Una década después de la implantación en España de la hipotermia terapéutica en el recién nacido con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica perinatal / Ten years since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in Spain

Introducción: Se cumple ahora más de una década del inicio de la hipotermia terapéutica (HT)en Espa ̃na, la única intervención neuroprotectora que ha venido a ser práctica estándar en eltratamiento de la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (EHI). El objetivo de este artículoes ofrecer un panorama actual y presentar las controversias surgidas alrededor de la aplicaciónde esta terapia. Desarrollo: En esta década se ha implantado con éxito la HT en la gran mayoría de los hospitalesterciarios de Espa ̃na y más del 85% de los recién nacidos con EHI moderada-grave reciben estaterapia. Entre los aspectos que pueden mejorar la eficacia de la HT están su inicio precoz dentrode las primeras 6 h de vida y el control de factores comórbidos asociados a la asfixia perinatal. En los pacientes con EHI moderada el inicio después de las 6 h parece mantener cierta eficacianeuroprotectora. Una duración de la HT mayor de 72 horas o un enfriamiento más profundo noofrecen mayor eficacia neuroprotectora y aumentan el riesgo de efectos adversos. Aspectosno bien aclarados aún son la sedación durante la HT y la aplicación de esta intervención a losneonatos con EHI leve y en otros escenarios. La información pronóstica y su marco temporal esuno de los aspectos más desafiantes. Conclusiones: La HT es universal en países con recursos económicos, aunque existen puntos de controversia no resueltos. Si bien es un tratamiento generalizado en nuestro país, falta disponerde dispositivos para el traslado de estos pacientes y su centralización.(AU)

Introduction: More than a decade has passed since therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was introduced in Spain; this is the only neuroprotective intervention that has become standard practice inthe treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This article aims to providea current picture of the technique and to address the controversies surrounding its use. Development: In the last 10 years, TH has been successfully implemented in the vast majority of tertiary hospitals in Spain, and more than 85% of newborns with moderate or severeHIE currently receive the treatment. The factors that can improve the efficacy of TH includeearly treatment onset (first 6 hours of life) and the control of comorbid factors associated withperinatal asphyxia. In patients with moderate HIE, treatment onset after 6 hours seems to havesome neuroprotective efficacy. TH duration longer than 72 hours or deeper hypothermia do notoffer greater neuroprotective efficacy, but instead increase the risk of adverse effects. Unclarified aspects are the sedation of patients during TH, the application of the treatment in infantswith mild HIE, and its application in other scenarios. Prognostic information and time frame areone of the most challenging aspects. Conclusions: TH is universal in countries with sufficient economic resources, although certainunresolved controversies remain. While the treatment is widespread in Spain, there is a needfor cooling devices for the transfer of these patients and their centralisation.(AU)

Ten years since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: More than a decade has passed since therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was introduced in Spain; this is the only neuroprotective intervention that has become standard practice in the treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This article aims to provide a current picture of the technique and to address the controversies surrounding its use. DEVELOPMENT: In the last 10 years, TH has been successfully implemented in the vast majority of tertiary hospitals in Spain, and more than 85% of newborns with moderate or severe HIE currently receive the treatment. The factors that can improve the efficacy of TH include early treatment onset (first 6 h of life) and the control of comorbid factors associated with perinatal asphyxia. In patients with moderate HIE, treatment onset after 6 h seems to have some neuroprotective efficacy. TH duration longer than 72 h or deeper hypothermia do not offer greater neuroprotective efficacy, but instead increase the risk of adverse effects. Controversy persists around the sedation of patients during TH, the application of the treatment in infants with mild HIE, and its application in other scenarios. Prognostic information and time frame are one of the most challenging aspects. CONCLUSIONS: TH is universal in countries with sufficient economic resources, although certain unresolved controversies remain. While the treatment is widespread in Spain, there is a need for devices for the transfer of these patients and their centralisation.

