CD4(+) T-cell survival in the GI tract requires dectin-1 during fungal infection.

Dectin-1 is an innate antifungal C-type lectin receptor necessary for protective antifungal immunity. We recently discovered that Dectin-1 is involved in controlling fungal infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but how this C-type lectin receptor mediates these activities is unknown. Here, we show that Dectin-1 is essential for driving fungal-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses in the GI tract. Loss of Dectin-1 resulted in abrogated dendritic cell responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and defective T-cell co-stimulation, causing substantial increases in CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis and reductions in the cellularity of GI-associated lymphoid tissues. CD8(+) T-cell responses were unaffected by Dectin-1 deficiency. These functions of Dectin-1 have significant implications for our understanding of intestinal immunity and susceptibility to fungal infections.

[Pineapple juice as a negative oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]. / Utilisation du jus d'ananas en tant qu'agent de contraste négatif en cholangiopancréatographie par résonance magnétique*

PURPOSE: The quality of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images is frequently degraded by high signal from the gastrointestinal tract on heavily T2W images. The purpose of this study is to evaluate pineapple juice (PJ) as an oral negative contrast agent in MRCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results from MRCP in 50 patients with PJ and 50 patients with paramagnetic contrast (ferumoxsil-Lumirem) were compared. Reviewers were blinded to the type of contrast agent. Exam quality was recorded with regards to signal suppression in the stomach, duodenum and proximal small bowel and with regards to pancreatic duct and biliary ducts visualization. In vitro, the signal characteristics of several commercially available brands of PJ were assessed using T1W, T2W and MRCP sequences. Signal intensity was correlated with the manganese concentration measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Finally, the reviewers compared the taste of PJ and ferumoxsil. RESULTS: On MRCP sequences, results were similar with regards to signal suppression in the stomach, duodenum and proximal small bowel with PJ and ferumoxsil. Visualization of the pancreatic duct, intrahgepatic bile ducts and CBD was similar with PJ and ferumoxsil. The signal intensity of commercially available brands of PJ on T2W and MRCP sequences correlated well with the measured manganese concentration on spectroscopy. Variations in manganese concentration were observed, with values ranging from 3.65 to 27.24 mg/L. The reviewers noted that PJ tasted "good" or "very good" and that ferumoxsil tasted "bad" or "very bad". CONCLUSION: Ingestion of PJ provides effective signal suppression in the GI tract on MRCP, similar to paramagnetic contrast agents. Because manganese concentration is highly variable in commercially available PJ brands, a brand with high manganese concentration should be selected.

[Alcohol consumption and positive alcohol expectancies in young adults: a typological approach using TwoStep cluster]. / Consommation d'alcool et attentes d'effets positifs chez les jeunes adultes: approche typologique avec la méthode de classification TwoStep.

AIMS: The present study investigates the heterogeneity of the population of young adult drinkers with respect to alcohol consumption and Positive Alcohol Expectancies (PAEs). Based on the positive relationship between both kinds of variables, PAE is commonly viewed as a potential motivational factor of alcoholic addiction. Empirical analyses based on the regression of alcohol consumption on PAEs suppose that the observations are statistically homogeneous with respect to the level of alcohol consumption, however. We explored the existence of moderate drinkers with a high PAE profile, and abusive drinkers with a low PAE profile. METHOD: 1,017 young adult drinkers, mean age=23 +/- 2.84, with various educational levels, comprising 506 males and 511 females, were recruited as voluntary participants in a survey by undergraduate psychology students from the University of Toulouse Le Mirail. They completed a French version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identifiction Test (AUDIT) and a French adaptation of the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ). Three levels of alcohol consumption were defined using the AUDIT score, and six composite scores were obtained by averaging the relevant item-scores from the AEQ. The AEQ scores were interpreted as measurement of six kinds of PAEs, namely Global positive change, Sexual enhancement, Social and physical pleasure, Social assertiveness, Relaxation, and Arousal/Power. The TwoStep cluster methodology was used to explore the data. This methodology is convenient to deal with a mix of quantitative and qualitative variables, and it provides a classification model which is optimized through the use of an information criterion as Schwarz's Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). RESULTS: The automatic clustering suggested five clusters, whose stability was ascertained until 75% of the sample size. Low drinkers (n=527) were split into one cluster of low PAEs (I1) and, interestingly, one cluster of high PAEs (I3, 46%). High drinkers (n=344) were split into one cluster of intermediate PAEs (II4) and one cluster of high PAEs (II5, 52%). Interestingly again, abusive drinkers (n=146) remained a single group (III2), exhibiting high PAEs. Clusters I3 and III3 comprised a significant proportion of males. Constraining the algorithm to find 6 clusters did not affect class III2, but split low drinkers into three clusters. DISCUSSION: Although the present results should be considered cautiously because of the novelty of TwoStep cluster methodology, they suggest a group of moderate drinkers with high PAEs. Also, abusive drinkers express high PAEs (except for 2 cases). Statistical homogeneity of moderate drinkers with respect to PAE variables appears as a dubious assumption.

