Harassment disparities and risk profile within lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Spanish adult population: Comparisons by age, gender identity, sexual orientation, and perpetration context.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) harassment disparities have become a public health issue due to discrimination and the effects on these people's health and wellbeing. The purpose was to compare harassment disparities within the Spanish adult LGBT population according to age, gender identity, sexual orientation and the context of perpetration and to describe the harassment risk profile. A sample of 1,051 LGBT adults participated in a cross-sectional study. Frequencies, percentages and Chi-square tests of independence for stablishing significant differences (p < 0.05) were calculated. The corrected standardized residuals allowed to identify the categories in which significant differences emerged. Binomial logistic regression was used to define the probability of the main LGBT groups of suffering harassment. Results show that 54.4% of the participants had experienced harassment. Young adults presented a higher prevalence than the older group. There were significant harassment differences between transgender (67.2%) and cisgender (52.7%) groups, and also between the subgroup of trans women (75.8%) and the subgroups of cis men (60.2%) and cis women (42.9%). The main disparities according to sexual orientation emerged between lesbian trans and the other LGB groups. Most harassment occurred in educational contexts and public spaces. Trans-women and trans non-binary reported a higher rate of harassment than cis LGB persons in all contexts. Trans people with different orientations (especially lesbian and gay trans) differed in harassment from LGB cis in four of the six contexts analyzed. Harassment is likely to diminish between 2 and 3% each year as LGBTs get older in educational contexts and public spaces but increases 1.07 times in the workplace. Trans women, trans non-binary, lesbian cis and trans-men were more likely to suffer harassment than bisexual cis persons. Trans women present the highest risk of harassment in three contexts (workplace, family and public spaces) and trans non-binary in the other three contexts (education, health and sport). Harassment is a serious problem for LGBT adults in Spain, especially among trans people, which differ in characteristics from those of the sexual minorities mainstream. Programs and policies targeted for improving health should therefore consider the differences that came to light in this study.

Comparison of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour between Schoolchildren with Cystic Fibrosis and Healthy Controls: A Gender Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in sports participation and the levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) between schoolchildren with cystic fibrosis (CF) and a healthy control group (CG) taking into account the gender variable. PA and SB were measured with an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days in 44 children (24 girls; 11.0 (3.2) years) with CF and 45 age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status-matched controls (24 girls; 11.1 (3.0) years). CF patients and CG did not differ in moderate-to-vigorous PA (54 (31) vs. 59 (27) min/day respectively) or in SB (558 (106) vs. 553 (92) min/day respectively). There were no differences in meeting the PA guidelines between both groups (CF: 36.4% vs. CG: 42.4%). Gender analysis revealed that boys were more active and met more PA guidelines than girls regardless of the group (CF or CG), girls with CF being the least active group (only 16.7% met PA guidelines). A possible compensatory effect was found between SB and PA only in the CF sample, as for each minute/day spent in SB the odds of meeting PA guidelines decreased by 34%. These findings suggest that promoting a reduction in SB is as important as promoting PA in the CF population, especially in girls. Health caregivers, coaches, teachers, or parents could offer appealing supervised and unsupervised physical activities, foster the adoption of active lifestyles, or incorporate PA into daily routines to improve the health of CF schoolchildren.

Do Adolescents Who Meet Physical Activity Recommendations on Weekdays Also Meet Them on Weekends? A Cross-Sectional Study in Colombia.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Colombian adolescents fulfill physical activity (PA) recommendations by type of day depending on several variables. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 2624 adolescents from Neiva (Colombia) using the Seven Day PA Recall and the Family Affluence Scale II self-reported questionnaires. Statistical analyses were performed to find any differences by gender, socioeconomic status, PA recommendations accomplishment, participation in organized and non-organized PA, parents' involvement in sport, and adolescents' academic achievement, and to determine the probability of complying with the PA guidelines. Only 12.3% of the participants met the PA recommendations on weekdays and weekends. Girls maintained their (in)active patterns during the week more than boys (84.4% vs. 70.7%, respectively), while more boys than girls changed them according to the type of day (25.3% vs. 19.6%). Participation in organized sports was the predictor variable with the highest probability of both boys and girls complying with the PA recommendations on weekdays. Non-organized activities were more likely to make girls more active on weekends. In conclusion, a wider offer of organized and non-competitive PA over the weekend and broader sports schedules should be provided to youth in Neiva.

