Host metabolomic responses in recurrent P. vivax malaria.

Malaria is the leading parasitic disease worldwide, with P. vivax being a major challenge for its control. Several studies have indicated metabolomics as a promising tool for combating the disease. The study evaluated plasma metabolomic profiles of patients with recurrent and non-recurrent P. vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Metabolites extracted from the plasma of P. vivax-infected patients were subjected to LC-MS analysis. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to investigate the metabolic profile of the plasma in the two groups. Overall, 51 recurrent and 59 non-recurrent patients were included in the study. Longitudinal metabolomic analysis revealed 52 and 37 significant metabolite features from the recurrent and non-recurrent participants, respectively. Recurrence was associated with disturbances in eicosanoid metabolism. Comparison between groups suggest alterations in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, 3-oxo-10-octadecatrienoate ß-oxidation, and alkaloid biosynthesis II. Integrative network analysis revealed enrichment of other metabolic pathways for the recurrent phenotype, including the butanoate metabolism, aspartate and asparagine metabolism, and N-glycan biosynthesis. The metabolites and metabolic pathways predicted in our study suggest potential biomarkers of recurrence and provide insights into targets for antimalarial development against P. vivax.

Chemometric Analysis Combined with GC × GC-FID and ESI HR-MS to Evaluate Ultralow-Sulfur Diesel Stability.

Diesel has been the most employed fuel in highway and nonhighway transportation systems. Many studies over the past years have attempted to classify diesel as a stable or unstable composition since this fuel can still degrade during storage or thermal oxidative processes. Products generated because of such degradation are the reason for the formation of soluble gums and insoluble organic particulates, which in turn cause a negative influence on engine performance. This work reports a detailed composition of nonpolar and polar compounds in many ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD) samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC × GC-FID) and electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI HR-MS). In addition, chemometric approaches were applied for ULSD storage stability investigation. GC × GC-FID experiments achieved the nonpolar chemical characterization for the ULSD samples, including all main hydrocarbon classes: paraffins, mono- and dinaphthenics and olefins, and aromatics. The GC × GC-FID data combined with principal component analysis (PCA) described that the separation of the samples' concerning storage stability was mainly due to the contents of mono- and diaromatic compounds in the unstable ULSD samples. Moreover, PCA was also applied to the ESI (±) data set, and the results highlight the presence of compounds belonging to O class (natural antioxidants), which decrease the rate of oxygen consumption in the fuel, characterizing it as stable composition. The basic nitrogen compounds are mostly present in the stable ULSD samples indicating that they did not affect the stability of the fuel. On the other hand, the HC classes presented pronounced abundance among unstable ULSD samples suggesting that the fuel degradation may go through the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the formation of Ox compounds as byproducts. Furthermore, MS/MS experiments point to the formation of CcHhNnOo-like precursor species, which can react with each other and lead to the formation of gums and insoluble sediments in the fuel. In summary, the results express the potential of using the GC × GC-FID and ESI (±) Orbitrap MS techniques as valuable tools for diesel stability evaluations.

In vitro antitumor effects of aqueous extract and protease inhibitors from Sterculia striata st. Hil. et naud and metabolite profiling.

The present study aims to assess the cytotoxic effect of the aqueous and protease inhibitors extracts of Sterculia striata on breast cancer cell lines. The in vitro results showed significant reductions in the highest concentrations from the S. striata seed extract for all cell lines. The aqueous extract reduced the viability by up to 35% in the MCF-7, 25% in the 4T1, and 35% in the MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Regarding the protease inhibitor extract, a 50% reduction in cell viability was observed in the MDA-MB-231 at concentration of 333 µg/mL. The aqueous and the protease inhibitor extracts showed mild reduction in the viability of macrophage cell lines. Chemical characterisation analysis revealed several polyphenols such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and other secondary metabolites including terpenes, steroids, fatty acids, and organic acids, which may be related to the promising bioactivity observed. The S. striata showed antitumor activity, emphasising its pharmacological potential.

Exploring salivary lipid profile changes in COVID-19 patients: Insights from mass spectrometry analysis.

