Fertilización asistida con óvulos propios en mujeres mayores de 40 años: indicaciones y resultados

Las mujeres posponen su maternidad por el deseo de superación personal y profesional. Se conoce que la cantidad y calidad de los óvulos por ciclo dependen de la edad de la paciente. Las tasas de éxito en tratamientos de reproducción asistida disminuyen con la edad, especialmente después de los 40 años. Se observan tasas más altas de nacidos vivos en mujeres más jóvenes y las tasas disminuyen significativamente en mujeres mayores debido a la disminución de la fertilidad y el aumento de abortos espontáneos. Por ello, la edad es crucial al evaluar la posibilidad de un embarazo exitoso mediante tratamientos de reproducción asistida (TRA). Las indicaciones para realizar fertilización in vitro (FIV) con óvulos propios en mujeres mayores de 40 años incluyen iniciar lo más pronto procedimientos de alta complejidad, buena evaluación de la reserva ovárica con análisis de la hormona antimülleriana y conteo de folículos antrales para realizar asesoramiento genético, proponer FIV-inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI) antes de los 44 años, generar expectativas realistas y realizar consentimiento informado, con estadisticas propias. En la REDLARA, de todos los procedimientos de FIV-ICSI, el 34% de las pacientes tienen más de 40 años; se prefiere transferir blastocistos con prueba genética preimplantacional de aneuploidías (PGT-A) para seleccionar embriones euploides. Las tasas de éxito son bajas, inclusive cuando son tasas de embarazo por transferencia de un embrión en el grupo de mujeres ≥ 40 años (18,2% sin PGT, 42,7% con PGT en el IMRCRP). Se recomienda acumular óvulos o embriones realizando múltiples estimulaciones ováricas. Se debe optar por transferir un solo embrión para evitar complicaciones obstétricas con embarazos múltiples en pacientes ≥ 40 años, por el alto riesgo debido a la edad.

Women postpone motherhood because of their desire for personal and professional improvement. It is known that the quantity and quality of oocytes per cycle depends on the patient's age. Success rates in assisted reproduction treatments decrease with age, especially after 40 years of age. Higher live birth rates are observed in younger women, and rates decrease significantly in older women due to decreased fertility and increased miscarriages. Therefore, age is crucial when assessing the possibility of a successful pregnancy through assisted reproductive treatments (ART). The indications to perform in vitro fertilization (IVF) with own ovules in women older than 40 years include starting as soon as possible highly complex procedures, good evaluation of ovarian reserve with antimüllerian hormone analysis (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) for genetic counseling, proposing IVF-intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) before the age of 44 years, generating realistic expectations and informed consent, with own statistics. At REDLARA, of all IVF-ICSI procedures, 34% of patients are over 40 years old; preference is given to transfer blastocysts with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to select euploid embryos. Success rates are low, even when they are pregnancy rates per embryo transfer in the group of women ≥ 40 years (18.2% without PGT, 42.7% with PGT in IMRCRP). It is recommended to bank ovules or embryos by performing multiple ovarian stimulations. A single embryo transfer should be chosen to avoid obstetric complications with multiple pregnancies in patients ≤ 40 years, because of the high risk due to age.

La juventud y el pasado reciente de chile: la (des)politización como política de memoria cotidiana / A juventude e o passado recente do chile: (des) politização como política da memória cotidiana / Youth and recent past of chile: the (de)politicization as a policy of everyday memory

Resumen: Las políticas de memoria han sido estudiadas desde las ciencias sociales principalmente en ámbitos institucionales, siendo escaso su abordaje desde la cotidianidad. Este artículo contribuye a ello presentando resultados de una investigación que buscó comprender la construcción de memorias del pasado reciente de Chile (1970-1990) y sus efectos políticos desde la cotidianidad de jóvenes. Se realizaron entrevistas a 33 jóvenes de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos, posiciones ideológicas y vínculos en relación al conflicto de represión política vivido durante la dictadura militar. Desde el material analizado discursivamente, se evidencia que, para las/os jóvenes, las conversaciones familiares son espacios fundamentales para hacer memoria, donde su posición es considerada como una voz poco legítima para recordar un pasado no vivido directamente. Asimismo, los recuerdos que configuran se caracterizan por su carácter fragmentario y su vínculo con la cotidianidad. Se concluye que si bien lo anterior ha implicado despolitizar la memoria, potencialmente ha instalado también su politización.