A diversidade nas imagens dos manuais do professor de educação física no Brasil / Diversity in the images of physical education teacher manuals in Brazil / La diversidad en las imágenes de los manuales del profesor de educación física en brasil

Resumo A imagem é uma linguagem icônica com o poder de transmitir informações, reproduzir estereótipos e influenciar o professor. Este estudo trata dos manuais do professor de Educação Física elaborados no Brasil e aprovados no Programa Nacional do Livro e do Material Didático (BRASIL, 2017). Especificamente, analisa as imagens de pessoas neles existentes, com vistas a verificar se existem estereótipos relacionados às práticas corporais. Foi realizada a análise com 854 imagens por meio dos testes de Xis ao Quadrado de independência que revelaram estereótipos relacionados às práticas corporais. Os resultados mostram a predominância de grupos mistos de crianças, com corpos ectomorfos, de cor ou raça branca e sem deficiência. Embora a diversidade de sexos esteja representada, os materiais ainda favorecem a reprodução de estereótipos e grupos hegemônicos tradicionais, perpetuando a invisibilidade da diversidade de corpos, de cor ou raça e de pessoas com deficiência.

Abstract Image is an iconic language, with the power to transmit information, reproduce stereotypes and influence teachers. This study is about Physical Education teacher manuals designed in Brazil and approved in the National Teaching Book and Materials Program (BRASIL, 2017). Specifically, it analyses images of people in them to see if there are stereotypes related to bodily practices. An analysis of 854 images through Chi-Square independence tests revealed stereotypes related to bodily practices. The results show the predominance of mixed groups of children, with ectomorphic bodies, of white colour or race, and without disabilities. Therefore, although sex diversity is represented, the materials still favour reproduction of stereotypes and traditional hegemonic groups, perpetuating the invisibility of diversity in colour or race, bodies and people with disabilities.

Resumen La imagen es un lenguaje icónico con el poder de transmitir informaciones, reproducir estereotipos e influir en el profesor. Este estudio versa sobre los manuales del profesor de Educación Física elaborados en Brasil y aprobados en el Programa Nacional del Libro y del Material Didáctico (BRASIL, 2017). Concretamente, analiza las imágenes de personas que aparecen en estos manuales, con el fin de verificar si existen estereotipos relacionados con las prácticas corporales. Se llevó a cabo un análisis con 854 imágenes a través de pruebas Chi-Cuadrado de independencia que revelaron estereotipos relacionados con las prácticas corporales. Los resultados muestran el predominio de grupos mixtos de niños y niñas, con cuerpos ectomorfos, de color o raza blanca y sin discapacidad. Aunque la diversidad de sexos está representada, los materiales aún favorecen la reproducción de estereotipos y grupos hegemónicos tradicionales, perpetuando la invisibilidad de la diversidad de cuerpos, de color o de razas y de personas con discapacidad.

Physical Activity and Sport in Trans Persons Before and After Gender Disclosure: Prevalence, Frequency, and Type of Activities.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the prevalence, frequency, and type of physical activity and sport (PAS) practiced by trans persons before and after their gender disclosure (GD). METHODS: A face-to-face survey was administered to 212 Spanish trans persons, aged from 10 to 62 years old. McNemar and chi-square tests were used to determine significant differences. RESULTS: About 75.5% of the trans persons in this study engaged in PAS and more than 50% did so ≥3 times/week, which is similar as in the general Spanish population. Participation was higher in trans men (78.7%) than trans women (72%). However, GD emerges as a key issue in characterizing trans persons' PAS participation. A group of 14.5% of them stopped activity after GD. Participation in nonorganized PAS was higher than in organized PAS, and this difference is greater after GD because most participants gave up organized PAS in favor of nonorganized PAS. Trans persons preferred individual sports and activities than team sports before and after GD, and the top 3 activities were jogging, walking, and bodybuilding. Trans men participation was higher than trans women in team PAS, whereas individual PAS were equally practiced before and after GD. Participation in football, swimming, basketball, dancing, and volleyball declined after GD, whereas bodybuilding increased in trans men. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the high involvement of trans persons coincides with strategies used to hide or conceal their gender identities when participating in PAS. A decrease in PAS participation is observed after GD probably because it is an acute potential period of anxiety, discrimination, and victimization caused by trans persons' body exposure.

Active Gaming Prevalence and Correlates by Type of Day in Spanish Youth.

