Ecological urbanism as a condition underpinning urban life for internally displaced peoples in Colombia.

This paper employs the concepts of sustainability and habitability to define and measure ecological urbanism in informal settlements founded by people who have been forcibly displaced by violence. The objective is to identify the obstacles in meeting the tenets of ecological urbanism in informal settlements. We offer primary research from La Primavera, an informal settlement founded by internally displaced people in the late 1970s, located in the corregimiento El Hatillo of Barbosa, Antioquia in northwestern Colombia. Primary research includes qualitative and quantitative data gathered through 72 surveys and 45 technical assessments of properties and houses in the settlement. Situated between the Aburrá River and the northbound highway, above a gas pipeline and under an electricity pylon, La Primavera exists in a state of extreme risk, exacerbated by increasing migration which threatens to exceed the carrying capacity of the territory. Moreover, in Article 35 of Law 388 of 1997, the territory was declared a protected or restricted area and earmarked for the development of the regional commuter train, called the Tren de Cercanías, in 2017. The case study highlights the contradictions in the development agenda in Colombia by showing how development projects designed for the economic betterment and environmental conservation of the region negatively impact the quality of life for the most vulnerable inhabitants and expose them to greater environmental, economic, and social risk.

Impacto de la pandemia y las medidas de confinamiento sobre la violencia letal contra las mujeres en México y Colombia / Impact of the pandemic and confinement measures on lethal violence against women in Mexico and Colombia / Impacto da pandemia e das medidas de confinamento na violência letal contra as mulheres no México e na Colômbia

La emergencia sanitaria ocasionada por la pandemia del virus SARS-CoV-2 produjo limitaciones y cambios en la movilidad que transformaron el comportamiento, tanto de la sociedad en general como de los actores criminales en particular, impactando en los índices delictivos. Esto llevó a pensar a algunos analistas en la posibilidad de un "efecto rebote en el delito", luego de terminar el resguardo derivado de la pandemia. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar el impacto de la pandemia y sus medidas de confinamiento sobre la violencia letal contra las mujeres en México y Colombia. Para ello, a través de un ejercicio de estadística descriptiva, se analiza la tendencia del comportamiento del homicidio en ambos países desagregado por género, focalizando el análisis en 2019, 2020 y 2021, años considerados como periodos pre pandemia, pandemia y pos pandemia. Los hallazgos demuestran la falta de evidencia de un aumento significativo en los delitos de homicidio, homicidios de mujeres y feminicidios en relación con el periodo pre pandemia. Los homicidios de mujeres y los feminicidios dan cuenta de una continuidad en la cadena de violencias que reciben las mujeres a lo largo de su vida.

The health emergency caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to limitations and changes in mobility that transformed the behaviour of both society in general and criminal actors in particular, having an impact on crime rates. This led some analysts to consider the possibility of a "rebound effect on crime" after the end of the pandemic's safe haven. The aim of this article is to review the impact of the pandemic and its confinement measures on lethal violence against women in Mexico and Colombia. To do so, by means of a descriptive statistical exercise, we analyse the trend in homicide behaviour in both countries disaggregated by gender, focusing the analysis on 2019, 2020 and 2021, years considered as pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The findings demonstrate the lack of evidence of a significant increase in homicide, female homicide and femicide offences relative to the pre-pandemic period. Homicides of women and femicides show a continuity in the chain of violence against women throughout their lives.

A emergência de saúde causada pela pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 levou a limitações e mudanças na mobilidade que transformaram o comportamento da sociedade em geral e dos atores criminais em particular, com um impacto nas taxas de criminalidade. Isso levou alguns analistas a considerar a possibilidade de um "efeito rebote no crime" após o fim do refúgio seguro da pandemia. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto da pandemia e suas medidas de confinamento sobre a violência letal contra as mulheres no México e na Colômbia. Para isso, por meio de um exercício de estatística descritiva, analisamos a tendência do comportamento dos homicídios em ambos os países desagregados por gênero, concentrando a análise em 2019, 2020 e 2021, anos considerados como períodos pré-pandêmico, pandêmico e pós-pandêmico. Os resultados demonstram a falta de evidências de um aumento significativo nos crimes de homicídio, homicídio feminino e feminicídio em relação ao período pré-pandêmico. Os homicídios de mulheres e os feminicídios mostram uma continuidade na cadeia de violência contra as mulheres ao longo de suas vidas.

