences were 98.6, 100, 100, 99.5, 100, and 99.08% identical to Colletotrichum asianum type strain ICMP 18580 sequences, respectively. Additionally, a bootstrapped maximum likelihood midpoint-rooted phylogeny with a multilocus dataset with the six sequences from reference strains of C. asianum and closely related species within the CGSC revealed that strain INDES-AM1 is C. asianum. This species has been found causing anthracnose on M. indica in at least 15 different countries in Africa, America, Asia, and Oceania (Weir et al. 2012). It was originally described from coffee and has multiple other hosts (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Lima et al. 2015). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. asianum infecting mangoes in Peru.

First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Peru.

Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop (Theobroma cacao) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of < 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, T. cacao trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of Marasmius and Marasmiellus (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (< 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with Marasmius tenuissimus (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus Marasmius. We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from M. tenuissimus from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). Marasmius tenuissimus was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.

First report of Paramyrothecium roridum causing leaf spot and stem rot diseases on Coffea arabica in Peru.

Peru is the ninth exporter of coffee (Coffea arabica) in the world, and Amazonas is among its most important producing departments (INIA 2019). In July 2021, in the nursery of the "Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva", in Huambo district (6° 26' 11.19'' S; 77° 31' 24.18'' W), four-month-old coffee seedlings cv. Catimor with 0.5-2.0 cm brown concentric leaf spots and rotten stems, bearing white mycelial tufts and black sporodochia, were observed at 30% incidence. Infected seedlings were collected. Foliar sections of 2-3 mm with infected tissue were surfaced disinfected in 2% NaClO and transferred onto Petri plates containing potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). The plates were incubated at 25° C for 7 days. We obtained three isolates (INDES-AFHP61, INDES-AFHP62 and INDES-AFHP66) with similar morphology from different seedlings. Colonies (16-17 mm diam.) formed concentric rings with white aerial mycelium, giving rise to viscous and olivaceous dark green sporodochial conidiomata. Conidia (4.82-5.77 × 1.34-1.65 µm; n = 30) were cylindric, hyaline, smooth, and aseptate. These morphological features correspond to Paramyrothecium spp. (Lombard et al. 2016). The DNA of isolates was extracted using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin), and the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit rDNA region (Accession numbers: OM892830 to OM892832), and part of the second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II, the calmodulin and the ß-tubulin genes (OM919453 to OM919461) were sequenced following Lombard et al. (2016). All sequences had a percent identity greater than or equal to 99% to corresponding sequences of the P. roridum type specimen (CBS 357.89). Additionally, a multilocus Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis incorporating sequence data from previous relevant studies (Lombard et al. 2016; Pinruan et al. 2022) grouped our three isolates together with the type and other specimens of P. roridum in a strongly supported clade, confirming the species identification. To evaluate pathogenicity, four-month-old coffee seedlings cv. Catimor were sprayed with 10 mL of conidial suspensions at 1 x 106 /mL. A set of control seedlings were inoculated with sterile water. Seedlings were maintained in a humidity chamber at 25 °C. After 15 days brown concentric foliar spots, stem rotting, mycelial tufts and sporodochia (same symptoms and signs observed originally at the nursery) arose in the non-control seedlings. The pathogen was re-isolated on PDA, confirming P. roridum was the causal agent of leaf spot and stem rot diseases of coffee. Paramyrothecium roridum has wide geographic distribution and host range (Lombard et al. 2016). This pathogen was reported to infect C. arabica in Mexico and Coffea sp. in Colombia (Pelayo-Sánchez et al. 2017; Lombard et al. 2016; Huaman et al. 2021). It was also reported in Africa infecting soybeans (Haudenshield et al. 2018), in Brazil infecting Tectona grandis (Borges et al. 2018), in Egypt infecting strawberries (Soliman 2020), and in Malaysia infecting Eichhornia crassipes (Hassan et al. 2021). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time P. roridum is reported on coffee in Peru.

