KLRG1, Another Opportunity for a Breakthrough in MTCL.

Outcomes in mature T-cell lymphomas remain poor, with previous attempts at developing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) compromised by limited efficacy and significant immunocompromise. Anti-killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 mAbs may have greater selectivity and specificity for malignant T-cells and avoid the toxicity concerns with previous agents.

Approach to High-Risk Multiple Myeloma.

Improving the outcome of high-risk myeloma (HRMM) is a key therapeutic aim for the next decade. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to understand in detail the genetic drivers underlying this clinical behavior and to target its biology therapeutically. Advances have already been made, with a focus on consensus guidance and the application of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Cases of HRMM are likely to have impaired prognosis even with novel strategies. However, if disease eradication and minimal disease states are achieved, then cure may be possible.

On the Precipice of a "Rituximab-Like" Era for T-Cell Lymphomas?

To date, mAbs have had limited success in improving outcomes for patients with T-cell lymphomas. Preclinical data suggest that anti-T-cell receptor Vß-segment mAbs are a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with T-cell lymphomas that avoid several limitations of current therapies. See related article by Lucero et al., p. 4230.

Multiomic Mapping of Acquired Chromosome 1 Copy-Number and Structural Variants to Identify Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Multiple Myeloma.

PURPOSE: Chromosome 1 (chr1) copy-number abnormalities (CNA) and structural variants (SV) are frequent in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) and are associated with a heterogeneous impact on outcomes, the drivers of which are largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A multiomic approach comprising CRISPR, gene mapping of CNAs and SVs, methylation, expression, and mutational analysis was used to document the extent of chr1 molecular variants and their impact on pathway utilization. RESULTS: We identified two distinct groups of gain(1q): focal gains associated with limited gene-expression changes and a neutral prognosis, and whole-arm gains, which are associated with substantial gene-expression changes, complex genetics, and an adverse prognosis. CRISPR identified a number of dependencies on chr1 but only limited variants associated with acquired CNAs. We identified seven regions of deletion, nine of gain, three of chromothripsis (CT), and two of templated insertion (TI), which contain a number of potential drivers. An additional mechanism involving hypomethylation of genes at 1q may contribute to the aberrant gene expression of a number of genes. Expression changes associated with whole-arm gains were substantial and gene set enrichment analysis identified metabolic processes, apoptotic resistance, signaling via the MAPK pathway, and upregulation of transcription factors as being key drivers of the adverse prognosis associated with these variants. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple layers of genetic complexity impact the phenotype associated with CNAs on chr1 to generate its associated clinical phenotype. Whole-arm gains of 1q are the critically important prognostic group that deregulate multiple pathways, which may offer therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Novel agents in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), ineligible for or relapsing after autologous stem-cell transplant or chimeric antigen-receptor T-cell therapies have poor outcomes. Several novel agents, polatuzumab vedotin, tafasitamab, loncastuximab tesirine, and selinexor, have been approved and offer new opportunities for this difficult to treat population. Studies are evaluating combination of these agents with chemotherapy and other emerging therapies. Additionally, advances in our understanding of DLBCL biology, genetics, and immune microenvironment have allowed for the identification of new therapeutic targets like Ikaros and Aiolos, IRAK4, MALT1, and CD47 with several agents in ongoing clinical trials. In this chapter we review updated data supporting the use of the approved agents and discuss other emerging novel therapies for patients with R/R DLBCL.

Polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed / refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma.

INTRODUCTION: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive lymphoma histology. Outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) disease remain suboptimal. Polatuzumab vedotin (polatuzumab) is a recently approved antibody drug conjugate that targets CD79b, with a tubulin toxin payload, that has demonstrated significant clinical activity and an acceptable toxicity profile when administered with both anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy in clinical trials. AREAS COVERED: In this article, we discuss the early-phase trials supporting the accelerated FDA approval of polatuzumab for patients with R/R DLBCL and review the status of and data from ongoing trials combining polatuzumab with other agents. EXPERT OPINION: Polatuzumab is an important new tool for the management of patients with R/R DLBCL who are ineligible for or who relapse following standard second-line therapies. Combinations of polatuzumab with other agents may represent an opportunity to improve outcomes for this difficult to treat population. The recent publication of the POLARIX trial (NCT03274492) incorporating polatuzumab in the frontline treatment of DLBCL may impact the future role of this agent in the R/R setting.

HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma: outcomes from a US-UK collaborative analysis.

Data addressing prognostication in patients with HIV related Burkitt lymphoma (HIV-BL) currently treated remain scarce. We present an international analysis of 249 (United States: 140; United Kingdom: 109) patients with HIV-BL treated from 2008 to 2019 aiming to identify prognostic factors and outcomes. With a median follow up of 4.5 years, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 61% (95% confidence interval [CI] 55% to 67%) and 66% (95%CI 59% to 71%), respectively, with similar results in both countries. Patients with baseline central nervous system (CNS) involvement had shorter 3-year PFS (36%) compared to patients without CNS involvement (69%; P < .001) independent of frontline treatment. The incidence of CNS recurrence at 3 years across all treatments was 11% with a higher incidence observed after dose-adjusted infusional etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, cyclophosphamide (DA-EPOCH) (subdistribution hazard ratio: 2.52; P = .03 vs other regimens) without difference by CD4 count 100/mm3. In multivariate models, factors independently associated with inferior PFS were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 2-4 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.87; P = .007), baseline CNS involvement (HR 1.70; P = .023), lactate dehydrogenase >5 upper limit of normal (HR 2.09; P < .001); and >1 extranodal sites (HR 1.58; P = .043). The same variables were significant in multivariate models for OS. Adjusting for these prognostic factors, treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, etoposide, and high-dose cytarabine (CODOX-M/IVAC) was associated with longer PFS (adjusted HR [aHR] 0.45; P = .005) and OS (aHR 0.44; P = .007). Remarkably, HIV features no longer influence prognosis in contemporaneously treated HIV-BL.

Outcomes of Burkitt lymphoma with central nervous system involvement: evidence from a large multicenter cohort study.

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) poses a major therapeutic challenge, and the relative ability of contemporary regimens to treat CNS involvement remains uncertain. We described prognostic significance of CNS involvement and incidence of CNS recurrence/progression after contemporary immunochemotherapy using real-world clinicopathologic data on adults with BL diagnosed between 2009 and 2018 across 30 US institutions. We examined associations between baseline CNS involvement, patient characteristics, complete response (CR) rates, and survival. We also examined risk factors for CNS recurrence. Nineteen percent (120/641) of patients (age 18-88 years) had CNS involvement. It was independently associated with HIV infection, poor performance status, involvement of ≥2 extranodal sites, or bone marrow involvement. First-line regimen selection was unaffected by CNS involvement (P=0.93). Patients with CNS disease had significantly lower rates of CR (59% versus 77% without; P<0.001), worse 3-year progression-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-2.06, P=0.004) and overall survival (aHR, 1.62, 95%CI, 1.18-2.22, P=0.003). The 3-year cumulative incidence of CNS recurrence was 6% (95%CI, 4-8%). It was significantly lower among patients receiving other regimens (CODOX-M/IVAC, 4%, or hyperCVAD/MA, 3%) compared with DA-EPOCH-R (13%; adjusted sub-HR, 4.38, 95%CI, 2.16-8.87, P<0.001). Baseline CNS involvement in BL is relatively common and portends inferior prognosis independent of first-line regimen selection. In real-world practice, regimens with highly CNS-penetrant intravenous systemic agents were associated with a lower risk of CNS recurrence. This finding may be influenced by observed suboptimal adherence to the strict CNS staging and intrathecal therapy procedures incorporated in DA-EPOCH-R.

Burkitt lymphoma in the modern era: real-world outcomes and prognostication across 30 US cancer centers.