The exacerbation of violence against women as a form of discrimination in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The crisis provoked by COVID-19 has rapidly and profoundly affected Latin America. The impacts are seen not only in infection and mortality rates, but also in the economic decline and increased inequality that plague the region, problems which have been exacerbated as a result of the pandemic. Women, in particular, constitute one of the groups most heavily impacted by the pandemic, facing higher rates of unemployment and furloughing due to structural discrimination and a subsequent increase in economic dependency as they are forced to return to traditional unremunerated occupations like caregiving and homemaking. However, it is the increase of direct violences that has received the most media attention and remains the most visible manifestation of the impact of the pandemic on women. Nonetheless, in countries like Mexico and Colombia, said violences are compounded in contexts of criminal violence which make the public sphere more dangerous than the private. Thus, this article focuses the analysis on the structural factors that consign women to a reality in which they permanently face discrimination. This article analyzes the behavior of violence against women in the period of pandemic in the cases of Colombia and Mexico from the perspective of horizontal inequality. It emphasizes that violence against women is a form of discrimination that inhibits the full exercise and enjoyment of one's rights (Interamerican Court of Human Rights [ICHR], 2009). Finally, the responsibility of the State is evaluated in relation to granting women access to emergency assistance and the administration of justice. It is argued that violence against women is a continuum, the most extreme form of which is feminicide, permitted by the failure of the State to guarantee equal protection for women.

Violencia en contra de las mujeres como discriminación en contextos de violencia criminal: el caso del feminicidio en Medellín y el Estado de México / Violence against women as discrimination in contexts of criminal violence: the case of feminicide in Medellín and the State of Mexico / Violência em contra das mulheres como discriminação em contextos de violência criminal: o caso do feminicídio em Medellín e o Estado do México Fec

Resumen El incremento de los índices de violencia en países como Colombia y México ha tenido un impacto diferencial en las mujeres, expresado este a través de múltiples formas, entre ellas, su expresión de mayor escala, el feminicidio. No obstante, su trasfondo de discriminación ha sido invisibilizado por los distintos actores que detentan el poder, el más importante de ellos, el Estado, que, desde las disposiciones normativas y las políticas públicas en torno al tema, sigue circunscribiendo el fenómeno a sus categorías íntimas, esto es, vinculándolo, principalmente, a las relaciones de afinidad y consanguinidad. En tal sentido, en materia de manejo de información sobre la violencia en contra de las mujeres y el feminicidio en particular, surgen dos retos fundamentales: la categorización y el subregistro. Frente a estos, tanto la legislación como la política pública colombiana y mexicana han dado pasos importantes; sin embargo, en función de atacar la violencia estructural y simbólica que subyace a la problemática, tal como afirma en Colombia la Corte Constitucional (2016), es necesario integrar la perspectiva de género en el derecho penal, flexibilizando, con esto, el acercamiento a la prueba para permitir la introducción de los elementos del contexto configurantes de la violencia de género.

Abstract The increase in violence rates in countries such as Colombia and Mexico has had a differential impact on women, expressed through multiple forms, including its larger scale expression, feminicide. However, its discrimination background has been made invisible by the different actors who hold power, being the most important of them, the State, who, from the regulatory provisions and public policies around the issue, continues to circumscribe the phenomenon to its intimate categories, that is, linking it, mainly, to relationships of affinity and consanguinity. In this regard, in the area of information management on violence against women and feminicide in particular, two fundamental challenges arise: categorization and underreporting. Faced with these, both Colombian and Mexican legislation and public policy have taken important steps; however, in order to attack the structural and symbolic violence that underlies the problem, as the Constitutional Court (2016) affirms in Colombia, it is necessary to integrate the gender perspective into criminal law, thereby making the approach to the test flexible, to allow the introduction of elements of context configurative of gender violence.

Resumo O incremento dos índices de violência em países como a Colômbia e o México tem tido um impacto diferencial nas mulheres, expressado este através de múltiplas formas, entre eles, a sua expressão de maior escala, o feminicídio. Não obstante, o seu pano de fundo de discriminação tem sido invisibilizado pelos distintos atores que detêm o poder, o mais importante deles, o Estado, que, desde as disposições normativas e as políticas públicas em torno ao tema, segue circunscrevendo o fenómeno à suas categorias íntimas, isto é, vinculando-o, principalmente, às relações de afinidade e consanguinidade. Neste sentido, em matéria de manejo de informação sobre a violência em contra das mulheres e o feminicídio em particular, surgem dois retos fundamentais: a categorização e o subregistro. Face a estes, tanto a legislação como a política pública colombiana e mexicana têm dado passos importantes; no entanto, em função de atacar a violência estrutural e simbólica que subjaz à problemática, tal como afirma na Colômbia a Corte Constitucional (2016), é necessário integrar a perspectiva de género no direito penal, flexibilizando, com isto, a aproximação à prova para permitir a introdução dos elementos do contexto que configuram violência de género.