Resumo: As políticas da memória têm sido estudadas apartir das ciências sociais principalmente em ambientes institucionais, mas, a sua abordagem na vida cotidiana é escassa. Este artigo contribui para isso, ao apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa que procurou compreender a construção das memórias do passado recente do Chile e os seus efeitos políticos a partir do cotidiano dos jovens. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 33 jovens de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos, posições ideológicas e vínculos em relação ao conflito de repressão política experimentado na ditadura militar. A partir do material analisado discursivamente, fica evidente que, para os jovens, as converções com os familiares são espaços fundamentais para fazer memória, onde a sua posição é mediada por ser considerada uma voz pouco legítima para relembrar um passado não experimentado diretamente. Da mesma forma, as memórias que constituem são caracterizadas pela fragmentação e pela ligação com o quotidiano. Conclui-se que embora o acima tenha implicado em despolitizar a memória, potencialmente também instala a sua politização.

Abstract: Memory politics have been studied from the social sciences mainly in institutional environments, but their approach in everyday life perspective is scarce. This article contributes to this perspective by presenting the results of a study that sought to understand the construction of memories of Chile's recent past (1970-1990) and its political effects from the daily lives of young people. Interviews were carried out with 33 young people selected from different socioeconomic levels, ideological positions and ties in relation to the conflict of political repression experienced during the military dictatorship. From the discursively analyzed material, it is evident that, for young people, conversations with family members are fundamental spaces for making memory, where their position is mediated by being considered not a legitimate voice to remember a past not directly experienced by them. In the same way, the memories built by young people are characterized by fragmentation and connection with everyday life. It is concluded that although the above has implied in depoliticizing memory, it also potentially installs its politicization.

Disparities in human papillomavirus-related cancer incidence and survival among human immunodeficiency virus-infected Hispanics living in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 10% of cancers among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people in the United States. Because Hispanics are disproportionally affected by the HIV epidemic and by infection-related cancers, this study compared incidence rates for HPV-related cancers and survival between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) in the HIV-infected US population. METHODS: Based on data from the HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to estimate cancer risk in HIV-infected Hispanics and the general US Hispanic population. Among HIV-infected people, cancer rates were compared with incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and survival was compared with hazard ratios between Hispanics and NHWs and NHBs. RESULTS: Five hundred two HPV-related cancers occurred in 864,067 person-years of follow-up among HIV-infected Hispanics. Except for oropharyngeal cancer, the risk of HPV-related cancers was higher among HIV-infected Hispanics than in the general population (SIR range, 3.59 [cervical cancer] to 18.7 [anal cancer in men]). Among HIV-infected females, Hispanics had higher cervical cancer rates than NHWs (IRR, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.43) but lower vulvar cancer rates than NHWs (IRR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.24-0.67) and NHBs (IRR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.95). Among HIV-infected males, Hispanics had higher penile cancer rates than NHWs (IRR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.36-4.96) but lower anal cancer rates than NHWs (IRR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.46-0.63) and NHBs (IRR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56-0.77). Among HIV-infected Hispanics, 5-year survival was greater than 50% across HPV-related cancer types, with no major differences by racial/ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected Hispanics have an elevated risk for HPV-related cancers. Similarly to the general population, HIV-infected Hispanics have higher rates of cervical and penile cancer than NHWs and NHBs. HPV vaccination should be promoted among HIV-infected individuals to reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers.

Valor predictivo del estado nutricional de pacientes renales crónicos en hemodiálisis usando índices antropométricos comparado con el Score de Malnutrición e Inflamación como método estándar / Predictive value of the nutritional status of chronic renal patients in hemodialysis using anthropometric indices compared with score of malnutrition and inflammation as a standard method