Recursos y propuestas de mejora en el manejo de la Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño en Andalucía / Resources and proposals for improvement in the management of obstructive sleep apnea in Andalusia

Título abreviado: Se exponen los recursos asistenciales del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de los pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño. Igualmente se describen propuestas para una optimización en el manejo de esta entidad enfatizando la necesidad de recursos y colaboración entre diferentes niveles asistenciales. Objetivo: Determinar en el Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (SSPA) los recursos actuales en la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) e identificar propuestas de mejora. Método: Estudio transversal, basado en encuestas realizadas en 49 hospitales del SSPA. Se registraron variables relacionadas al diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la AOS, distinguiendo entre centros que realizaban polisomnografía y los que no. Incluimos un apartado sobre propuestas de mejora. Resultados: Un 97% de los centros realizan poligrafía y un 29% polisomnografía, y sólo el 39,5% disponen de consulta específica. La demora diagnóstica para la poligrafía es de 169 ± 163,4 días y para la polisomnografía de 173 ± 152,5 días. Se realizan un total de 1.113 ± 1.004,6 pruebas por 100.000 habitantes y año, de ellas 235 ± 166,2 son poligrafías diagnósticas. La presión eficaz se titula en un 49% con auto-CPAP y el control terapéutico lo realiza frecuentemente la empresa suministradora (77%). Entre las propuestas de mejora, destacan la falta de un protocolo de derivación y coordinación entre diferentes niveles asistenciales (90% de los encuestados), y la demora diagnóstica, atribuible en un 63% de los casos al déficit de recursos físicos y de personal. Conclusión: El número de pruebas diagnósticas aún son insuficientes y la demora diagnóstica es excesiva. Sobre todo, en el control terapéutico la empresa suministradora tiene un papel relevante. Se propone la realización de protocolos entre diferentes unidades asistenciales y aumentar los recursos actuales. (AU)

Short title: The healthcare resources of the Andalusian Public Health System related to the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with obstructive sleep apnea are presented. Proposals for optimizing the management of this entity are also described, emphasizing the need for resources and collaboration between different levels of care. Objective: Determine the current resources in the Public Health System of Andalusia (SSPA) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and identify proposals for improvement. Method: Cross-sectional study, based on surveys conducted in 49 SSPA hospitals. Variables related to the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of OSA were recorded, distinguishing between centers that performed polysomnography and those that did not. We include a section on proposals for improvement. Results: 97% of the centers perform polygraphy and 29% polysomnography, and only 39.5% have a specific consultation. The diagnostic delay for polygraphy is 169 ± 163.4 days and for polysomnography 173 ± 152.5 days. A total of 1,113 ± 1,004.6 tests are performed per 100,000 inhabitants per year, of which 235 ± 166.2 are diagnostic polygraphs. The effective pressure is titrated in 49% with auto-CPAP and therapeutic control is frequently carried out by the supplying company (77%). Among the proposals for improvement, the lack of a protocol for referral and coordination between different levels of care (90% of those surveyed), and the diagnostic delay, attributable in 63% of cases to the lack of physical and personnel resources, stand out. Conclusion: The number of diagnostic tests are still insufficient and the diagnostic delay is excessive. Above all, in therapeutic control, the supplier company has a relevant role. It is proposed to carry out protocols between different care units and increase current resources

Ten years since the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in Spain. / Una década después de la implantación en España de la hipotermia terapéutica en el recién nacido con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica perinatal.

INTRODUCTION: More than a decade has passed since therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was introduced in Spain; this is the only neuroprotective intervention that has become standard practice in the treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This article aims to provide a current picture of the technique and to address the controversies surrounding its use. DEVELOPMENT: In the last 10 years, TH has been successfully implemented in the vast majority of tertiary hospitals in Spain, and more than 85% of newborns with moderate or severe HIE currently receive the treatment. The factors that can improve the efficacy of TH include early treatment onset (first 6hours of life) and the control of comorbid factors associated with perinatal asphyxia. In patients with moderate HIE, treatment onset after 6hours seems to have some neuroprotective efficacy. TH duration longer than 72hours or deeper hypothermia do not offer greater neuroprotective efficacy, but instead increase the risk of adverse effects. Unclarified aspects are the sedation of patients during TH, the application of the treatment in infants with mild HIE, and its application in other scenarios. Prognostic information and time frame are one of the most challenging aspects. CONCLUSIONS: TH is universal in countries with sufficient economic resources, although certain unresolved controversies remain. While the treatment is widespread in Spain, there is a need for cooling devices for the transfer of these patients and their centralisation.