BACKGROUND: Active gaming has emerged as a new option to foster physical activity in youth. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of active gaming in adolescents, to determine differences between active and nonactive gamers by type of day, and to examine predictors of being an active gamer. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3095 Spanish adolescents aged 12 to 18 years who self-reported their involvement in moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and active gaming. Those engaging in active gaming for at least 10 minutes per day were considered active gamers. Student's 2-tailed t tests, chi-square test, and binomial logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: About 25.9% of the adolescents were active gamers. They were younger, had higher body mass index, and spent more time on moderate to vigorous physical activity, television viewing, and sedentary video games with computer/console than nonactive gamers. There were more active gamers on weekends than on weekdays. On weekdays, more males than females were active gamers. Adolescents who did not meet sleep time guidelines were more likely to be active gamers on weekdays, whereas on weekends, being a girl, overweight/obese, and having a high socioeconomic status were predictors of being an active gamer. CONCLUSION: Because active gaming may contribute to meeting physical activity guidelines, the present findings could enable better targeting of physical activity promotion programs.

Screen time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity changes and displacement in adolescence: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This paper determines longitudinal changes in the time Spanish adolescents devote to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen media activity (SMA). Moreover, it examines the displacement hypothesis between time spent on SMA and MVPA. METHODS: A cohort of 755 adolescents participated in a prospective cohort study over a three-year period. Repeated measures ANOVA to highlight interaction effects among all variables and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques were employed. RESULTS: Age and gender-related variations in longitudinal changes in time spent on MVPA and SMA evolved in the inverse direction (decreased on MVPA/increased on SMA) according to the ANOVA. The potential displacement between time spent on SMA and MVPA from Wave I to Wave II was analysed via SEM. The first model, estimated in the overall sample, showed no evidence for the displacement hypothesis. Subsequently, a multigroup sequence of panel models was performed and a partial displacement was observed only in boys. Hence, boys who spent more time on SMA were more likely to devote less time to MVPA three years later. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the opposite trend on the time spent on MVPA and SMA over a three-year period, being clearly higher in SMA. Further SEM analyses reveal a deferred displacement hypothesis between SMA and MVPA only in boys. This partial gendered displacement may be linked to the different uses adolescents make of screen media. The incursion of new technological devices (smartphones or tablets) and their wide range of possibilities for social networking or gaming could explain this displacement.

Longitudinal changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior and body mass index in adolescence: Migrations towards different weight cluster.

This study examined longitudinal changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior and body mass index in adolescents, specifically their migrations towards a different weight cluster. A cohort of 755 adolescents participated in a three-year study. A clustering Self-Organized Maps Analysis was performed to visualize changes in subjects' characteristics between the first and second assessment, and how adolescents were grouped. Also a classification tree was used to identify the behavioral characteristics of the groups that changed their weight cluster. Results indicated that boys were more active and less sedentary than girls. Boys were especially keen to technological-based activities while girls preferred social-based activities. A moderate competing effect between sedentary behaviors and physical activities was observed, especially in girls. Overweight and obesity were negatively associated with physical activity, although a small group of overweight/obese adolescents showed a positive relationship with vigorous physical activity. Cluster migrations indicated that 22.66% of adolescents changed their weight cluster to a lower category and none of them moved in the opposite direction. The behavioral characteristics of these adolescents did not support the hypothesis that the change to a lower weight cluster was a consequence of an increase in time devoted to physical activity or a decrease in time spent on sedentary behavior. Physical activity and sedentary behavior does not exert a substantial effect on overweight and obesity. Therefore, there are other ways of changing to a lower-weight status in adolescents apart from those in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are involved.

Harassment Patterns and Risk Profile in Spanish Trans Persons.

This article describes the harassment patterns and the risk profile in trans people living in Spain. A sample of 212 trans persons, aged 10-62, participated in this cross-sectional study. Results showed a high percentage of harassment (59.9%) and frequency of daily harassment (12.6%), especially verbal attacks (59%) that occurred in public spaces (49.1%) and within educational contexts (46.2%). Harassment is more prevalent in trans women than men. Those who disclose their gender identities at a younger age experience higher percentages and frequency of harassment than those who disclose at an older age. They also suffer more harassment of different types. The risk profile of harassment indicates that older trans women are more likely to suffer harassment than younger ones, and the risk decreases each year they delay their gender identity disclosure. The elimination of transphobic attitudes and the promotion of gender justice should be priority strategies in Spain.