The most common COVID-19 testing relies on the use of nasopharyngeal swabs. However, this sampling step is very uncomfortable and is one of the biggest challenges regarding population testing. In the present study, the use of saliva as an alternative sample for COVID-19 diagnosis was investigated. Therefore, high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis and chemometric approaches were applied to salivary lipid extracts. Two data organizations were used: classical MS data and pseudo-MS image datasets. The latter transformed MS data into pseudo-images, simplifying data interpretation. Classification models achieved high accuracy, with pseudo-MS image data performing exceptionally well. PLS-DA with OPSDA successfully separated COVID-19 and healthy groups, serving as a potential diagnostic tool. The most important lipids for COVID-19 classification were elucidated and include sphingolipids, ceramides, phospholipids, and glycerolipids. These lipids play a crucial role in viral replication and the inflammatory response. While pseudo-MS image data excelled in classification, it lacked the ability to annotate important variables, which was performed using classical MS data. These findings have the potential to improve clinical diagnosis using rapid, non-invasive testing methods and accurate high-volume results.

Office paper and laser printing: a versatile and affordable approach for fabricating paper-based analytical devices with multimodal detection capabilities.

Multiple protocols have been reported to fabricate paper-based analytical devices (PADs). However, some of these techniques must be revised because of the instrumentation required. This paper describes a versatile and globally affordable method to fabricate PADs using office paper as a substrate and a laser printing technique to define hydrophobic barriers on paper surfaces. To demonstrate the feasibility of the alternatives proposed in this study, the fabrication of devices for three types of detection commonly associated with using PADs was demonstrated: colorimetric detection, electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry associated with a paper-spray ionization (PSI-MS) technique. Besides that, an evaluation of the type of paper used and chemical modifications required on the substrate surface are also presented in this report. Overall, the developed protocol was suitable for using office paper as a substrate, and the laser printing technique as an efficient fabrication method when using this substrate is accessible at a resource-limited point-of-need. Target analytes were used as a proof of concept for these detection techniques. Colorimetric detection was carried out for acetaminophen, iron, nitrate, and nitrite with limits of detection of 0.04 µg, 4.5 mg mL-1, 2.7 µmol L-1, and 6.8 µmol L-1, respectively. A limit of detection of 0.048 fg mL-1 was obtained for the electrochemical analysis of prostate-specific antigen. Colorimetric and electrochemical devices revealed satisfactory performance when office paper with a grammage of 90 g m-2 was employed. Methyldopa analysis was also carried out using PSI-MS, which showed a good response in the same paper weight and behavior compared to chromatographic paper.

A rapid and direct method for dating blue pen ink in documents using multiset modeling of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data.

The dating of documents is crucial in forensic chemistry, particularly for verifying their authenticity. This study aimed to develop a rapid and direct method for the dating of pen ink in documents, using a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and multiple ensemble data modeling. Two sets of paper document samples containing writing in blue pen ink were investigated: (I) artificially aged documents and (II) real documents dating from 1960 to 2022. The FTIR-ATR spectra of both sets of samples showed a decrease in absorbance at ∼1584 cm-1, related to the chemical modification of the CN bond in the molecular structure of Basic Violet 3 (BV3), one of the main dyes used in blue pen ink. DESI-MS confirmed the presence of BV3 and its degradation by-products in all the samples, indicating its widespread utilization in blue pen ink production. Moreover, DESI-MS detected combinations of dyes within the ink composition. The models were built using the DESI-MS and FTIR-ATR data separately, but the error and trend were significantly reduced when both sets of data were used. The combination of DESI-MS and FTIR-ATR spectral information resulted in a final predictive model with low error for pen inks from real documents in writing from the years 1960 to 2022. These analyses proved to be effective for the dating of pen inks and are suitable for use in routine forensic analysis, providing a direct and rapid method that allows for accurate prediction.

Methylprednisolone therapy induces differential metabolic trajectories in severe COVID-19 patients.

IMPORTANCE: The SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in humans induces significant inflammatory and systemic reactions and complications of which corticosteroids like methylprednisolone have been recommended as treatment. Our understanding of the metabolic and metabolomic pathway dysregulations while using intravenous corticosteroids in COVID-19 is limited. This study will help enlighten the metabolic and metabolomic pathway dysregulations underlying high daily doses of intravenous methylprednisolone in COVID-19 patients compared to those receiving placebo. The information on key metabolites and pathways identified in this study together with the crosstalk with the inflammation and biochemistry components may be used, in the future, to leverage the use of methylprednisolone in any future pandemics from the coronavirus family.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and safety toxicological profile of a new paracetamol analog, LQFM291.