Rapid TB diagnostic service and community action to FIND.TREAT.ALL#EndTB, Maputo, Mozambique, 2013-2018.

Finding and treating all tuberculosis (TB) patients is crucial for ending TB. We investigated whether rapid diagnostic turnaround time (TAT) and patient tracking could increase TB treatment initiation in Maputo, Mozambique. Among 3329 TB patients newly diagnosed by the University Eduardo Mondlane-Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling/Anti-Personnel Landmines Detection Product Development (APOPO) Laboratory between 2013 and 2018, on average 61% were verifiably linked to care. This proportion increased from 54% (first half 2013) to 79% (second half 2018) after introducing a 24-hour TAT in 2015 and patient tracking conducted by a community-based partner, Associação Kenguelekezé, in 2017. Rapid, well-connected TB diagnostic services can reduce pre-treatment loss to follow-up and support the joint initiative of WHO, Stop TB and Global Fund to 'FIND.TREAT.ALL.#EndTB'.

Identifier et traiter tous les patients atteints de tuberculose (TB) est crucial pour mettre fin à la TB. Nous avons vérifié si un délai plus court de diagnostic (TAT) et un système de recherche des patients augmentait la mise en œuvre du traitement de la TB à Maputo, Mozambique. Parmi 3329 patients TB nouvellement diagnostiqués par le laboratoire UEM-APOPO (2013­2018), en moyenne 61% ont été réellement connectés à la prise en charge. Le pourcentage a augmenté de 54% (première moitié de 2013) à 79% (deuxième moitié de 2018) après l'introduction du TAT en 24h en 2015 et la surveillance des patients effectuée par notre partenaire l'association à base communautaire Kenguelekezé en 2017. Notre expérience suggère que des services de diagnostic de TB rapides, bien connectés peuvent réduire les abandons avant le traitement et soutenir les tentatives mondiales « FIND.TREAT.ALL.#EndTB ¼.

La búsqueda y el tratamiento de todos los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) son primordiales para poner fin a esta enfermedad. Se investigó si con un lapso corto de obtención del diagnóstico y el seguimiento de los pacientes aumentaría el inicio del tratamiento antituberculoso en Maputo, Mozambique. En promedio, en 61% de los 3329 casos nuevos de TB diagnosticados en el laboratorio UEM-APOPO (2013­2018) se confirmó la vinculación de los pacientes con los servicios de atención. El porcentaje aumentó de 54% (primer semestre del 2013) a 79% (segundo semestre del 2018), después de haber introducido un plazo de obtención del diagnóstico de 24 horas en el 2015 y la localización de los pacientes por parte de la asociación comunitaria Kenguelekezé en el 2017. Esta experiencia indica que los servicios diagnósticos de la TB que son rápidos y mantienen vínculos adecuados disminuyen la pérdida durante el seguimiento antes de comenzar el tratamiento y fortalecen los esfuerzos de la iniciativa 'FIND.TREAT.ALL.#EndTB'.

Recomendaciones para la normalización gradual en la enfermedad COVID-19 en las unidades de trastornos respiratorios del sueño de Andalucía / No disponible

No disponible

Accuracy of giant African pouched rats for diagnosing tuberculosis: comparison with culture and Xpert® MTB/RIF.