We examined adults with untreated Burkitt lymphoma (BL) from 2009 to 2018 across 30 US cancer centers. Factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in univariate and multivariate Cox models. Among 641 BL patients, baseline features included the following: median age, 47 years; HIV+, 22%; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 2 to 4, 23%; >1 extranodal site, 43%; advanced stage, 78%; and central nervous system (CNS) involvement, 19%. Treatment-related mortality was 10%, with most common causes being sepsis, gastrointestinal bleed/perforation, and respiratory failure. With 45-month median follow-up, 3-year PFS and OS rates were 64% and 70%, respectively, without differences by HIV status. Survival was better for patients who received rituximab vs not (3-year PFS, 67% vs 38%; OS, 72% vs 44%; P < .001) and without difference based on setting of administration (ie, inpatient vs outpatient). Outcomes were also improved at an academic vs community cancer center (3-year PFS, 67% vs 46%, P = .006; OS, 72% vs 53%, P = .01). In multivariate models, age ≥ 40 years (PFS, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.70, P = .001; OS, HR = 2.09, P < .001), ECOG PS 2 to 4 (PFS, HR = 1.60, P < .001; OS, HR = 1.74, P = .003), lactate dehydrogenase > 3× normal (PFS, HR = 1.83, P < .001; OS, HR = 1.63, P = .009), and CNS involvement (PFS, HR = 1.52, P = .017; OS, HR = 1.67, P = .014) predicted inferior survival. Furthermore, survival varied based on number of factors present (0, 1, 2 to 4 factors) yielding 3-year PFS rates of 91%, 73%, and 50%, respectively; and 3-year OS rates of 95%, 77%, and 56%, respectively. Collectively, outcomes for adult BL in this real-world analysis appeared more modest compared with results of clinical trials and smaller series. In addition, clinical prognostic factors at diagnosis identified patients with divergent survival rates.

Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a unique rare subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) which differs clinically, pathologically and biologically from classic HL, warranting a nuanced approach to treatment. CD20 expression by malignant lymphocyte-predominant cells, a tendency for late relapses, and the risk of transformation to aggressive large B-cell lymphoma are characteristic features with important implications for treatment and follow-up. Recognition of histopathological variant patterns is also critical, with important implications for prognosis and treatment. The optimal management for NLPHL is unclear and opinions differ as to whether treatment paradigms should be similar to, or differ from, those for classic HL. Therapy differs for early versus advanced stage disease and for frontline versus relapsed or refractory disease. Potential treatment strategies include radiotherapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, rituximab and watchful waiting. Given the excellent overall survival of NLPHL, treatment choices should be geared towards reducing long-term toxicity and optimizing survivorship. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature and discuss modern principles in the management of NLPHL.

Novel Approaches in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.

Recent advances in the understanding of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) biology have paved the way for development of a plethora of novel therapeutic strategies. The success of ibrutinib in WM has shifted treatment paradigms away from conventional chemoimmunotherapy approaches. Recognition of high-risk genomic subgroups as well as mechanisms of acquired resistance to ibrutinib have led to targeting of additional pathways. In this article, the authors review ongoing and emerging trials of novel therapies in WM that target the B-cell receptor pathway beyond ibrutinib, toll-like receptor pathway, chemokine signaling, apoptotic pathway, chromatin remodeling, protein transport, the immune microenvironment, and CD19-directed immunotherapy.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.

The development of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and their introduction into clinical practice represent a major advance in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B-cell lymphomas. Although ibrutinib is the only BTK inhibitor that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, several others are under investigation. Ibrutinib is currently approved for use in relapsed/refractory CLL, CLL with 17p deletion (del[17p]), relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Although it is clear that ibrutinib has altered treatment paradigms and outcomes in these diseases, several questions remain regarding (1) its role in frontline vs salvage therapy; (2) its use as a single agent vs in combination with biologic agents, other small molecules, or traditional chemoimmunotherapy; (3) the optimal duration of treatment; and (4) the treatment of patients who cannot tolerate or have disease resistant to ibrutinib. Because sparse clinical data are available on other BTK inhibitors, it is unclear at present whether their clinical efficacy and toxicity will differ from those of ibrutinib.

Ibrutinib in previously treated Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