La percepción del alumnado universitario de educación física sobre la evaluación formativa: ventajas, dificultades y satisfacción / A percepção de estudantes universitários de educação física sobre a avaliação formativa: vantagens, dificuldades e satisfação / Physical education students' perception on formative evaluation: advantages, difficulties and satisfaction

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer cómo percibe el alumnado de Formación Inicial del Profesorado de Educación Física la aplicación de un modelo de evaluación formativa, centrándonos en las ventajas, dificultades y grado de satisfacción. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 136 estudiantes de la Facultad de Magisterio. Se aplicó la Escala CMEFIEF y se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales. Los resultados muestran un alto grado de satisfacción y una valoración alta de ventajas, como ofrecer alternativas a todo el alumnado y facilitarle un aprendizaje útil y activo; mientras que las mayores dificultades están relacionadas con las exigencias respecto a la implicación del alumnado. (AU)

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer como os estudantes de formação inicial para professores de Educação Física percebem a aplicação de um modelo de avaliação formativa, enfocando as vantagens, dificuldades e satisfação deste modelo. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 136 estudantes da Faculdade de Educação. A escala CMEFIEF foi aplicada e foram realizadas estatísticas descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados mostram um alto grau de satisfação do aluno e alta valorização dos benefícios, como oferecer alternativas para todos os alunos e proporcionar uma aprendizagem útil e ativa; enquanto as maiores dificuldades estão relacionadas com os requisitos relativos à participação dos estudantes. (AU)

Abstract: This study aims to know how Physical Education studies during initial training perceive the implementation of a model of formative evaluation, focusing on advantages, difficulties and level of satisfaction. The study was conducted with a sample of 136 students from the School of Education. The CMEFIEF Scale was applied and descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The results show a high level of satisfaction and high appreciation for benefits such as offering alternatives to all students and promoting useful and active learning, while the most important difficulties are related to requirements regarding students' involvement. (AU)

Correction: Does Sedentary Behavior Predict Academic Performance in Adolescents or the Other Way Round? A Longitudinal Path Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153272.].

Does Sedentary Behavior Predict Academic Performance in Adolescents or the Other Way Round? A Longitudinal Path Analysis.

This study examined whether adolescents' time spent on sedentary behaviors (academic, technological-based and social-based activities) was a better predictor of academic performance than the reverse. A cohort of 755 adolescents participated in a three-year period study. Structural Equation Modeling techniques were used to test plausible causal hypotheses. Four competing models were analyzed to determine which model best fitted the data. The Best Model was separately tested by gender. The Best Model showed that academic performance was a better predictor of sedentary behaviors than the other way round. It also indicated that students who obtained excellent academic results were more likely to succeed academically three years later. Moreover, adolescents who spent more time in the three different types of sedentary behaviors were more likely to engage longer in those sedentary behaviors after the three-year period. The better the adolescents performed academically, the less time they devoted to social-based activities and more to academic activities. An inverse relationship emerged between time dedicated to technological-based activities and academic sedentary activities. A moderating auto-regressive effect by gender indicated that boys were more likely to spend more time on technological-based activities three years later than girls. To conclude, previous academic performance predicts better sedentary behaviors three years later than the reverse. The positive longitudinal auto-regressive effects on the four variables under study reinforce the 'success breeds success' hypothesis, with academic performance and social-based activities emerging as the strongest ones. Technological-based activities showed a moderating effect by gender and a negative longitudinal association with academic activities that supports a displacement hypothesis. Other longitudinal and covariate effects reflect the complex relationships among sedentary behaviors and academic performance and the need to explore these relationships in depth. Theoretical and practical implications for school health are outlined.

Identidad deportiva en adolescentes españoles: propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la escala Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-E / Athletic identity in Spanish adolescents: psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-E