SETTING: Enhanced tuberculosis (TB) case finding using detection rats in Tanzania. OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of detection rats compared with culture and Xpert® MTB/RIF, and to compare enhanced case-finding algorithms using rats in smear-negative presumptive TB patients. DESIGN: A fully paired diagnostic accuracy study in which sputum of new adult presumptive TB patients in Tanzania was tested using smear microscopy, 11 detection rats, culture and Xpert. RESULTS: Of 771 eligible participants, 345 (45%) were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 264 (34%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The sensitivity of the detection rats was up to 75.1% (95%CI 70.1-79.5) when compared with culture, and up to 81.8% (95%CI 76.0-86.5) when compared with Xpert, which was statistically significantly higher than the sensitivity of smear microscopy. Corresponding specificity was 40.6% (95%CI 35.9-45.5) compared with culture. The accuracy of rat detection was independent of HIV status. Using rats for triage, followed by Xpert, would result in a statistically higher yield than rats followed by light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy, whereas the number of false-positives would be significantly lower than when using Xpert alone. CONCLUSION: Although detection rats did not meet the accuracy criteria as standalone diagnostic or triage testing for presumptive TB, they have additive value as a triage test for enhanced case finding among smear-negative TB patients if more advanced diagnostics are not available.

Analysis of Stress Indicators During Cryopreservation of Seeds of Landrace Maize (Zea mays).

BACKGROUND: Maize breeding programs focus on the development of hybrid varieties and the cultivation of landrace materials is discouraged; however, they are a valuable source of genes and their conservation is advisable. OBJECTIVE: Analyzing some stress indicators during cryopreservation of maize landrace seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seeds of 35 accessions of landrace maize were collected in two regions of Costa Rica and cryopreserved by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN). Membrane integrity, germination of seeds and DNA methylation in tissues were analyzed 5, 7 and 9 days after rewarming. RESULTS: Germination of landrace maize seeds was near 100 % for most accessions. No statistically significant differences in germination were observed between non-cryopreserved controls and seeds stored in LN for 1 h or 1 year. Membrane integrity, number of leaves and root and shoot length of plantlets were similar after cryostorage of seeds for 1 h and 1 year. A short delay in growth of cryostored seed compared to non-frozen controls was observed. Changes in the proportion of DNA methylation were noted from 0 to day 9 in the organs studied depending on the germination stage and cryopreservation treatment. CONCLUSION: It may be inferred that many of the methylated genes were related to growth and development. In addition, a cryobank of maize landraces from two regions of Costa Rica was established.

Conciliación de la medicación: desde el ingreso hasta la atención primaria / Medication reconciliation: from admission to primary care

Objetivos. Implementar un circuito de conciliación de la medicación interniveles, integral y multidisciplinar en una organización sanitaria integrada. Medir las discrepancias detectadas en cada uno de los pasos estudiados. Método. Estudio de intervención, prospectivo y de un año de duración. La medicación se concilió en 3 momentos distintos del paso del paciente por el sistema sanitario: al ingreso en el hospital, al alta y cuando el paciente acudió a su médico de Atención Primaria. Se recogieron y resolvieron las discrepancias detectadas cada vez que se concilió la medicación, y se cuantificó el número total de medicamentos antes y después de cada proceso de conciliación. Resultados. Entre el 1 de noviembre de 2013 y el 30 de octubre de 2014 se concilió la medicación a 77 pacientes, 63% hombres, con una media de edad de 69,5 años. La media de discrepancias por paciente fue de 7,85 al ingreso, 3,67 al alta y 2,19 en Atención Primaria. Conclusiones. Este programa de conciliación de la medicación, además de detectar y resolver las discrepancias, ha sido un punto de partida para establecer nuevas vías de comunicación entre los diferentes profesionales sanitarios que han intervenido en el programa y difundir la cultura de seguridad dentro de la organización (AU)

Objectives. To implement a medication reconciliation circuit of inter-level, comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach in an integrated health organization. To measure the discrepancies detected in each of the steps studied. Method. A prospective intervention study of one-year duration. The medication is reconciled at admission to the hospital, at discharge and when the patient goes to his Primary Care physician. The number and type of discrepancies detected each time the medication is reconciled are collected and resolved, as well as the total number of drugs before and after each reconciliation process quantified. Results. Between November 1, 2013 and October 31, 2014 the medication had been reconciled to 77 patients, 63% male, mean age 69,5 years. Mean admission discrepancy per patient was 7,85, 3,67 at discharge and 2,19 at Primary Care. Conclusions. This program of medication reconciliation, in addition to detect and resolve discrepancies, has been a starting point for establishing new channels of communication between the different health professionals who have participated in the program and disseminate the safety culture within the organization (AU)

[Medication reconciliation: From admission to primary care]. / Conciliación de la medicación: desde el ingreso hasta la atención primaria.