BACKGROUND: MYD88(L265P) and CXCR4(WHIM) mutations are highly prevalent in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. MYD88(L265P) triggers tumor-cell growth through Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a target of ibrutinib. CXCR4(WHIM) mutations confer in vitro resistance to ibrutinib. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of ibrutinib in 63 symptomatic patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia who had received at least one previous treatment, and we investigated the effect of MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations on outcomes. Ibrutinib at a daily dose of 420 mg was administered orally until disease progression or the development of unacceptable toxic effects. RESULTS: After the patients received ibrutinib, median serum IgM levels decreased from 3520 mg per deciliter to 880 mg per deciliter, median hemoglobin levels increased from 10.5 g per deciliter to 13.8 g per deciliter, and bone marrow involvement decreased from 60% to 25% (P<0.01 for all comparisons). The median time to at least a minor response was 4 weeks. The overall response rate was 90.5%, and the major response rate was 73.0%; these rates were highest among patients with MYD88(L265P)CXCR4(WT) (with WT indicating wild-type) (100% overall response rate and 91.2% major response rate), followed by patients with MYD88(L265P)CXCR4(WHIM) (85.7% and 61.9%, respectively) and patients with MYD88(WT)CXCR4(WT) (71.4% and 28.6%). The estimated 2-year progression-free and overall survival rates among all patients were 69.1% and 95.2%, respectively. Treatment-related toxic effects of grade 2 or higher included neutropenia (in 22% of the patients) and thrombocytopenia (in 14%), which were more common in heavily pretreated patients; postprocedural bleeding (in 3%); epistaxis associated with the use of fish-oil supplements (in 3%); and atrial fibrillation associated with a history of arrhythmia (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Ibrutinib was highly active, associated with durable responses, and safe in pretreated patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. MYD88 and CXCR4 mutation status affected responses to this drug. (Funded by Pharmacyclics and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01614821.).

Dose-adjusted EPOCH-rituximab therapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a distinct subtype of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma that is closely related to nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's lymphoma. Patients are usually young and present with large mediastinal masses. There is no standard treatment, but the inadequacy of immunochemotherapy alone has resulted in routine consolidation with mediastinal radiotherapy, which has potentially serious late effects. We aimed to develop a strategy that improves the rate of cure and obviates the need for radiotherapy. METHODS: We conducted a single-group, phase 2, prospective study of infusional dose-adjusted etoposide, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide with vincristine, prednisone, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) and filgrastim without radiotherapy in 51 patients with untreated primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. We used results from a retrospective study of DA-EPOCH-R from another center to independently verify the outcomes. RESULTS: The patients had a median age of 30 years (range, 19 to 52) and a median tumor diameter of 11 cm; 59% were women. During a median of 5 years of follow-up, the event-free survival rate was 93%, and the overall survival rate was 97%. Among the 16 patients who were involved in the retrospective analysis at another center, over a median of 3 years of follow-up, the event-free survival rate was 100%, and no patients received radiotherapy. No late morbidity or cardiac toxic effects were found in any patients. After follow-up ranging from 10 months to 14 years, all but 2 of the 51 patients (4%) who received DA-EPOCH-R alone were in complete remission. The 2 remaining patients received radiotherapy and were disease-free at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with DA-EPOCH-R obviated the need for radiotherapy in patients with primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00001337.).

Integration of patient-specific paranasal sinus computed tomographic data into a virtual surgical environment.

BACKGROUND: The advent of both high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) imaging and minimally invasive endoscopic techniques has led to revolutionary advances in sinus surgery. However, the rhinologist is left to make the conceptual jump between static cross-sectional images and the anatomy encountered intraoperatively. A three-dimensional (3D) visuo-haptic representation of the patient's anatomy may allow for enhanced preoperative planning and rehearsal, with the goal of improving outcomes, decreasing complications, and enhancing technical skills. METHODS: We developed a novel method of automatically constructing 3D visuo-haptic models of patients' anatomy from preoperative CT scans for placement in a virtual surgical environment (VSE). State-of-the-art techniques were used to create a high-fidelity representation of salient bone and soft tissue anatomy and to enable manipulation of the virtual patient in a surgically meaningful manner. A modified haptic interface device drives a virtual endoscope that mimics the surgical configuration. RESULTS: The creation and manipulation of sinus anatomy from CT data appeared to provide a relevant means of exploring patient-specific anatomy. Unlike more traditional methods of interacting with multiplanar imaging data, our VSE provides the potential for a more intuitive experience that can replicate the views and access expected at surgery. The inclusion of tactile (haptic) feedback provides an additional dimension of realism. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of patient-specific clinical CT data into a virtual surgical environment holds the potential to offer the surgeon a novel means to prepare for rhinologic procedures and offer training to residents. An automated pathway for segmentation, reconstruction, and an intuitive interface for manipulation may enable rehearsal of planned procedures.