Este estudio pretende determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Athletic Identity Measurement Scale en su versión traducida al español y la identidad deportiva (ID) de una muestra de adolescentes españoles. El cuestionario se administró a 441 adolescentes de 12-18 años, clasificados en: adolescentes del Programa de Especialización Deportiva (PED), adolescentes no-PED activos y adolescentes no-PED inactivos. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló una estructura jerárquica y multidimensional de tres factores de primer orden (identidad social, exclusividad y afectividad negativa) y uno de segundo orden, la ID. Los resultados apoyan la adecuación de los ítems en sus respectivas subescalas y una buena consistencia interna tanto global como de los factores de primer orden. Asimismo, la validez convergente y diferencial se determinó con una submuestra mediante análisis multivariado para comprobar los efectos de la participación deportiva, el sexo y la edad sobre la ID. Los chicos muestran una mayor ID, tanto global como en los tres factores particulares, que las chicas, presentando las mayores diferencias en el factor exclusividad. Los niveles de ID disminuyen conforme se pasa del grupo de adolescentes del PED al de adolescentes no-PED inactivos, el factor afectividad negativa es el más relevante en este último grupo. Se concluye que la versión española de la Athletic Identity Measurement Scale constituye un instrumento válido y fiable de medición del constructo multidimensional de la ID y su uso, tanto global como particular, resulta psicométricamente adecuado para aplicar en adolescentes españoles.

The study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale translated into Spanish and the athletic identity (AI) in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The questionnaire was administered to 441 adolescents aged 12 to 18, classified in three groups: Sport Specialization Programme (PED) adolescents, non-PED active adolescents and no-PED inactive adolescents. Results from confirmatory factor analysis revealed a hierarchical and multidimensional structure of three first-order factors named: social identity, exclusivity and negative affectivity; and one second-order factor called AI. The findings support the adequacy of the items in their respective subscales and a good internal consistency of both the global and first-order scales. Convergent and differential validity was determined with a subsample, using multivariate analysis, to test the effects of sport participation, sex and age on adolescents' AI. Results indicated that male adolescents showed a higher level of AI -both globally and in the three particular factors- than female adolescents, revealing greater differences in the exclusivity factor. The AI levels decrease progressing from PED adolescents group to the group of non-PED inactive adolescents, the negative affectivity being the most relevant factor in the last group. We can conclude the Spanish version of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the multidimensional construct of AI, and its global and particular use is psychometrically appropriate for application in Spanish adolescents.

Competing Effects Between Screen Media Time and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls: Clustering a Self-Organizing Maps Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous research shows contradictory findings on potential competing effects between sedentary screen media usage (SMU) and physical activity (PA). This study examined these effects on adolescent girls via self-organizing maps analysis focusing on 3 target profiles. METHODS: A sample of 1,516 girls aged 12 to 18 years self-reported daily time engagement in PA (moderate and vigorous intensity) and in screen media activities (TV/video/DVD, computer, and videogames), separately and combined. RESULTS: Topological interrelationships from the 13 emerging maps indicated a moderate competing effect between physically active and sedentary SMU patterns. Higher SES and overweight status were linked to either active or inactive behaviors. Three target clusters were explored in more detail. Cluster 1, named temperate-media actives, showed capabilities of being active while engaging in a moderate level of SMU (TV/video/DVD mainly). In Cluster 2, named prudent-media inactives, and Cluster 3, compulsive-media inactives, a competing effect between SMU and PA emerged, being sedentary SMU behaviors responsible for a low involvement in active pursuits. CONCLUSION: SMU and PA emerge as both related and independent behaviors in girls, resulting in a moderate competing effect. Findings support the case for recommending the timing of PA and SMU for recreational purposes considering different profiles, sociodemographic factors and types of SMU.

Weekday and weekend sedentary time and physical activity in differentially active children.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether weekday-weekend differences in sedentary time and specific intensities of physical activity exist among children categorised by physical activity levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: Seven-day accelerometer data were obtained from 810 English children (n=420 girls) aged 10-11 years. Daily average minday(-1) spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity were calculated for each child. Sex-specific moderate to vigorous physical activity quartile cut-off values categorised boys and girls separately into four graded groups representing the least (Q1) through to the most active (Q4) children. Sex- and activity quartile-specific multilevel linear regression analyses analysed differences in sedentary time, light physical activity, moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity between weekdays and weekends. RESULTS: On weekdays Q2 boys spent longer in light physical activity (p<0.05), Q1 (p<0.001), Q2 boys (p<0.01) did significantly more moderate physical activity, and Q1-Q3 boys accumulated significantly more vigorous physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity than at weekends. There were no significant differences in weekday and weekend sedentary time or physical activity for Q4 boys. On weekdays Q2 and Q3 girls accumulated more sedentary time (p<0.05), Q1 and Q2 girls did significantly more moderate physical activity (p<0.05), and Q1-Q3 girls engaged in more vigorous physical activity (p<0.05) and more moderate to vigorous physical activity (p<0.01) than at weekends. Q4 girls' sedentary time and physical activity varied little between weekdays and weekends. CONCLUSIONS: The most active children maintained their sedentary time and physical activity levels at weekends, while among less active peers weekend sedentary time and physical activity at all intensities was lower. Low active children may benefit most from weekend intervention strategies.