OBJECTIVES: To implement a medication reconciliation circuit of inter-level, comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach in an integrated health organization. To measure the discrepancies detected in each of the steps studied. METHOD: A prospective intervention study of one-year duration. The medication is reconciled at admission to the hospital, at discharge and when the patient goes to his Primary Care physician. The number and type of discrepancies detected each time the medication is reconciled are collected and resolved, as well as the total number of drugs before and after each reconciliation process quantified. RESULTS: Between November 1, 2013 and October 31, 2014 the medication had been reconciled to 77 patients, 63% male, mean age 69,5 years. Mean admission discrepancy per patient was 7,85, 3,67 at discharge and 2,19 at Primary Care. CONCLUSIONS: This program of medication reconciliation, in addition to detect and resolve discrepancies, has been a starting point for establishing new channels of communication between the different health professionals who have participated in the program and disseminate the safety culture within the organization.

Síndrome antifosfolipídico obstétrico / Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome

El síndrome antifosfolipídico obstétrico es una alteración autoinmune adquirida que asocia diversas complicaciones obstétricas, en ausencia de historia trombótica previa, junto con la existencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos dirigidos contra fosfolípidos, proteínas denominadas cofactores o contra complejos fosfolípidos-cofactor. Aunque las complicaciones obstétricas se han relacionado con sus propiedades procoagulantes, estudios anatomopatológicos en placentas humanas han demostrado su capacidad proinflamatoria vía sistema del complemento-citocinas proinflamatorias. No hay acuerdo general sobre cuál es el perfil de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (categoría de laboratorio) que confiere más riesgo obstétrico, aunque las denominadas categorías I y IIa son las mejores candidatas. El tratamiento combinado con dosis bajas de aspirina y heparina consigue buenos resultados obstétricos y maternos. Se revisan también las posibilidades terapéuticas en los casos refractarios. La evolución a otras enfermedades autoinmunes es baja. Se comenta brevemente el denominado síndrome antifosfolipídico obstétrico incompleto, también conocido como síndrome de morbilidad obstétrica asociada a anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AU)

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired autoimmune disorder that is associated with various obstetric complications and, in the absence of prior history of thrombosis, with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies directed against other phospholipids, proteins called cofactors or PL-cofactor complexes. Although the obstetric complications have been related to the procoagulant properties of antiphospholipid antibodies, pathological studies of human placenta have shown the proinflammatory capacity of antiphospholipid antibodies via the complement system and proinflammatory cytokines. There is no general agreement on which antiphospholipid antibodies profile (laboratory) confers the greatest obstetric risk, but the best candidates are categories I and IIa. Combined treatment with low doses of aspirin and heparin achieves good obstetric and maternal outcomes. In this study, we also review the therapeutic possibilities in refractory cases, although the likelihood of progressing to other autoimmune diseases is low. We briefly comment on incomplete obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome, also known as antiphospholipid antibody-mediated pregnancy morbidity syndrome (AU)

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired autoimmune disorder that is associated with various obstetric complications and, in the absence of prior history of thrombosis, with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies directed against other phospholipids, proteins called cofactors or PL-cofactor complexes. Although the obstetric complications have been related to the procoagulant properties of antiphospholipid antibodies, pathological studies of human placenta have shown the proinflammatory capacity of antiphospholipid antibodies via the complement system and proinflammatory cytokines. There is no general agreement on which antiphospholipid antibodies profile (laboratory) confers the greatest obstetric risk, but the best candidates are categories I and IIa. Combined treatment with low doses of aspirin and heparin achieves good obstetric and maternal outcomes. In this study, we also review the therapeutic possibilities in refractory cases, although the likelihood of progressing to other autoimmune diseases is low. We briefly comment on incomplete obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome, also known as antiphospholipid antibody-mediated pregnancy morbidity syndrome.

