A comparison of the short and long forms of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R).

Brief, reliable, and valid assessment instruments are very important for clinical psychology research and practice. The possible equivalency of a short form and the long form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R; Zuckerman & Lubin,1985) was studied by correlating both forms of the MAACL-R with the State Trait Personality Inventory (Spielberger,1995); the Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn,1969); and the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman,1978). Reliability and validity of the two forms were equivalent.

Development of a random response scale for the multiple affect adjective check list-revised.

A scale was constructed to identify random responses on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Items chosen were the 14 least frequently checked items and 14 most frequently checked items, plus the seven most frequently checked negative items and the seven least frequently checked positive items (total=42). The Random Response Scale successfully differentiated random protocols from those produced by 420 college students, and scores on the scale were significantly higher for the college students than for the random sample. In addition, correlations between scores on the Random Response Scale and the Communality Scale (Adjective Check List) and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness Scale suggest its usefulness as a measure of "conscientiousness" or "dependableness."

Additional study of the Youth-Depression Adjective Check List.

Replicated and extended aspects of determinations of reliability and validity for the State version of the Youth-Depression Adjective Check List. Students from Grades 9 through 12 (64 girls and 41 boys) completed the State version and the Adolescent Activities Checklist on each of 12 consecutive days and completed the Trait version, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List--Revised Grade 6, and the Adolescent Activities Checklist at the beginning and the end of the study. Good reliability and validity of the State version were confirmed and extended, and preliminary information on characteristics of the Trait version of the Youth-Depression Adjective Check List also was presented. The State version seems suitable for use in research with adolescents and preadolescents. More study of the Trait version is recommended.

Predicting discharge from Airforce basic training by pattern of affect.

We compared the efficacy of the state form of the MAACL-R (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1985) in predicting success in Air Force basic training. Results of discriminant functions analyses showed that the Anxiety, Depression, Hostility, Positive Affect, and Sensation Seeking scales of the state MAACL-R efficiently predicted success in basic training. The need to incorporate state measures into studies of prediction is discussed.

Measuring the mood of seventh-grade students with the MAACL-R6.

Recently, the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised was modified to include only those items designated as at or below the sixth-grade reading level (MAACL-R6). The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the state and trait forms of the MAACL-R6 in a sample of seventh-grade public school students. High internal consistency and adequate validity were found for both forms. Test-retest reliability was higher for trait than for state. It was concluded that the MAACL-R6 is appropriate for use in research with seventh-grade students.

Affect traits in differential diagnosis of anxiety, depressive, and schizophrenic disorders using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

A study of 185 psychiatric patients with anxiety, mood, and schizophrenic disorders and 185 matched nonpatient controls investigated the effectiveness of the affect trait scales of the revised Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL-R) in differentiating the three disorders. Univariate and multivariate analyses supported the usefulness of the affect in global and specific diagnostic classifications. The strongest discriminant function described a general dysphoria dimension (Depression plus Anxiety minus Positive Affect) which differentiated the anxiety and mood disorder groups from schizophrenic patients and nonpatient controls. A second discriminant function best differentiated the anxiety from mood disorder groups and was defined by relatively higher anxiety and normal sensation seeking scores among anxiety disorders and relatively higher depression and lower sensation seeking among mood disorders. Schizophrenic disorders could not be reliably distinguished from the other groups by negative affect scales, although they scored lower on positive affect than normals. It was concluded that the MAACL-R was valid in making both global and specific diagnostic classifications.

Psychometric properties of the grade 4 reading level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised with offenders.

The reliability and validity of the Grade 4 reading level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List was assessed with offenders in four settings within the criminal justice system. With the exception of the Sensation Seeking Scale, the MAACL-R4 scales showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and adequate convergent and discriminant validity, but not for the Depression scale for 53 female arrestees and the Hostility scale with 51 male arrestees. Correlations with self-ratings of health and stress and with the Family Environment scales were in expected directions. It is concluded that the MAACL-R4 has the basic qualities necessary for use in research with offenders.

Response manipulation on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

The scoring pattern of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R) under both "simulate good" and "simulate bad" conditions and under two instructional sets, either "simulate" (Sample 1) or "simulate with caution" (Sample 2), was studied in an experiment in which the MAACL-R state form was administered to two groups of college students, each consisting of 160 participants. Each participant was tested twice with both a baseline "actual" trial and either a "simulate bad" or "simulate good" trial with the "actual" and experimental "simulate" trials counterbalanced. Participants in Sample 2, but not Sample 1, received instructions to be "cautious so as not to be detected." As expected, the scoring pattern of the MAACL-R was susceptible to response manipulation in the predicted directions. However, instructions to "simulate with caution" did not produce significantly different scores than did instructions to "simulate" alone. In the second study, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was used to determine the utility of each MAACL-R scale to detect response simulation. For both "simulate bad" and "simulate good," the PA and PASS scales showed the highest correct classification rates. However, detection of simulating bad was more accurate than determination of simulating good.