Colombia y la instrumentalización de la pandemia de covid-19 / Colombia and the instrumentalization of the covid-19 pandemic

Resumen Más allá de las diferentes formas de sufrimiento derivadas de la pandemia de covid-19, en Colombia se ha gestado un escenario de instrumentalización de los acontecimientos en las esferas empresarial, educativa y gubernamental. Aunque la cuarentena obligatoria fue la medida de contención preponderante, supuso una doble percepción desde la perspectiva de los ciudadanos de escasos ingresos: la disyuntiva "morir de hambre o de coronavirus". Desde esas esferas se consideró la pandemia como el momento oportuno para establecer y alcanzar nuevos objetivos: fomento de la educación virtual, creación de nuevos emprendimientos, apertura de nuevos mercados y malversación del erario público.

Abstract In addition to the different forms of suffering caused by the covid-19 pandemic, a scenario emerged in Colombia in which business, educational and government spheres instrumentalized events. Although mandatory quarantine was the most widely-used method of containment, from the point of view of low-income citizens, it was perceived as a duality, the dilemma of "dying of hunger or coronavirus." Business, education and government sectors, however, saw the pandemic as an opportunity to establish and achieve new goals: encouraging virtual education, creating new enterprises, opening up new markets and misappropriating public funds.

Global Analysis of Hemileia vastatrix Populations Shows Clonal Reproduction for the Coffee Leaf Rust Pathogen Throughout Most of Its Range.

Hemileia vastatrix is the most important fungal pathogen of coffee and the causal agent of recurrent disease epidemics that have invaded nearly every coffee growing region in the world. The development of coffee varieties resistant to H. vastatrix requires fundamental understanding of the biology of the fungus. However, the complete life cycle of H. vastatrix remains unknown, and conflicting studies and interpretations exist as to whether the fungus is undergoing sexual reproduction. Here we used population genetics of H. vastatrix to infer the reproductive mode of the fungus across most of its geographic range, including Central Africa, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and South and Central America. The population structure of H. vastatrix was determined via eight simple sequence repeat markers developed for this study. The analyses of the standardized index of association, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and clonal richness all strongly support asexual reproduction of H. vastatrix in all sampled areas. Similarly, a minimum spanning network tree reinforces the interpretation of clonal reproduction in the sampled H. vastatrix populations. These findings may have profound implications for resistance breeding and management programs against H. vastatrix.

Early Life Trauma, Suicide Ideation, and Suicide Attempts: The Role of Rumination and Impulsivity.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for young adults in the United States. One of the many risk factors for suicide includes exposure to early life trauma. The present study examined whether rumination and impulsivity play a role in the relationship between early life trauma and increased risk for suicidal behavior (i.e., suicide ideation and suicide attempts) among 426 young adults. Early life trauma was associated with brooding, reflective rumination, and impulsivity in the form of negative urgency. Current or recent suicide ideators self-reported greater early life trauma, ruminative thinking, and impulsivity than non-ideators and non-attempters. Further, a multinomial logistic regression found that early life trauma, reflection, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance were associated with higher odds of reporting suicide ideation in the previous 6 months. We also found indirect relationships between early life trauma and suicide ideation through brooding or reflection and lack of perseverance in serial mediation analyses. These findings suggest that early life trauma may increase risk of suicide ideation to the degree that it leads to ruminative thinking and lack of follow-through with difficult tasks. How early life trauma might increase risk for ruminative thinking, impulsivity, and subsequent suicidal behavior is discussed.

[Colombia and the instrumentalization of the covid-19 pandemic]. / Colombia y la instrumentalización de la pandemia de covid-19.

In addition to the different forms of suffering caused by the covid-19 pandemic, a scenario emerged in Colombia in which business, educational and government spheres instrumentalized events. Although mandatory quarantine was the most widely-used method of containment, from the point of view of low-income citizens, it was perceived as a duality, the dilemma of "dying of hunger or coronavirus." Business, education and government sectors, however, saw the pandemic as an opportunity to establish and achieve new goals: encouraging virtual education, creating new enterprises, opening up new markets and misappropriating public funds.