Introducción: La Enfermedad Renal Crónica es un problema de salud pública mundial, presentando alta prevalencia de malnutrición calórica-proteica sobre todo en aquellos con terapia de hemodiálisis. Objetivos: Valorar el estado nutricional de los pacientes crónicos en hemodiálisis usando índices antropométricos comparándolo con el score de malnutrición e inflamación como método estándar. Diseño: Cuantitativa, observacional, transversal, prospectivo, descriptivo de asociación cruzada. Lugar: Centro de Diálisis María Auxiliadora e Instituto del Riñón de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Participantes: Pacientes renales crónicos en hemodiálisis regular. Método: 99 pacientes mayores de 20 años. Los parámetros antropométricos que se tomaron en cuenta fueron índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de brazo (adulto) y, circunferencia de pantorrilla (adulto mayor); los cuales fueron comparados con el score de malnutrición e inflamación. Principales medidas de resultados: Relación de índice de masa corporal y circunferencias (brazo y pantorrilla) con el score de malnutrición e inflamación. Resultados: Según el índice de masa corporal, en el adulto joven, se obtuvo que la delgadez alcanzó el 3.9 por ciento, frente a un 31.4 por ciento obtenido de la circunferencia de brazo. En el adulto mayor, la delgadez alcanzó un 31.3 por ciento, mientras que en la circunferencia de pantorrilla el 50 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron desnutrición. Aplicando el score de mal nutrición e inflamación, en la población adulta destacó la malnutrición leve con 41.2 por ciento y la mal nutrición moderada en los adultos mayores con 35.4 por ciento. Conclusiones: Se encontró mayor relación entre las circunferencias de pantorrilla y de brazo respecto al índice de masa corporal frente al score de malnutrición e inflamación.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a global public health problem, presenting high prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition especially in those with hemodialysis therapy. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of chronic hemodialysis patients using anthropometric indices compared with the score of malnutrition and inflammation as a standard method. Design: Quantitative, observational, transversal, prospective, descriptive cross association. Location: "Maria Auxiliadora" Centro de Dialisis and Instituto del Riñon of Chiclayo city. Participants: Chronic renal regular hemodialysis patients. Method: 99 patients older than 20 years. Anthropometric parameters were taken into account body mass index, arm circumference (adult) and calf circumference (elderly); which they were compared with the score of malnutrition and inflammation. Main outcome measures: Ratio body mass index and circumferences (arm and calf) with the score of malnutrition and inflammation. Results: According to the body mass index in young adults, it was found that the thinness reached 3.9 per cent, compared with 31.4 per cent obtained from the arm circumference. In the elderly, thinness reached 31.3 per cent, while the circumference of calf 50 per cent of patients had malnutrition. Applying the score of malnutrition and inflammation, he highlighted in the adult population with mild malnutrition 41.2 per cent and moderate malnutrition in older adults with 35.4 per cent. Conclusions: Greater relationship between the circumferences of calf and arm relative to the body mass index score against malnutrition and inflammation was found.

Trends in cancer diagnoses and survival among persons with AIDS in a high HIV prevalence urban area.

Washington, DC (DC), has among the highest AIDS prevalence and cancer incidence in the USA. This study compared cancer diagnoses and survival among AIDS cases with AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) to those with non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in DC from 1996 to 2006. Survival by cancer type and time period was also examined for 300 individuals diagnosed with AIDS who developed cancer; 49% of AIDS cases developed an ADC. ADC cases were younger at both AIDS and cancer diagnosis and had significantly lower median CD4 counts at AIDS diagnosis than NADC cases. The most frequent cancers were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; 44% of ADC), Kaposi's sarcoma (40% of ADC), and lung cancer (20% of NADC). There was no significant difference in distribution of cancers when comparing ADCs to NADCs, or over time (1996-2001 vs. 2002-2006). Survival among NHL, oral cavity, and lung cancer cases was 0.4, 0.8, and 0.3 years, respectively; the risk of death was approximately two times higher for each of these cancers when compared to other cancers. Given the high burden of cancer and HIV in DC, early highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation, routine cancer screening, and risk reduction through behavioral modification should be emphasized to prevent cancer among HIV-infected persons.

Efficacy and safety of iorEPOCIM for chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced anemia in pediatric cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Recombinant human erythropoietin (RHuEPO) is an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) used to treat anemia in patients with total or relative erythropoietin deficit. In cancer patients, it is administered to optimize hemoglobin (Hb) levels, correct anemia and reduce the need for transfusions. Cuba produces a RHuEPO, registered in 1998 as iorEPOCIM, that is widely used in the national public health system, mainly to treat patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of iorEPOCIM in pediatric cancer patients with anemia following chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The working hypothesis posed an Hb increase>or=15 g/l in 70% of patients receiving iorEPOCIM for 8 weeks. METHODS: A Phase IV, multicenter, open clinical trial was conducted. Participants were 157 patients aged 1-19 years with anemia and cyto-histological diagnosis of cancer in any location. Patients received either 600 U/kg iorEPOCIM intravenously, once weekly, or 150 U/kg iorEPOCIM subcutaneously, 3 times a week, for 8 weeks. All patients had blood tests every week to determine hemoglobin and hematocrit, and reticulocyte and platelet counts. Mean number of transfusions required by patients during the treatment period was compared to the mean number of transfusions received in the preceding 8 weeks. Adverse events (AE) were recorded at the 4th and 8th weeks and classified by intensity and causality. RESULTS: Hb levels rose>or=15 g/l in 68.8% of patients, and transfusion requirements decreased 17%. The most frequent adverse events were fever (19.3%), vomiting (10.2%) and flu-like syndrome (9.6%). Intensity of AE was predominantly mild. Only 7 AE were classified as very probably related to the product and none of those was severe. CONCLUSIONS: iorEPOCIM proved to be safe and effective at the doses and frequencies used in this patient population. As a result, this medication was recommended for use in all pediatric oncology and hematology services in the country.

