A consultation and work-up diagnosis protocol for a multicancer early detection test: a case series study.

The emergence of multicancer early detection (MCED) tests holds promise for improving early cancer detection and public health outcomes. However, positive MCED test results require confirmation through recommended cancer diagnostic imaging modalities. To address these challenges, we have developed a consultation and work-up protocol for definitive diagnostic results post MCED testing, named SPOT-MAS. Developed through circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis and in line with professional guidelines and advisory board consensus, this protocol standardizes information to aid general practitioners in accessing, interpreting and managing SPOT-MAS results. Clinical effectiveness is demonstrated through a series of identified cancer cases. Our research indicates that the protocol could empower healthcare professionals to confidently interpret circulating tumor DNA test results for 5 common types of cancer, thereby facilitating the clinical integration of MCED tests.

New tests can now screen for multiple types of cancer early, offering hope for better health outcomes. If one of these tests shows a positive result, doctors need to confirm it with imaging tests. We have developed a guide to help doctors understand and confirm these results. This guide could help healthcare professionals interpret results for five common types of cancer, making it easier to use these tests in regular medical practice.

Assessment of aflatoxin B1 contamination in rice and maize / Evaluación de la contaminación por aflatoxina B1 en arroz y maíz

Introduction: Aflatoxins B1 are among the most common poisonous mycotoxins produced by certain fungi that harm animals and crops. Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to humans. The Maximum Residue Limits of aflatoxin B1 in processed cereals and ingredients are 2 parts per billion (ppb) and 5 ppb, respectively. Objectives: To evaluate the status of aflatoxin B1 contamination in rice, corn and staple food produced in Ha Giang province compared with the maximum permitted levels. Methods: A total of 210 rice and maize samples were analyzed to quantify the level of aflatoxin B1. Analysis of mycotoxins was conducted by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using a fluorescence detector. Results: It was found that rice, rice products, maize, and maize products had a mean aflatoxin B1 content of 1.79 ppb, 2.55 ppb, 2.19 ppb, and 6.35 ppb, respectively. The results also showed that 71.9 percent of samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and 14.28 percent of samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit. Conclusion: The concentration of aflatoxin B1 in 14.28 percent of the samples are over permissible limits by nationwide regulations (AU)

Introducción: La aflatoxina B1 se encuentra entre las micotoxinas más comunes y venenosas producidas por ciertos hongos que dañan a los animales y los cultivos. Las micotoxinas pueden causar una variedad de efectos adversos para la salud y representar una grave amenaza para la salud de los seres humanos. Los límites máximos de residuos de aflatoxina B1en cereales e ingredientes procesados son de 2 ppb y 5 ppb, respectivamente. Objetivos: Evaluar el estado de contaminación por aflatoxina B1 en arroz, maíz y alimentos básicos producidos en la provincia de Ha Giang, en comparación con los niveles máximos permitidos. Métodos: Se analizaron un total de 210 muestras de arroz y maíz para cuantificar el nivel de aflatoxina B1. El análisis de micotoxinas se realizó mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, utilizando un detector de fluorescencia. Resultados: Se encontró que el arroz, los productos de arroz, el maíz y los productos de maíz tenían un contenido medio de aflatoxin B1, de 1,79 ppb, 2,55 ppb, 2,19 ppb y 6,35 ppb, respectivamente. Los resultados también mostraron que el 71,9 por ciento de las muestras estaban contaminadas con micotoxinas y el 14,28 por ciento de las muestras excedieron el límite máximo permitido. Conclusión: La concentración de aflatoxina B1 en el 14,28 por ciento de las muestras está por encima de los límites permisibles por la norma nacional(AU)

Serum free light-chain concentration and relationship with some characteristics of patients with multiple myeloma

Introduction: Quantifying serum free light-chain is a valuable test to determine the risk at the time of diagnosis, assess the response to treatment, and monitor the recurrence of multiple myeloma. Objective: To investigate the characteristics of serum free light-chain concentration and its relationship with some clinical and subclinical characteristics in patients with multiple myeloma. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, non-controlled study was conducted, in 74 patients with multiple myeloma. All patients were completed with quantitative tests serum free light-chain κ, and serum free light-chain λ. Results: Intact immunoglobulin multiple myeloma accounted for most patients (81%). Most patients had abnormal serum free light-chain at the time of diagnosis (98.6%). High serum free light-chain concentration was correlated with M protein concentration > 3 g/dL (p< 0.05) and there was no statistically significant correlation between high serum free light-chain and other clinical and subclinical features. Conclusion: Most patients with multiple myeloma have an elevated serum free light-chain at admission time. Correlation of high serum free light-chain with increased serum M protein was noted.

Introducción: La cuantificación de cadenas ligeras libres en el suero es una prueba valiosa para determinar el riesgo al momento del diagnóstico del mieloma múltiple, así como evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento y monitorear la recurrencia. Objetivo: Determinar las características de la concentración de cadenas ligeras libres en el suero y su relación con algunas características clínicas y subclínicas en pacientes con mieloma múltiple. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, no controlado, en 74 pacientes con mieloma múltiple. Todos los pacientes completaron pruebas cuantitativas de cadena ligera libre en el suero κ y cadena ligera libre en suero λ. Resultados: El mieloma múltiple de inmunoglobulina intacta representó a la mayoría de los pacientes (81 %). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían cadenas ligeras libres séricas anormales en el momento del diagnóstico (98,6 %). La concentración elevada de cadenas ligeras libres en el suero correlacionó con concentración de proteína M > 3 g/dL (p< 0,05) y no hubo correlación estadísticamente significativa entre cadenas ligeras libres en el suero elevadas y otras características clínicas y subclínicas. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes con mieloma múltiple tienen cadenas ligeras libres séricas elevadas en el momento del ingreso. Se observa correlación de cadenas ligeras libres séricas altas, con la proteína M sérica aumentada.

