The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Prediction of Posttraumatic Consequences during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chilean Adults.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is widely used to assess the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies to regulate negative emotions. The present study evaluates the psychometric properties, reliability and validity of a Chilean adaptation of the ERQ in a large sample of 1543 participants aged between 18 and 87 (38% male, 62% female). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed the expected two-factor structure and factorial invariance in relation to gender. Results also indicated adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and predictive validity in predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth six months after the first measurement in a subsample of students exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of reappraisal was positively associated with general well-being, whereas the use of suppression was positively associated with depressive symptomatology. In terms of posttraumatic consequences, the use of reappraisal was negatively associated with posttraumatic symptomatology and positively associated with posttraumatic growth six months later; in turn, suppression was positively associated with posttraumatic symptomatology and negatively associated with posttraumatic growth six months later. This study demonstrates that the ERQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotional regulation strategies in Chilean adults.

Cronicidad, violencia y longitud de trayectoria criminal. Hombres detenidos por violencia doméstica / Chronicity, violence and criminal trajectory length. Men arrested for domestic violence

Resumen Los delincuentes crónicos resultan ser los responsables de la mayor parte de la actividad criminal, además de ser los más persistentes y violentos. Existe escasa evidencia longitudinal que permita conocer cómo se manifiesta la cronicidad en agresores de violencia doméstica. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el criterio más adecuado para diferenciar a los hombres crónicos y establecer la relación que existe entre cronicidad, violencia, versatilidad y duración de la carrera criminal en 10 505 hombres chilenos detenidos por delitos de violencia en el ámbito familiar en el 2007, con base en todas las nuevas detenciones producidas los siguientes diez años. El diseño es longitudinal pseudoprospectivo, tal como si correspondiera a un estudio longitudinal prospectivo. Los resultados muestran que tres o más delitos bastan para identificar adecuadamente carreras criminales crónicas, y que un 12.7% del total de hombres pueden considerarse graves, violentos y crónicos, al presentar una trayectoria criminal de entre ocho y diez años, ser responsables de más del 37% del total de las reincidencias, alcanzar un promedio de delitos significativamente alto y versátiles, así como una elevada prevalencia en delitos violentos.

Abstract Chronical criminals turn out to be responsible of most of the criminal activity, in addition to being the most persistent and violent. There exists limited longitudinal evidence that allows knowing how chronicity manifests itself in domestic violence aggressors. The objective of this investigation is to identify the most appropriate criteria to differentiate chronic men and establish the relationship between chronicity, violence and duration of the criminal career in 10 505 Chilean men arrested for domestic violence crimes in 2007, based on all new arrests produced the next 10 years. The design is a longitudinal pseudo-prospective, as if it corresponded to a prospective longitudinal study. The results show that three or more crimes are enough to properly identify chronic criminal careers, and that 12.7% of all men can be considered as serious, violent and chronic, presenting a criminal trajectory between eight and ten years, being responsible for more than 37% of total recidivism, reach a significantly high average of crimes and high prevalence of violent crimes.

Trayectoria y reincidencia criminal / Trajectory and criminal recidivism / Trajetória e reincidência criminal

Resumen Las diferentes trayectorias criminales son el resultado de los cambios que se van produciendo en una persona a lo largo de toda su vida. Estas variaciones son observables a través de la forma que adquieren las curvas de la relación entre edad y delito. El objetivo de esta investigación es verificar cómo los cambios a través del desarrollo de la vida influyen en el cómo y cuándo se manifiesta el comportamiento criminal. Las trayectorias criminales fueron identificadas con base en la información delictual retrospectiva obtenida mediante entrevistas y autoinformes, en un grupo de 168 internos del Centro Penitenciario de Jóvenes de Cataluña, de entre 18 y 24 años. La curva general reproduce la forma tradicional de la relación entre edad y delito. Se identificaron ocho tipos diferentes de trayectorias, cada una de las cuales representa un tipo distinto de delincuente. Tales diferencias no solo involucran magnitud (cantidad de delitos), sino cómo estos delitos se presentan, o no, a través de diferentes momentos de la vida de las personas, confirmándose los postulados de la Criminología del Desarrollo y del Curso de la Vida.

Abstract The different criminal trajectories are the result of the changes that occur in a person throughout his life. These deviations are observable through the shape that curves have got with regard to age-crime relationship. The objective of this research is to verify in what way the changes through the life development impact on how and when the criminal behavior is revealed. The criminal trajectories were identified according to the retrospective tort information obtained by interviews and self-reports in a group of 168 prisoners between 18 and 24 years old at the Centro Penitenciario de Jóvenes de Cataluña (Penitentiary Center for Young People in Cataluña). The general curve reproduces the traditional way of the relationship between age and crime. Eight different types of trajectories were identified. Each trajectory represents a different type of criminal. These differences involve not only magnitude (amount of crimes), but also the mode these crimes are presented, or not, through the different moments of the people's lives, ratifying the tenets of Criminology and Development and the Life-Course.

Resumo As diferentes trajetórias criminais são o resultado das mudanças que se vão produzindo em uma pessoa ao longo da sua vida. Essas variações são observáveis por meio da forma que tomam as curvas da relação entre idade e delito. O objetivo de esta pesquisa é verificar como as mudanças no desenvolvimento da vida influem no como e quando se manifesta o comportamento criminal. As trajetórias criminais foram identificadas com base na informação delitiva retrospectiva obtida mediante entrevistas e autorelatórios, em um grupo de 168 internos do Centro Penitencial de Jovens da Catalunha, de entre 18 e 24 anos. A curva geral reproduz a forma tradicional da relação entre idade e delito. Identificaram-se oito tipos diferentes de trajetórias, cada uma das quais representa um tipo distinto de delinquente. Tais diferenças não só envolvem magnitude (quantidade de delitos), mas também como esses delitos se apresentam, ou não, por meio de diferentes momentos da vida das pessoas, confirmando-se os postulados da Criminologia do Desenvolvimento e do Curso da Vida.