Más allá de las diferentes formas de sufrimiento derivadas de la pandemia de covid-19, en Colombia se ha gestado un escenario de instrumentalización de los acontecimientos en las esferas empresarial, educativa y gubernamental. Aunque la cuarentena obligatoria fue la medida de contención preponderante, supuso una doble percepción desde la perspectiva de los ciudadanos de escasos ingresos: la disyuntiva "morir de hambre o de coronavirus". Desde esas esferas se consideró la pandemia como el momento oportuno para establecer y alcanzar nuevos objetivos: fomento de la educación virtual, creación de nuevos emprendimientos, apertura de nuevos mercados y malversación del erario público.

Association between sleep quality and pain in young amateur athletes / Asociación entre calidad del sueño y dolor en jóvenes atletas amateurs / Associação entre qualidade do sono e dor em jovens atletas amadores

ABSTRACT Introduction: It has been shown that there is a close association between sleep quality and pain. In young athletes, sleep disorders and pain have a particularly high prevalence; however, the relationship between them has not been widely studied. Objective: To study the association between sleep quality and pain in young athletes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 71 young amateur athletes (39 males) were included. The mean age was 16.9 ± 1.2 years, with 6.5 ± 3.2 years of sports practice and 5.2 ± 1.2 hours of training per week. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The participants were classified according to sleep quality, as PSQI-I = without sleep disorders, PSQI-II = requiring medical assistance and PSQI-III = requiring medical assistance and treatment. Also, pain intensity was assessed on the Numerical Rating Scale, both at rest (NRSr) and during sports activity (NRSs), along with pain duration. Results: The individuals classified as PSQI-III presented higher NRSr (Mdn = 2.0; IQR = 4.0 vs. Mdn = 0.0; IQR = 2.0; p = 0.04) and higher NRSs (Mdn = 4.0; IQR = 5.0 vs. Mdn = 0.0; IQR = 2.0; p = 0.03) than the individuals classified as PSQI-I. No differences were observed in relation to pain duration. The PSQI score was positively but weakly associated with NRSr (rs = 0.24, p=0.046) and NRSs (rs = 0.27, p = 0.03) but not with pain duration. Conclusion: Young athletes with lower levels of sleep quality show higher levels of pain at rest and during sports practice. Therefore, sleep quality and pain should be considered in the routine assessment of young athletes, by technical and health teams. Level of evidence III; type of study: Cross-sectional .

RESUMEN Introducción: Se demostró que existe estrecha relación entre calidad del sueño y dolor. En atletas jóvenes, los disturbios del sueño y dolor tienen prevalencia bastante alta, sin embargo, la relación entre ellos no fue ampliamente estudiada. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre calidad del sueño y dolor en atletas jóvenes. Métodos: Fue realizado un estudio transversal, en el cual fueron incluidos 71 atletas jóvenes amateurs (39 hombres). El promedio de edad fue de 16,9 ± 1,2 años, con 6,5 ± 3,2 años de práctica deportiva y 5,2 ± 1,2 horas de entrenamiento por semana. La calidad del sueño fue evaluada por medio del Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI). Los participantes fueron clasificados de acuerdo con la calidad del sueño, PSQI-I= sin disturbios del sueño, PSQI-II= requiere atención médica y PSQI-III= requiere atención médica y tratamiento. Además, la intensidad del dolor fue evaluada en la Escala de Evaluación Numérica en reposo (EANr) y durante la actividad deportiva (EANe), juntamente con la duración del dolor. Resultados: Los individuos clasificados como PSQI-III presentaron mayor valor en el EANr (Mdn = 2,0; IQR = 4,0 vs. Mdn = 0,0; IQR = 2,0; p = 0,04) y EANe mayores (Mdn = 4,0; IQR = 5,0 vs. Mdn = 0,0; IQR = 2,0; p = 0,03) que los individuos clasificados con PSQI-I. No fue observada ninguna diferencia con relación a la duración del dolor. El puntaje del PSQI fue positivo y con débil asociación a EANr (rs = 0,24, p=0.046) y EANe (rs = 0,27, p = 0,03), pero no con la duración del dolor. Conclusión: Los atletas jóvenes con niveles más bajos de calidad del sueño tienen niveles más elevados de dolor en reposo y durante la práctica deportiva. Por lo tanto, la calidad del sueño y el dolor deben ser considerados por los equipos técnicos y de salud en la evaluación rutinaria de atletas jóvenes. Nivel de evidencia III;Tipo de estudio: Transversal.