Clinical validation of a ctDNA-Based Assay for Multi-Cancer Detection: An Interim Report from a Vietnamese Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study of 2795 Participants.

The SPOT-MAS assay "Screening for the Presence Of Tumor by Methylation And Size" detects the five most common cancers in Vietnam by evaluating circulating tumor DNA in the blood. Here, we validated its performance in a prospective multi-center clinical trial, K-DETEK. Our analysis of 2795 participants from 14 sites across Vietnam demonstrates its ability to detect cancers in asymptomatic individuals with a positive predictive value of 60%, with 83.3% accuracy in detecting tumor location. We present a case report to support further using SPOT-MAS as a complementary method to achieve early cancer detection and provide the opportunity for early treatment.

Leishmania-infected macrophages release extracellular vesicles that can promote lesion development.

Leishmania donovani infection of macrophages results in quantitative and qualitative changes in the protein profile of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the infected host cells. We confirmed mass spectrometry results orthogonally by performing Western blots for several Leishmania-infected macrophage-enriched EVs (LieEVs) molecules. Several host cell proteins in LieEVs have been implicated in promoting vascular changes in other systems. We also identified 59 parasite-derived proteins in LieEVs, including a putative L. donovani homolog of mammalian vasohibins (LdVash), which in mammals promotes angiogenesis. We developed a transgenic parasite that expressed an endogenously tagged LdVash/mNeonGreen (mNG) and confirmed that LdVash/mNG is indeed expressed in infected macrophages and in LieEVs. We further observed that LieEVs induce endothelial cells to release angiogenesis promoting mediators including IL-8, G-CSF/CSF-3, and VEGF-A. In addition, LieEVs induce epithelial cell migration and tube formation by endothelial cells in surrogate angiogenesis assays. Taken together, these studies show that Leishmania infection alters the composition of EVs from infected cells and suggest that LieEVs may play a role in the promotion of vascularization of Leishmania infections.

Real-time transmission of panoramic images for a telepresence wheelchair.

This paper proposes an approach to transmit panoramic images in real-time for a telepresence wheelchair. The system can provide remote monitoring and assistive assistance for people with disabilities. This study exploits technological advancement in image processing, wireless communication networks, and healthcare systems. High resolution panoramic images are extracted from the camera which is mounted on the wheelchair. The panoramic images are streamed in real-time via a wireless network. The experimental results show that streaming speed is up to 250 KBps. The subjective quality assessments show that the received images are smooth during the streaming period. In addition, in terms of the objective image quality evaluation the average peak signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images is measured to be 39.19 dB which reveals high quality of images.

Body composition, energy expenditure, and plasma metabolites in long-term fasting geese.

Starvation in 15 geese (mean initial body mass, m = 6.3 kg) fasting for about 40 days (mean decrease in m = 2.5 kg) was characterized by three periods. Period I (3-8 days), an adaptation period, was marked by a considerable decrease in the daily rate of change in m (dm) as well as in resting metabolic rate (RMR), and by high fat mobilization. In period II (a period of economy) the decreases in dm, RMR, and daily rate of nitrogen excretion (dne) were reduced: when expressed per unit of body mass these rates were either constant or decreased slightly. Period III, a critical period, was characterized by a rapid increase in both dm and dne that appeared when body mass had dropped to 4.7-3.2 kg. In parallel there was a greater decrease in intracellular fluid volume below 5 kg. Throughout the fast, in contrast to fasting mammals, plasma glucose and alanine concentrations were maintained at high levels (8-10 and 0.4 mM, respectively), and there was no increase in acetoacetate. However, after 20 days of fasting, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration (beta-OHB) increased to about 20 mM, while blood pH remained constant and blood PCO2 decreased. Thus, compensation for metabolic acidosis was partly attributed to respiratory alkalosis. Throughout the fast, the variations in beta-OHB were a mirror image of those for daily changes in body mass and in nitrogen excretion. This presumably reflects a hormonal change, but might also suggest a key role of beta-OHB in the control of energy expenditure and/or in regulation of body mass as well as in protein sparing.

[Changes in plasma levels of metabolites during long-term fasting in the goose]. / Evolution des concentrations de métabolites plasmatiques au cours du jeûne de longue durée chez l'oie.

In fed geese, plasma levels of glucose and alanine were 1.9 g.l-1 and 560 mumol.l-1, respectively. During a long fast (40 days), plasma glucose and alanine were maintained at a high level (1.5-1.8 g.l-1 and 370-540 mumol.l-1, respectively). Plasma level of acetoacetate was very low (40 mumol.l-1); by contrast, plasma level of beta hydroxybutyrate reached very high values (20 mmol.l-1) after about 20 days of fasting, then it decreased. Plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate decreased along the course of the fast, from 2 500 to 2 000 mumol.l-1 and 220 to 170 mumol.l-1, respectively.