Equivalencia y terapeútica entre IOR® Epocim y Epo sin albumina en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica / Therapeutic equivalence between IOR® EPOCIM and EPO without albumin in patients in hemodyalisis with Chronic renal Insufficiency

Ensayo Clínico Fase II-III, controlado, monocéntrico, a doble ciegas y aleatorizado, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento con EPO Sin/Albúmina con un nuevo estabilizante y determinar la equivalencia terapéutica de esta formulación con el ior® EPOCIM, en enfermos hemodializados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes, en hemodiálisis iterada 3 veces por semana, Kt/V mayor 1.2, los que mantuvieran niveles iguales o superiores de 10 g/l de Hemoglobina durante al menos 3 meses, tratados con ior Ò EPOCIM, divididos en 2 grupos, con 30 pacientes cada uno. El primero, recibió con EPO S/A la dosis habitual de Eritropoyetina y el segundo, con ior® EPOCIM, ambos por vía subcutánea en dosis 1:1 sin modificación de la dosis, evaluando la respuesta hematológica (hemoglobina/ hematocrito) de ambos productos. Los grupos de tratamiento fueron homogéneos, según las variables analizadas: la edad media para el grupo EPO SA fue de 43.8 años, mientras para el grupo ior® EPOCIM fue de 46.8 años; la media del peso seco fue de 61.1 Kg vs. 60.4 Kg. La dosis de Eritropoyetina administrada solo fue variada en dependencia del cambio de peso del enfermo entre la dosis al inicio y al final de las 12 semanas: EPO S/A 7482.9 vs. 7485.4 UI/Kg/semanal y ior â EPOCIM 8045.3 vs. 8018.6 UI/Kg/semanal. Los resultados iniciales del hematocrito (35.9 por ciento vs. 36.6 por ciento) y de la hemoglobina (11.6 vs. 11.7 g/dl) mostraron que las medias del hematocrito, para ambos grupos, al final del estudio, tuvieron una diferencia inferior a 3 por ciento (33.8 vs. 34.5) y en la hemoglobina inferior a 1 g/dl (10.6 vs. 10.7), con una disminución ligera al final del tratamiento similar para ambos grupos. Los eventos adversos detectados fueron: dolor en el sitio de la inyección (63 por ciento), hipotensión (53.3 por ciento), calambre (31.7 por ciento ) y cefaleas (15 por ciento ) atribuibles al proceder de hemodiálisis, con un perfil de seguridad propio de enfermos en hemodiálisis. No se observaro......(AU)

A randomized, double blind, controlled, monocentric Clinical Trial Phase II-III is conducted to establish the efficacy and security of the treatment with EPO without/albumin with a new stabilizer and determine the equivalence of this formulation with the ior® EPOCIM in hemodyalized patients. 60 patients were included in iterated hemodyalisis 3 times per week, Kt/V >1,2, those who kept similar or superior levels of 10g/L of Hemoglobin during at least, for 3 months, treated with ior® EPOCIM divided in 2 groups , of 30 patients each. The first, received an EPO W/A, habitual dose of erythropoietin and the second with ior® EPOCIM, both administered s/c in doses of 1:1, no modifications in doses, evaluating the hematological response (hemoglobin, CBC) in both products. The treatment groups were homogeneous, according to the variables: for the group EPO W/A: mean age was 43.8 years, while for the group ior® EPOCIM was 46, 8 years. The media of the dry weight was of a 61,1KG vs. 60, 4 KG. Doses of erythropoietin varied only in dependence with the weight changes of the patient at the beginning and at the end of the 12 weeks. EPO W/A 7482.9 vs.7485.4 U/KG/week and ior® EPOCIM 8045.3 vs. 8018.6 UI/KG/week. Initial results of the CBC (35, 9 percent vs. 36,6 percent ) and hemoglobin (11,6 vs. 11,7 g/dl) showed that medias of CBC for both groups at the end of the study had a difference inferior to 3 percent ( 33,8 vs. 34,5) and in hemoglobin , inferior to 1 g/dl (10,6 vs. 10,7), with a slight decrease at the end of the treatment for both groups. The detected adverse effects were: pain in the site of the injection, (63 percent) hypotension (53, 3 percent ), cramps (31, 7 percent) and headaches (15 percent), all attributable to the hemodyalisis process with a profile very similar to all the patients undergoing hemodyalisis. There were no statistical differences among the groups (p=0.5938). The results allow suggest the equivalence of this new product to establish its ....(AU)