RESUMO Introdução: Demonstrou-se que existe estreita associação entre qualidade do sono e dor. Em atletas jovens, distúrbios do sono e dor têm prevalência bastante alta, no entanto, a relação entre eles não foi amplamente estudada. Objetivo: Estudar a associação entre qualidade do sono e dor em atletas jovens. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 71 atletas jovens amadores (39 homens). A média de idade foi de 16,9 ± 1,2 anos, com 6,5 ± 3,2 anos de prática esportiva e 5,2 ± 1,2 horas de treinamento por semana. A qualidade do sono foi avaliada por meio do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI). Os participantes foram classificados de acordo com a qualidade do sono, PSQI-I = sem distúrbios do sono, PSQI-II = requer atendimento médico e PSQI-III = requer atendimento médico e tratamento. Além disso, intensidade da dor foi avaliada na Escala de Avaliação Numérica em repouso (EANr) e durante a atividade esportiva (EANe), juntamente com a duração da dor. Resultados: Os indivíduos classificados como PSQI-III apresentaram maior valor no EANr (Mdn = 2,0; IQR = 4,0 vs. Mdn = 0,0; IQR = 2,0; p = 0,04) e EANe maiores (Mdn = 4,0; IQR = 5,0 vs. Mdn = 0,0; IQR = 2,0; p = 0,03) do que os indivíduos classificados com PSQI-I. Nenhuma diferença foi observada com relação à duração da dor. O escore do PSQI foi positivo e com fraca associação a EANr (rs= 0,24, p=0.046) e EANe (rs= 0,27, p = 0,03), mas não com a duração da dor. Conclusão: Atletas jovens com níveis mais baixos de qualidade do sono têm níveis mais elevados de dor em repouso e durante a prática esportiva. Portanto, a qualidade do sono e a dor devem ser consideradas pelas equipes técnicas e de saúde na avaliação rotineira de atletas jovens. Nível de evidência III; Tipo de estudo: Transversal.

Descripción del perfil clínico, aislamientos microbiológicos y complicaciones en una población de pacientes con amputación de miembros inferiores secundaria a pie diabético infectado. Estudio de Cohorte Longitudinal / Description of clinical profile, microbiological characterization and complications in a lower limb amputation secondary to an infected diabetic foot population. A Cohort Study

Introducción El 85% de las amputaciones en pacientes diabéticos están precedidas por la aparición de una úlcera. Se ha reportado porcentajes de reamputación de hasta 60.7% a 5 años, así como mortalidad de hasta 69.7% a un año para amputaciones mayores. El estudio pretende caracterizar una población de pacientes diabéticos, amputados debido a infecciones asociadas con pie diabético en un hospital universitario. Materiales y métodos A todas las amputaciones relacionadas con infecciones asociadas a pie diabético entre 2014 y 2016 se les aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión y un formato de recolección de datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos. Se utilizaron medias y desviaciones estándar y/o medianas y percentiles. Resultados El promedio de edad fue 61,6 años. Predominó el sexo masculino y el mal control glicémico y alta número de comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial y enfermedad renal crónica. 24.4% de úlceras previas y 18.1% amputaciones previas. Las amputaciones mayores fueron 39%. La infección del muñón fue 23.6% y las reamputaciones 24.5%. La mortalidad fue 4.54% Discusión Se identificó un mal control metabólico, así como alto porcentaje de comorbilidades y complicaciones. Insuficiente seguimiento nutricional y estadificación del estado vascular con subregistro de datos relevantes como neuropatía, deformidades y estado del pie contralateral. El número de úlceras y amputaciones previas fue alto. Hubo buena correlación clínica/laboratorio. Las amputaciones mayores iniciales fueron más frecuentes en mujeres. Hay alto porcentaje de infecciones del sitio operatorio y de reamputaciones.