Asociación entre el tiempo de uso del ordenador y la actividad física en la adolescencia / Computer usage and its relationship with physical activity in youth

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los patrones de comportamiento de una muestra de adolescentes en relación con su actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) y el uso que hacen del ordenador (jugar, comunicarse, estudiar y uso global) según el sexo, el nivel de participación deportiva y el tipo de día de la semana (entre semana y fin de semana) y averiguar si existen asociaciones entre ambas conductas. La muestra de estudio se compuso por 357 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años (183 chicas y 174 chicos) que fueron clasificados en ‘Deportistas’, ‘Activos’ e ‘Inactivos’ y a quienes se administraron cuestionarios de auto informe. Los resultados revelaron una mayor práctica de AFMV y un menor uso del ordenador entre semana que en fin de semana. Se observaron diferencias según el nivel de participación deportiva siendo los ‘Deportistas’ quienes más disminuían su práctica y más aumentaban su dedicación al ordenador para comunicarse en fin de semana. Tanto entre semana como en fin de semana, los chicos dedicaban más tiempo al ordenador para jugar mientras que las chicas les superaban en un uso comunicativo del mismo. Finalmente, se observaron mayores indicios de sustitución de la AFMV por el uso del ordenador para comunicarse y/o estudiar entre semana que en fin de semana, donde no se encontraron asociaciones significativas. A nivel global, se detecta una especial necesidad de incrementar la participación en AFMV de los jóvenes en fin de semana, donde las posibilidades de ocio para mantenerse físicamente activo/a se ven incrementadas.

The aim of this work was to analyse the behaviour patterns of an adolescent sample related with their moderate tovigorous physical activity (MVPA) and computer usage (playing, communicating, studying and overall) depending on sex, sport participation level and day of the week (weekday and weekend) and to find out if there were associations among these behaviours. The sample of the study was comprised by 357 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years-old (183 girls and 174 boys) which were classified in ‘Athletes”, ‘Actives’ and ‘Inactives’ to whom self-administered questionnaires were administered. Results showed a higher MVPA practice and a lower computer usage on weekdays than during weekends. Significant differences were observed according to the sport participation level being ‘Athletes’ who more diminished their practice and more increased the computer usage for communicating during weekends. As much weekdays as weekends, boys engaged more in computer for playing while girls leaded them in computer for communicating. Finally, major signs of displacing hypothesis were observed for computer use for communicating and/or studying on weekdays than during weekends, where significant associations were not found. Globally, a special need of increasing the youth participation in MVPA on weekends emerges, where leisure possibilities to keep physically active are greater.

Screen media usage, sleep time and academic performance in adolescents: clustering a self-organizing maps analysis.

Screen media usage, sleep time and socio-demographic features are related to adolescents' academic performance, but interrelations are little explored. This paper describes these interrelations and behavioral profiles clustered in low and high academic performance. A nationally representative sample of 3,095 Spanish adolescents, aged 12 to 18, was surveyed on 15 variables linked to the purpose of the study. A Self-Organizing Maps analysis established non-linear interrelationships among these variables and identified behavior patterns in subsequent cluster analyses. Topological interrelationships established from the 15 emerging maps indicated that boys used more passive videogames and computers for playing than girls, who tended to use mobile phones to communicate with others. Adolescents with the highest academic performance were the youngest. They slept more and spent less time using sedentary screen media when compared to those with the lowest performance, and they also showed topological relationships with higher socioeconomic status adolescents. Cluster 1 grouped boys who spent more than 5.5 hours daily using sedentary screen media. Their academic performance was low and they slept an average of 8 hours daily. Cluster 2 gathered girls with an excellent academic performance, who slept nearly 9 hours per day, and devoted less time daily to sedentary screen media. Academic performance was directly related to sleep time and socioeconomic status, but inversely related to overall sedentary screen media usage. Profiles from the two clusters were strongly differentiated by gender, age, sedentary screen media usage, sleep time and academic achievement. Girls with the highest academic results had a medium socioeconomic status in Cluster 2. Findings may contribute to establishing recommendations about the timing and duration of screen media usage in adolescents and appropriate sleep time needed to successfully meet the demands of school academics and to improve interventions targeting to affect behavioral change.