[Influence of the social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery]. / Influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama.

UNLABELLED: In Western cultures, female breasts are strongly related to the world of sexuality and physical attractiveness, although this can vary according to the social context. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Study settings were the State Oncology Center of the ISSEMyM (Social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and its Municipalities) in Toluca (Mexico) and San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). The study sample comprised 72 mastectomized females, 30 from Mexico and 42 from Spain. Data were gathered on their socio-demographic variables, self-reported personal and family clinical histories, and scores on the validated Hopwood Body Image Scale (BIS). RESULTS: In the Spanish group of mastectomized women, 67.7% were in active employment compared with 43.3% of the Mexican group, a significant difference (p < 0.05). Body image perception was superior in women connected to the world of work and with a higher educational level. The women in a more developed social context had a significantly (p < 0.05) better body image perception. CONCLUSIONS: The social context of masectomized women affects their body image perception, which is influenced by their occupation and educational level.

El pecho de la mujer está muy relacionado en la cultura occidental con el mundo de la sexualidad y el atractivo físico, aunque puede variar en función del contexto. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los escenarios del estudio estuvieron constituidos por el Centro Oncológico Estatal del ISSEMyM en la ciudad de Toluca (México), y el Hospital Clínico San Cecilio de la ciudad de Granada (España). La totalidad del universo estuvo formado por 72 mujeres mastectomizadas. De ellas, 30 correspondieron a México y 42 a España. Se recogieron datos de variables sociodemográficas y las mujeres respondieron a preguntas sobre su historia clínica personal y familiar. Se aplicó la Escala validada BIS (Body Image Scale) de Hopwood. Resultados: El 67,7% mujeres mastectomizadas españolas se encuentran activas laboralmente en comparación al 43,3% de las mujeres mexicanas. Diferencia estadísticamente significativas en los dos grupos (p < 0,05). En la medida en que las mujeres se vinculan al mundo laboral e incrementan su nivel de escolaridad, la aceptación de la imagen corporal muestra mejores resultados. Las mujeres que viven en contextos sociales desarrollados tienen una mejor percepción de su imagen corporal. Con una diferencia significativa de (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El contexto social influye en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. La ocupación laboral y el grado de escolaridad fueron determinantes de la percepción de la misma.

Episodio aparentemente letal neonatal durante el «piel con piel». Tratamiento con hipotermia / Severe apparent life-threatening event during “skin-to-skin”: Treatment with hypothermia

El contacto «piel con piel» del recién nacido a término sano con su madre en el posparto inmediato es práctica estándar en las maternidades españolas, mostrando efectos beneficiosos sobre la frecuencia y la duración de la lactancia materna y sobre el vínculo madre-hijo. Los episodios aparentemente letales en el periodo neonatal (EALN) y la muerte súbita neonatal son eventos infrecuentes pero bien conocidos que suponen una elevada morbimortalidad neurológica en neonatos sanos. Recientemente, se han identificado los factores de riesgo asociados, apareciendo la mayoría durante las primeras horas de vida en el «piel con piel». La hipotermia reduce la mortalidad y la morbilidad neurológica de los recién nacidos con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica con antecedentes de asfixia perinatal. Los recién nacidos con EALN podrían beneficiarse también de esta terapéutica. Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con un EALN durante el «piel con piel», con encefalopatía secundaria al evento hipóxico-isquémico, que recibió tratamiento con hipotermia (AU)

‘Skin-to-skin’ in healthy newborn infants is currently routine practice in Spanish maternity wards. This practice has shown benefits in increasing the duration of breast-feedingand maternal bonding behaviour with no significant adverse events. Early sudden deaths and severe apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) during the first 24 hours of life are infrequent, but well recognised. Risk factors during ‘skin to skin’ have been established. These events can lead to high neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hypothermia is now the standard of care for moderate to severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and has shown to reduce mortality and neurological morbidity in children with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Although there are no clinical trials that evaluate hypothermia after a severe ALTE, neonates who suffer it should be considered for this treatment. We present a case of a healthy newborn who had an ALTE during skin-to-skin with his mother and was treated with hypothermia (AU)

Influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama / Influence of the social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery

El pecho de la mujer está muy relacionado en la cultura occidental con el mundo de la sexualidad y el atractivo físico, aunque puede variar en función del contexto. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los escenarios del estudio estuvieron constituidos por el Centro Oncológico Estatal del ISSEMyM en la ciudad de Toluca (México), y el Hospital Clínico San Cecilio de la ciudad de Granada (España). La totalidad del universo estuvo formado por 72 mujeres mastectomizadas. De ellas, 30 correspondieron a México y 42 a España. Se recogieron datos de variables sociodemográficas y las mujeres respondieron a preguntas sobre su historia clínica personal y familiar. Se aplicó la Escala validada BIS (Body Image Scale) de Hopwood. Resultados: El 67,7% mujeres mastectomizadas españolas se encuentran activas laboralmente en comparación al 43,3% de las mujeres mexicanas. Diferencia estadísticamente significativas en los dos grupos (p < 0,05). En la medida en que las mujeres se vinculan al mundo laboral e incrementan su nivel de escolaridad, la aceptación de la imagen corporal muestra mejores resultados. Las mujeres que viven en contextos sociales desarrollados tienen una mejor percepción de su imagen corporal. Con una diferencia significativa de (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El contexto social influye en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. La ocupación laboral y el grado de escolaridad fueron determinantes de la percepción de la misma (AU)

In Western cultures, female breasts are strongly related to the world of sexuality and physical attractiveness, although this can vary according to the social context. Objective: To determine the influence of social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Material and method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Study settings were the State Oncology Center of the ISSEMyM (Social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and its Municipalities) in Toluca (Mexico) and San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). The study sample comprised 72 mastectomized females, 30 from Mexico and 42 from Spain. Data were gathered on their sociodemographic variables, self-reported personal and family clinical histories, and scores on the validated Hopwood Body Image Scale (BIS). Results: In the Spanish group of mastectomized women, 67.7% were in active employment compared with 43.3% of the Mexican group, a significant difference (p < 0.05). Body image perception was superior in women connected to the world of work and with a higher educational level. The women in a more developed social context had a significantly (p < 0.05) better body image perception. Conclusions: The social context of masectomized women affects their body image perception, which is influenced by their occupation and educational level (AU)

[Severe apparent life-threatening event during "skin-to-skin": treatment with hypothermia]. / Episodio aparentemente letal neonatal durante el «piel con piel¼. Tratamiento con hipotermia.

'Skin-to-skin' in healthy newborn infants is currently routine practice in Spanish maternity wards. This practice has shown benefits in increasing the duration of breast-feeding and maternal bonding behaviour with no significant adverse events. Early sudden deaths and severe apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) during the first 24 hours of life are infrequent, but well recognised. Risk factors during 'skin to skin' have been established. These events can lead to high neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hypothermia is now the standard of care for moderate to severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and has shown to reduce mortality and neurological morbidity in children with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Although there are no clinical trials that evaluate hypothermia after a severe ALTE, neonates who suffer it should be considered for this treatment. We present a case of a healthy newborn who had an ALTE during skin-to-skin with his mother and was treated with hypothermia.

Transmission of lymphocystis disease virus to cultured gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae.