Background 85% of amputations in diabetic patients are preceded by the appearance of an ulcer. Reamputation rates of up to 60.7% at 5 years has been described, as well as mortality of up to 69.7% at one year for major amputations. Aim of the study is to characterize a population of diabetic patients, amputees due to infections associated with diabetic foot in a university hospital. Material and methods Inclusion and exclusion criteria and a sociodemographic, clinical and microbiological data collection format were applied to all amputations related to infections associated with diabetic foot between 2014 and 2016. Means and standard deviations and / or medians and percentiles were used. Results The average age was 61.6 years. Male sex and poor glycemic control and a high number of comorbidities such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease predominated. 24.4% of previous ulcers and 18.1% previous amputations. Major amputations were 39%. Stump infection was 23.6% and reamputations 24.5%. Mortality was 4.54% Discussion Poor metabolic control was identified, as well as a high percentage of comorbidities and complications. Insufficient nutritional follow-up and staging of vascular status with underreporting of relevant data such as neuropathy, deformities and status of the contralateral foot. The number of ulcers and previous amputations was high. There was good clinical / laboratory correlation. Initial major amputations were more frequent in women. There is a high percentage of surgical site infections and reamputations.

Identificación de factores obstaculizadores del proceso académico en deportistas federados y de elite en Chile / Identification obstaculizing factors of the academic process in federerated and elite athletes in Chile

El presente estudio, buscó identificar factores obstaculizadores asociados al proceso académico, de los deportistas federados y de elite en Chile, en particular la disciplina del Remo. Se utilizó, estudio descriptivo, observacional exploratorio, de carácter transversal. El tipo de muestreo aplicado fue no probabilístico, intencional o por conveniencia, el cual consideró a 13 deportistas varones y 6 deportistas damas medallistas en los recientes juegos Panamericanos, Lima 2019. Se empleó un cuestionario, sometido previamente a validación de contenido, de consistencia y pruebas de normalidad. Definitivamente, se concluye que, la preocupación frente algunos factores obstaculizadores que ocurren en el ámbito académico, inciden en el rendimiento deportivo. Esto, no les permite el enfoque y tranquilidad necesarios que garanticen optimizar sus capacidades en ámbitos académicos y deportivos. Los resultados, contribuyen a los planes de crecimiento e innovación de las instituciones de educación superior, y en específico, al refuerzo de políticas públicas, considerando el actual contexto de transformación social que vive el país.

The present study seeks to identify impeding factors associated with academic process of federated and elite athletes in Chile, especially within the discipline of Rowing. A descriptive, observational, exploratory, cross-sectional study was used. The type of sampling applied was non-probabilistic, intentional, or for convenience, which considered 13 male athletes and 6 female athletes medalists in the recent Pan American games, Lima 2019. A questionnaire was used, previously submitted to content, consistency and normality tests. It definitely concluded that the concern about some impeding factors that occur in the academic field, affect sports performance. This does not allow them the necessary focus and tranquility that guarantees optimizing their abilities in academic and sport fields. The results contribute to the growth and innovation plans of higher education institutions, and specifically to the reinforcement of public policies, considering the current context of social transformation that the country is experiencing