Construction of validity scales for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

Three scales, the Fake Bad Scale, the Fake Good Scale, and the Fake Bad-Fake Good scales were developed and evaluated with respect to their capacity to detect response manipulation on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Cutting scores for each scale were cross-validated in two samples consisting of three groups: (1) college students simulating either "fake good" or "fake bad," (2) college students under standard instructions, and (3) psychiatric patients. Cutting scores on the three scales were compared with cutting scores established for the MAACL-R Dysphoria and Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking. Analysis indicated that these scales were more accurate than the Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking and the Dysphoria scales in detecting response manipulation.

A grade four reading level key for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

Data from samples of College Students (n = 433), Adolescents (n = 746), and a community mental health center sample (Outpatients) (n = 202) were rescored using a scoring key that consisted of adjectives from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised at or below the Grade 4 reading level (MAACL-R4). Factor analyses showed that, unlike the MAACL-R, a three-factor structure (Positive Affect 4, Anxious Depression 4, and Hostility 4) best described the 38 Grade 4 adjectives on the MAACL-R4. Estimates of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) for each scale were acceptable. Correlations between scores on MAACL-R4 and four Self-rating Mood Scales showed expected convergent and discriminant validities. Also, patterns of means among the three groups could differentiate the nonreferred from referred samples.

Adolescent norms for the MAACL-R6.

The reliability and validity of the trait form of the sixth-grade version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R6) have been demonstrated for sixth- and seventh-grade public school students and patients at a mental health clinic. In this study, norms for the MAACL-R6 with middle and high school students (grades 6-12) were investigated.

The MAACL-R6 with an adult clinical sample.

To determine the usefulness of the MAACL-R6 (sixth grade reading level version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised), its characteristics were studied in an adult clinical sample. As with the rescored samples, acceptable reliability and validity with this clinical sample was found. Also, the MAACL-R rescored on the sixth grade adjectives was equivalent in reliability and validity to the MAACL-R6 in this clinical sample, indicating that there was no context effect produced by being imbedded in the larger list of adjectives.

The alternate forms of the Positive and Negative Mood Scales: reliability, validity, and equivalence in referred samples.

The reliability (internal consistency and alternate form) of the trait version of the Positive and Negative Mood Scales in referred samples was found to be high, and the concurrent and discriminate validity was found to be moderate. As expected, means of the Positive Mood Scales were significantly higher in nonreferred samples and means of the Negative Mood Scales were significantly higher in referred samples. The alternate forms for each scale were equivalent. The Positive and Negative Mood Scales seem to be ready for use in research.

Mood as a predictor of discharge from Air Force basic training.

In order to determine the predictive validity of the Total Mood score, the Negative Mood Scale, and the Positive Mood Scale of the ST-Depression Adjective Check Lists (ST-DACL), the state version of lists C and D of the ST-DACL was administered on the second day of the Air Force basic training program to 229 newly enlisted Air Force recruits (men = 113; women = 116). Findings were that DACL total score yielded the best overall classification rate, the Positive Mood Scale was most related to predicting eventual discharge, and the Negative Mood Scale was best at predicting graduation.

Further study of the diagnostic and screening efficiency of the ST-Depression Adjective Check Lists.

In order to provide additional data on the diagnostic efficiency of the DACL in a situation in which dual diagnoses that involve depression also are considered, two groups of psychiatric patients completed DACL list E and independently were assigned psychiatric diagnoses via the Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview. Findings indicate that the DACL may be of considerable use in screening for depression. Sensitivity was high for both males and females (.84 and .80, respectively) with a cutting score of 12/13. Correct classification rates were also between 4 and 10% higher than base rates.

A grade-six reading level key for the multiple affect adjective check list-revised.

A scoring key containing adjectives from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R) at or below the Grade 6 reading level (MAACL-R6) was used to rescore data from two nonreferred samples (college students, ns = 52 and 78) and one referred sample of 202 from a community mental health center outpatient clinic. Reliability (measures of internal consistency and test-retest) and validity (correlations with five 5-point self-rating mood scales) were almost as high as those for the MAACL-R, and convergence among the MAACL-R6 scales was not increased. Means for the referred group were significantly higher.

Levels of depression on the ST-Depression Adjective Check Lists as measured by the MMPI-D Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Four levels of depression were established on the ST-Depression Adjective Check Lists in terms of the following criterion measures: the Beck Depression Inventory, the MMPI Depression Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Factor structure of the state and trait versions of the depression adjective check lists.

The factor structure of the state and trait versions of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL) was assessed. Results support the existence of two underlying factors, "negative mood" and "positive mood", which are robust across sex and age groups (elderly, young adults, and adolescents) and across referred as well as nonreferred populations.

Psychometric characteristics of the trait version of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL) in adult psychiatric outpatients.

Psychometric characteristics of the trait version of Set 2 (E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL) were studied in a sample of 177 consecutive admissions to a university medical center clinic of adult psychiatric outpatients (60 males, 117 females). The SCL-90-R and the Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview also were administered. The trait DACL was shown to have high internal consistency (.90 to .92) and alternate form reliability (.86 to .92) and good concurrent (.76) and discriminant validity. The DACL (E, F, G) was able to differentiate between those with or without the presence of a Major Depression. There was a significant correlation between DACL E and levels of distress and psychopathology. In addition, the magnitude of DACL score significantly differentiated psychiatric diagnostic groups.