The transmission of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) to gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae was investigated using fertilized eggs from a farm with previous reports of lymphocystis disease. LCDV genome was detected by PCR-hybridization in blood samples from 17.5% of the asymptomatic gilthead seabream broodstock analysed. Using the same methodology, eggs spawned from these animals were LCDV positive, as well as larvae hatched from them. The presence of infective viral particles was confirmed by cytopathic effects development on SAF-1 cells. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed the presence of LCDV in the epidermis of larvae hatched from LCDV-positive eggs. When fertilized eggs were disinfected with iodine, no viral DNA was detected either in eggs (analysed by PCR-hybridization) or in larvae (PCR-hybridization and ISH). These results suggest the vertical transmission of LCDV, the virus being transmitted on the egg surface. Larvae hatched from disinfected eggs remain LCDV negative during the endotrophic phase, as showed by PCR-hybridization, ISH and IHC. After feeding on LCDV-positive rotifers, viral antigens were observed in the digestive tract, which suggests that viral entry could be achieved via the alimentary canal, and that rotifers can act as a vector in LCDV transmission to gilthead seabream larvae.

Neuroprotección con hipotermia en el recién nacido con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica. Guía de estándares para su aplicación clínica / Neuroprotection with hypothermia in the newborn with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. standard guidelines for its clinical application

La estandarización de la hipotermia como tratamiento de la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica perinatal se apoya en la evidencia científica actual. El documento que se presenta a continuación ha sido realizado por los autores a petición de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología y pretende ser una «guía de estándares» para su aplicación clínica. Se discuten los interrogantes que pueden surgir al pasar del estricto marco de los ensayos clínicos a la práctica clínica cotidiana: reconocimiento precoz de la encefalopatía clínica, criterios de inclusión y exclusión, hipotermia durante el transporte, modalidades de hipotermia (cerebral selectiva o sistémica) y efectos secundarios del tratamiento. El tratamiento con hipotermia ha cambiado el pronóstico de los niños con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica y nuestras decisiones de esfuerzo terapéutico. En este sentido, es de especial relevancia conocer el cambio del valor predictivo de la exploración clínica y de la electroencefalografía en los niños tratados con hipotermia. Para mejorar la eficacia de este tratamiento neuroprotector, es necesaria una mejor identificación de los pacientes con daño cerebral potencialmente reversible. Nuevos biomarcadores de daño cerebral facilitarán esta tarea. Todo niño tratado con hipotermia debe ser incluido en un programa de seguimiento para evaluar su neurodesarrollo (AU)

Standardisation of hypothermia as a treatment for perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is supported by current scientific evidence. The following document was prepared by the authors on request of the Spanish Society of Neonatology and is intended to be a guide for the proper implementation of this therapy. We discuss the difficulties that may arise when moving from the strict framework of clinical trials to clinical daily care: early recognition of clinical encephalopathy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, hypothermia during transport, type of hypothermia (selective head or systemic cooling) and side effects of therapy. The availability of hypothermia therapy has changed the prognosis of children with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and our choices of therapeutic support. In this sense, it is especially important to be aware of the changes in the predictive value of the neurological examination and the electroencephalographic recording in cooled infants. In order to improve neuroprotection with hypothermia we need earlier recognition of to recognise earlier the infants that may benefit from cooling. Biomarkers of brain injury could help us in the selection of these patients. Every single infant treated with hypothermia must be included in a follow up program in order to assess neurodevelopmental outcome (AU)

[Neuroprotection with hypothermia in the newborn with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Standard guidelines for its clinical application]. / Neuroprotección con hipotermia en el recién nacido con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica. Guía de estándares para su aplicación clínica.

Standardisation of hypothermia as a treatment for perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is supported by current scientific evidence. The following document was prepared by the authors on request of the Spanish Society of Neonatology and is intended to be a guide for the proper implementation of this therapy. We discuss the difficulties that may arise when moving from the strict framework of clinical trials to clinical daily care: early recognition of clinical encephalopathy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, hypothermia during transport, type of hypothermia (selective head or systemic cooling) and side effects of therapy. The availability of hypothermia therapy has changed the prognosis of children with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and our choices of therapeutic support. In this sense, it is especially important to be aware of the changes in the predictive value of the neurological examination and the electroencephalographic recording in cooled infants. In order to improve neuroprotection with hypothermia we need earlier recognition of to recognise earlier the infants that may benefit from cooling. Biomarkers of brain injury could help us in the selection of these patients. Every single infant treated with hypothermia must be included in a follow up program in order to assess neurodevelopmental outcome.