A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Capacitor Technology: Theory, Development, Modeling, Thermal Management Systems, and Applications.

This review paper aims to provide the background and literature review of a hybrid energy storage system (ESS) called a lithium-ion capacitor (LiC). Since the LiC structure is formed based on the anode of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) and cathode of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), a short overview of LiBs and EDLCs is presented following the motivation of hybrid ESSs. Then, the used materials in LiC technology are elaborated. Later, a discussion regarding the current knowledge and recent development related to electro-thermal and lifetime modeling for the LiCs is given. As the performance and lifetime of LiCs highly depends on the operating temperature, heat transfer modeling and heat generation mechanisms of the LiC technology have been introduced, and the published papers considering the thermal management of LiCs have been listed and discussed. In the last section, the applications of LiCs have been elaborated.

Development, retainment, and assessment of the graphite-electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries regarding the functionality of SEI-forming additives.

Formation of a decent solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is recognized as an approach to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries. SEI is a passivation layer generated on the anode during the initial cycles. Characteristics of the graphite SEI depend on the operational parameters, state of the anode, and the content of the electrolyte. Introducing reduction-type additives to the carbonate electrolytes has been one of the most practiced methods to generate an effective SEI on carbonous anodes. To track the role of additives in SEI evolution, first, we have presented a general review on what is currently understood about the SEI formation processes and the impacting parameters. In the second step, the most reported methods to study and analyze the functionality of the SEI-forming additives are classified. As the third part, different reduction-type additives are categorized, and their performances are comparatively reviewed.

A hybrid thermal management system for high power lithium-ion capacitors combining heat pipe with phase change materials.

Lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) technology is an energy storage system (ESS) that combines the working mechanism of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) and lithium-ion batteries (LiB). When LiC is supposed to work under high power applications, the inevitable heat loss threatens the cell's performance and lifetime. Therefore, a proper thermal management system (TMS) can remove the generated heat of the LiC during high cycling conditions. In this paper, a hybrid TMS (HTMS) using phase change materials (PCM) and six flat heat pipes is proposed to maintain the temperature profile below 40 °C under a high current rate of 150 A for 1400 s profile without any pause. Two K-type thermocouples (T1 & T2) are responsible for monitoring the experiments' temperature evolution in the experiments. Numerical analysis is also performed and verified with experimental results to analyze the temperature profile numerically. The experimental and numerical simulation comprises three case studies, including the cell's temperature under natural convection, temperature distribution when using the heat pipe TMS, and temperature distribution when using HTMS. The results reveal that the HTMS is an exceptionally robust cooling system since it reduces the T1 temperature by 35% compared to the natural convection case study, while the heat pipe TMS can reduce the T1 temperature by 15% compared to the same case study.

Battery lifetime prediction and performance assessment of different modeling approaches.

Lithium-ion battery technologies have conquered the current energy storage market as the most preferred choice thanks to their development in a longer lifetime. However, choosing the most suitable battery aging modeling methodology based on investigated lifetime characterization is still a challenge. In this work, a comprehensive aging dataset of nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) cell is used to develop and/or train different capacity fade models to compare output responses. The assessment is conducted for semi-empirical modeling (SeM) approach against a machine learning model and an artificial neural network model. Among all, the nonlinear autoregressive network (NARXnet) can predict the capacity degradation most precisely minimizing the computational effort as well. This research work signifies the importance of lifetime methodological choice and model performance in understanding the complex and nonlinear Li-ion battery aging behavior.

On the Ageing of High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries-Comprehensive Electrochemical Diffusivity Studies of Harvested Nickel Manganese Cobalt Electrodes.

This paper examines the impact of the characterisation technique considered for the determination of the L i + solid state diffusion coefficient in uncycled as in cycled Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC) electrodes. As major characterisation techniques, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were systematically investigated. L i + diffusion coefficients during the lithiation process of the uncycled and cycled electrodes determined by CV at 3.71 V are shown to be equal to 3 . 48 × 10 - 10 cm 2 ·s - 1 and 1 . 56 × 10 - 10 cm 2 ·s - 1 , respectively. The dependency of the L i + diffusion with the lithium content in the electrodes is further studied in this paper with GITT and EIS. Diffusion coefficients calculated by GITT and EIS characterisations are shown to be in the range between 1 . 76 × 10 - 15 cm 2 ·s - 1 and 4 . 06 × 10 - 12 cm 2 ·s - 1 , while demonstrating the same decreasing trend with the lithiation process of the electrodes. For both electrode types, diffusion coefficients calculated by CV show greater values compared to those determined by GITT and EIS. With ageing, CV and EIS techniques lead to diffusion coefficients in the electrodes at 3.71 V that are decreasing, in contrast to GITT for which results indicate increasing diffusion coefficient. After long-term cycling, ratios of the diffusion coefficients determined by GITT compared to CV become more significant with an increase about 1 order of magnitude, while no significant variation is seen between the diffusion coefficients calculated from EIS in comparison to CV.

Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles: Which Technology for an Urban Distribution Centre?

Freight transport has an important impact on urban welfare. It is estimated to be responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions and up to 50% of particles matters generated by the transport sector in cities. Facing that problem, the European Commission set the objective of reaching free CO2 city logistics by 2030 in major urban areas. In order to achieve this goal, electric vehicles could be an important part of the solution. However, this technology still faces a number of barriers, in particular high purchase costs and limited driving range. This paper explores the possible integration of electric vehicles in urban logistics operations. In order to answer this research question, the authors have developed a fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for electric vehicles. In particular, an energy consumption model is integrated in order to consider variable range of electric vehicles. Based on generated instances, the authors analyse different sets of vehicles in terms of vehicle class (quadricycles, small vans, large vans, and trucks) and vehicle technology (petrol, hybrid, diesel, and electric vehicles). Results show that a fleet with different technologies has the opportunity of reducing costs of the last mile.