[Preliminary reports from a psychometric fixation-regression study using the McGill Object Relations Scale]. / Premiers eléments pour une etude psychométrique de la fixation-régression avec la McGill Object Relations Scale.

INTRODUCTION: Psychosexual development is generally assessed clinically, that is to say, in a qualitative manner (Piper and Duncan, 1999). Dymetryszyn, Bouchard, Bienvenu, De Carufel, and Gaston (1997) recently proposed a more quantitative approach based on the overall maturity of the subject's object relations. BACKGROUND: Object-relation maturity is quantified using a profile that defines a score for each stage of an individual's psychosexual development: oral-narcissistic, oral-objectal, anal, phallic pre-oedipal, oedipal, and genital. The McGill Object Relations Scale (MORS) (Dymetryszyn et al., 1997) was adapted (Combalbert, Vautier, Bourdet-Loubère, Favard, & Bouchard, 2002) and then used to obtain the quantitative scores. The relationship between overall object-relation maturity and psychosexual development is complex. Psychosexual development is considered here to be a constant latent dimension. Accordingly, the higher the level of development, the greater the individual's possibility of establishing the object relations that correspond to more evolved stages. Inversely, the lower the level of development, the more the individual is forced to rely on object relations corresponding to earlier stages of development. However, the connection between the object-relation maturity profile and psychosexual development is made even more complex by the existence of the well-known phenomenon of fixation-regression. OBJECTIVES: This article attempts to determine how fixation-regression is reflected in the structure of the profiles of a sample of individuals whose clinical diagnosis suggests probable regression to the anal stage. METHODS: The subjects chosen had borderline personality disorder coupled with either perversion or psychopathy. The data were modelled using an unfolding model. MORS was used on 60 criminal subjects who had been charged with, or convicted of, crimes against persons. The nosographic diagnosis was based on the psychiatric assessment of the prisoners. DSM IV diagnostic criteria were used as a reference to confirm or refute the pronounced diagnosis. Only subjects who met at least five criteria for borderline personality disorder were included in the sample. To assess the reliability of the individual scores, two expert judges blindly scored the 60 protocols. RESULTS: The results obtained with an unfolding model support the hypothesis that the observed ordinates for the oral-narcissistic, oral-objectal, phallic pre-oedipal, oedipal, and genital stages obey a law of synchrony that complies with the postulate of a continuum in psychosexual development. The second main result was the fact that the observed ordinates for the level corresponding to the anal stage could not be described by the model. Furthermore, this finding did not come from a possible scoring error, since inter-judge reliability was 0.93 for that level. DISCUSSION: These results are encouraging for the utilization of MORS as a technique for quantifying object relations. This study on a sample of individuals with a high probability of anal stage fixation-regression suggests that this type of phenomenon can be objectified by means of MORS profiles. However, the present study has some limitations of its own. The main methodological drawback pertains to the subjective aspect of the protocol scoring. The two judges had a great deal of joint experience in scoring other protocols on the MORS grid. This could explain the particularly high inter-judge correlations, compared to the within-class correlations published by Dymetryszyn et al. (1997). CONCLUSION: One cannot rule out the possibility that our analyses would have had different outcomes had other independent judges scored the 60 protocols. Moreover, our results cannot be generalized without replication. A critical test would be to replicate our analyses on similar data, and to examine the unfolding model's behavior on data from a sample of ordinary adults diagnosed as not having strong fixation-regression tendencies. If the synchrony laws defined by the unfolding model are correct, the anal stage should be included in the arc formed by projecting the six stages on the factorial plane of the principal component analysis. Fundamental research based on the psychosexual theory of the libido and supported by statistical data can objectify the vicissitudes of psychosexual development (such as fixation-regression) or developmental differences across groups of individuals. This makes a strong case for pursuing MORS-based investigations.

[Linear factor analytic models for reliability analysis of composite variables]. / Modèles factoriels linéaires pour l'analyse de la fidélité des variables composites.

BACKGROUND: Confirmatory factor analysis allows testing whether a composite variable may be considered as a reliable measure of a psychological attribute which is defined within a population. METHODS: Models for parallel, tau equivalent and congeneric measurements are presented along with their reliability coefficients. RESULTS: When the variables are not tau equivalent, the averaged inter-item correlation should be preferred to coefficient alpha, which is not an estimator of the reliability of the corresponding data. As a rule, interpretation of a coefficient as a reliability coefficient requires that the corresponding structural model of the composite be known. Beyond unidimensionality, simultaneous analysis of several congeneric variables through the use of cross-sectional or longitudinal hierarchical models entails fragmenting the theoretical variables. CONCLUSION: Interpreting a composite variable whose theoretical structure is corroborated by a hierarchical model may raise some difficulties because of its multidimensionality. Reliability formulae which account for this fragmentation are detailed.