Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in an HIV positive Mexican cohort.

BACKGROUND: HIV subjects have several kidney pathologies, like HIV-associated nephropathy or antiretroviral therapy injury, among others. The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is 8-16%; however, in HIV subjects, the prevalence varies between geographic regions (2-38%). The aim was to determine the prevalence of CKD and identify the associated risk factors. METHODS: A longitudinal descriptive study was carried out at the 'Hospital Civil de Guadalajara' Feb'18 - Jan'19. Basal clinical, demographic, opportunistic infections (OI), and laboratory data were obtained at months 0 and 3; inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years old, naïve HIV + , urine albumin/creatinine ratio, serum creatinine & urine test, and signed informed consent. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical analyses were made. RESULTS: One hundred twenty subjects were included; 92.5% were male, 33 ± 9.5 years, 60% consumed tobacco, 73% alcohol, and 59% some type of drug. The CKD prevalence was 15.8%. CKD patients had a higher risk of hepatitis C virus coinfection, Relative Risk (RR):5.9; HCV infection, RR:4.3; ≥ 30 years old, RR:3.9; C clinical-stage, RR:3.5; CD4+ T cells count < 200 cells/µL, RR: 2.4; and HIV-1 viral load ≥ 100,000 cop/mL, RR: 2.7. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a higher CKD prevalence in patients with HIV; higher CKD development with coinfections as Hepatitis C Virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The identification and prompt management of CKD and coinfections should be considered to avoid the progression and to delay renal replacement therapy as long as possible.

Acute kidney injury in renal trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: The kidney is the most commonly injured organ of the genitourinary system during trauma. We describe the associated risk factors for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with renal trauma (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively analyzed data from 65 patients who suffered RT from 2015 to 2019 at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Demographic variables, clinical characteristics, and AKI risk factors were described. We assessed the risk factors related to AKI development. RESULTS: In our study cohort, 60 (92.3%) patients were men, mean age 25 (20 - 30) years; the most common cause of RT was firearm injury in 26 (40%) of patients and 46 (70%) required surgery. AKI associated with RT developed in 39 (60%) patients. There were no differences between patients with or without AKI requiring nephrectomy (35.9 vs. 19.2%, p = 0.15). RT was classified as high-grade in 37 (56.9%) cases; high-grade RT increased four-fold the probability of AKI (adjusted OR 3.95, p = 0.05). A model for AKI prediction during RT was built with the most relevant variables: firearm injury, shock, emergency surgery, high-grade RT, and liver injury, all predicting AKI (ROC-AUC of 0.74 p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: AKI occurred in 60% of cases with RT, and it was significantly associated with high-grade RT. Further studies will be required to confirm this association in other populations, which could lead to an earlier and proactive management of AKI in this setting.

The natural xanthone alpha-mangostin reduces oxidative damage in rat brain tissue.

The antiperoxidative properties of alpha-mangostin, a xanthone isolated from mangosteen fruit, were tested for the first time in nerve tissue exposed to different toxic insults. Two reliable biological preparations (rat brain homogenates and synaptosomal P2 fractions) were exposed to the toxic actions of a free radical generator (ferrous sulfate), an excitotoxic agent (quinolinate), and a mitochondrial toxin (3-nitropropionate). alpha-Mangostin decreased the lipoperoxidative action of FeSO(4) in both preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, and completely abolished the peroxidative effects of quinolinate, 3-nitropropionate and FeSO(4) + quinolinate at all concentrations tested. Interestingly, when tested alone in brain homogenates, alpha-mangostin significantly decreased the lipoperoxidation even below basal levels. alpha-Mangostin also prevented the decreased reductant capacity of mitochondria in synaptosomal fractions. Our results suggest that alpha-mangostin exerts a robust antiperoxidative effect in brain tissue preparations probably through its properties as a free radical scavenger. In light of these findings, this antioxidant should be tested in other neurotoxic models involving oxidative stress.