In the scope of a research program with the goal of developing treatments for inflammatory diseases, the pharmacological evaluation of LQFM291, designed by molecular hybridization from butylated hydroxytoluene and paracetamol, was described. The antioxidant profile of LQFM291 was evaluated by electrochemical measurement. Also, acute or repeated treatments with equimolar doses to paracetamol were used to evaluate the antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM291 in animal models. The toxicologic potential of LQFM291 was also evaluated and compared to paracetamol through biochemical and histopathological analysis after the repeated treatment schedule. As a result of the acute treatment, paracetamol showed a similar antinociceptive effect in formalin test compared to LQFM291. Whereas, after the repeated treatment, when carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema tests were performed, paracetamol showed a delayed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect compared to LQFM291. Furthermore, as other advantages the LQFM291 showed a high redox capacity, a gastroprotective activity and a safety pharmacological profile without any liver or kidney damage. These effects can be related to the prevention of oxidative stress by reduction of protein and lipid peroxidation in gastric tissue, maintenance of glutathione levels in hepatic homogenate, and a systemic reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, which may characterize the LQFM291 as a more viable and effective alternative to relief pain and inflammatory signs in patients with chronic disorders.

Analysis of naphthenic acids in produced water samples by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method was used to analyze naphthenic acids in produced water samples. It was possible to detect cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1-naphthoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic, 9-anthracenecarboxylic, and pentadecanoic acids within ca. 13 min using a buffer composed of 40 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide, 32 mmol/L acetic acid and 20% v/v isopropyl alcohol, pH 8.6. The proposed method showed good repeatability, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 6.6% for the sum of the peak areas and less than 2% for the analysis time. In the interday analysis, the RSD values for the sum of the peak areas and migration time were 10.3% and 10%, respectively. The developed method demonstrated linear behavior in the concentration range between 5 and 50 mg/L for benzoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acids, and between 10 and 50 mg/L for cyclopentanecarboxylic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1- naphthoic, and pentadecanoic acids. The detection limits values ranged from 0.31 to 1.64 mg/L. Six produced water samples were analyzed and it was possible to identify and quantify cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, and decanoic acids. The concentrations varied between 4.8 and 98.9 mg/L, proving effective in the application of complex samples.

Bioanalytical LC-QTOF/MS Method for a N-phenylpiperazine Derivate (LQFM05): An Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Prototype Drug Applied to Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Studies.

The LQFM05 is a prototype drug designed for treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, exhibiting anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like (12 or 24 µmol/kg) effects in classical behavioral tests. In order to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties, a liquid chromatography method coupled to a quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry system (LC-QTOF/MS) was developed and fully validated for LQFM05 analysis in rat plasma and tissue samples (brain, heart, liver, and kidneys). Liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and protein precipitation were assessed as clean-up procedures for biological samples and analyte enrichment. Plasma and tissue samples underwent protein precipitation as a preliminary step, using acetonitrile. Linearity was fully demonstrated for the dynamic range (10.0 to 900.0 ng/mL), with r2 values higher than 0.99 (RSDslope ≤ 2%, Fcal < Ftab, Ccal < Ctab). Biodistribution studies in rats revealed high brain tissue concentrations (12.4 µg/g), suggesting elevated drug affinity to the main therapeutic target tissue, showing a blood partition coefficient of 1.9. Kidneys also showed great exposure and tissue affinity, suggesting a potential extrahepatic clearance. Likewise, all examined tissues exhibited satisfactory LQFMF05 distribution. The mass fragmentation spectrum indicated the presence of its main metabolite, LQFM235, yielded by high hepatic hydroxylation route, an equally bioactive derivative. Lastly, the developed LC-QTOF/MS method was shown to be sensitive (LOQ = 10 ng/mL), precise and accurate for LQFM05 determination in tissue homogenates and plasma samples.

Preclinical data on morpholine (3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) methanone induced anxiolysis.