Equivalencia y terapeútica entre IOR® Epocim y Epo sin albumina en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica / Therapeutic equivalence between IOR® EPOCIM and EPO without albumin in patients in hemodyalisis with Chronic renal Insufficiency

Ensayo Clínico Fase II-III, controlado, monocéntrico, a doble ciegas y aleatorizado, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento con EPO Sin/Albúmina con un nuevo estabilizante y determinar la equivalencia terapéutica de esta formulación con el ior® EPOCIM, en enfermos hemodializados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes, en hemodiálisis iterada 3 veces por semana, Kt/V mayor 1.2, los que mantuvieran niveles iguales o superiores de 10 g/l de Hemoglobina durante al menos 3 meses, tratados con ior Ò EPOCIM, divididos en 2 grupos, con 30 pacientes cada uno. El primero, recibió con EPO S/A la dosis habitual de Eritropoyetina y el segundo, con ior® EPOCIM, ambos por vía subcutánea en dosis 1:1 sin modificación de la dosis, evaluando la respuesta hematológica (hemoglobina/ hematocrito) de ambos productos. Los grupos de tratamiento fueron homogéneos, según las variables analizadas: la edad media para el grupo EPO SA fue de 43.8 años, mientras para el grupo ior® EPOCIM fue de 46.8 años; la media del peso seco fue de 61.1 Kg vs. 60.4 Kg. La dosis de Eritropoyetina administrada solo fue variada en dependencia del cambio de peso del enfermo entre la dosis al inicio y al final de las 12 semanas: EPO S/A 7482.9 vs. 7485.4 UI/Kg/semanal y ior â EPOCIM 8045.3 vs. 8018.6 UI/Kg/semanal. Los resultados iniciales del hematocrito (35.9 por ciento vs. 36.6 por ciento) y de la hemoglobina (11.6 vs. 11.7 g/dl) mostraron que las medias del hematocrito, para ambos grupos, al final del estudio, tuvieron una diferencia inferior a 3 por ciento (33.8 vs. 34.5) y en la hemoglobina inferior a 1 g/dl (10.6 vs. 10.7), con una disminución ligera al final del tratamiento similar para ambos grupos. Los eventos adversos detectados fueron: dolor en el sitio de la inyección (63 por ciento), hipotensión (53.3 por ciento), calambre (31.7 por ciento ) y cefaleas (15 por ciento ) atribuibles al proceder de hemodiálisis, con un perfil de seguridad propio de enfermos en hemodiálisis. No se observaro...

A randomized, double blind, controlled, monocentric Clinical Trial Phase II-III is conducted to establish the efficacy and security of the treatment with EPO without/albumin with a new stabilizer and determine the equivalence of this formulation with the ior® EPOCIM in hemodyalized patients. 60 patients were included in iterated hemodyalisis 3 times per week, Kt/V >1,2, those who kept similar or superior levels of 10g/L of Hemoglobin during at least, for 3 months, treated with ior® EPOCIM divided in 2 groups , of 30 patients each. The first, received an EPO W/A, habitual dose of erythropoietin and the second with ior® EPOCIM, both administered s/c in doses of 1:1, no modifications in doses, evaluating the hematological response (hemoglobin, CBC) in both products. The treatment groups were homogeneous, according to the variables: for the group EPO W/A: mean age was 43.8 years, while for the group ior® EPOCIM was 46, 8 years. The media of the dry weight was of a 61,1KG vs. 60, 4 KG. Doses of erythropoietin varied only in dependence with the weight changes of the patient at the beginning and at the end of the 12 weeks. EPO W/A 7482.9 vs.7485.4 U/KG/week and ior® EPOCIM 8045.3 vs. 8018.6 UI/KG/week. Initial results of the CBC (35, 9 percent vs. 36,6 percent ) and hemoglobin (11,6 vs. 11,7 g/dl) showed that medias of CBC for both groups at the end of the study had a difference inferior to 3 percent ( 33,8 vs. 34,5) and in hemoglobin , inferior to 1 g/dl (10,6 vs. 10,7), with a slight decrease at the end of the treatment for both groups. The detected adverse effects were: pain in the site of the injection, (63 percent) hypotension (53, 3 percent ), cramps (31, 7 percent) and headaches (15 percent), all attributable to the hemodyalisis process with a profile very similar to all the patients undergoing hemodyalisis. There were no statistical differences among the groups (p=0.5938). The results allow suggest the equivalence of this new product to establish its...