Trimetozine is used to be indicated for the treatment of mental illnesses, particularly anxiety. The present study provides data on the pharmacological profile of trimetozine derivative morpholine (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) methanone (LQFM289) which was designed from molecular hybridization of trimetozine lead compound and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene to develop new anxiolytic drugs. Here, we conduct molecular dynamics simulations, docking studies, receptor binding assays, and in silico ADMET profiling of LQFM289 before its behavioral and biochemical assessment in mice within the dose range of 5-20 mg/kg. The docking of LQFM289 showed strong interactions with the benzodiazepine binding sites and matched well with receptor binding data. With the ADMET profile of this trimetozine derivative that predicts a high intestinal absorption and permeability to blood-brain barrier without being inhibited by the permeability glycoprotein, the oral administration of LQFM289 10 mg/kg consistently induced anxiolytic-like behavior of the mice exposed to the open field and light-dark box apparatus without eliciting motor incoordination in the wire, rotarod, and chimney tests. A decrease in the wire and rotarod´s fall latency coupled with an increase in the chimney test´s climbing time and a decrease in the number of crossings in the open field apparatus at the dose of 20 mg/kg of this trimetozine derivative suggest sedative or motor coordination impairment at this highest dose. The attenuation of the anxiolytic-like effects of LQFM289 (10 mg/kg) by flumazenil pretreatment implicates the participation of benzodiazepine binding sites. The lowering of corticosterone and tumor necrosis factor alpha (cytokine) in LQFM289-treated mice at a single oral (acute) dose of 10 mg/kg suggests that the anxiolytic-like effect of this compound also involves the recruitment of non-benzodiazepine binding sites/GABAergic molecular machinery.

Quantitative Evaluation of Non-basic Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Petroleum-Derived Samples by Direct Injection ESI (-) Orbitrap MS.

The quantification of non-basic nitrogen-containing compounds (NCCs) in petroleum-derived samples has become a critical issue due to the undesirable effects of these compounds on the petroleum industry. In addition, there is a lack of analytical methods that allow the direct quantification of NCCs in these matrices. This paper provides strategies for obtaining quantitative information of NCCs in petroleum-derived samples using direct flow injection electrospray ionization (ESI) (-) Orbitrap mass spectrometry without fractionation steps. Benzocarbazole (BC) quantification was performed using the standard addition method. The method was validated, and all analytical parameters demonstrated satisfactory results in the matrix-mix. Paired Student's t-test exhibited the matrix effect (95% confidence level, p < 0.05). Limits of detection ranged from 2.94 to 14.91 µg L-1, and the limits of quantification ranged from 9.81 to 49.69 µg L-1. Intraday and interday accuracy and precision were not above 15%. Quantification of non-basic NCCs was carried out based on two approaches. In approach 1, the non-basic NCCs' total content in petroleum-derived samples was determined by the BC concentration and the total abundance correction. The method presented good performance with the average error of 21, 8.3, and 28% for crude oil, gas oil, and diesel samples, respectively. Approach 2 was based on the multiple linear regression model with regression significant at a 0.05 significance level within average relative errors of 16, 7.8, and 17% for the crude oil, gas oil, and diesel samples, respectively. Then, both approaches successfully predicted the quantification of non-basic NCCs by ESI direct flow injection.

Weathering impacts on petroleum biomarker, aromatic, and polar compounds in the spilled oil at the northeast coast of Brazil over time.

After the wide oil spill reached the northeast of Brazil, the resurgence of oil was recorded and to evaluate this oil in detail, two samples collected in the state of Pernambuco in 2019 and 2021 were submitted to multiple analytical techniques. For both, we have found similar saturated biomarkers and triaromatic steroid ratios, implying that they are from the same spilled source. The n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and cycloalkanes were almost completely degraded due to evaporation, photooxidation, and/or biodegradation processes. The preferential loss of less alkylated PAHs than the more alkylated ones suggests that biodegradation was the most active process. This hypothesis is reinforced by the formation of mono and dicarboxylic acids assessed by GC × GC-TOFMS and ESI(-) FT-ICR MS high-resolution techniques. Furthermore, based on the ESI(-) FT-ICR MS results, three new ratios were proposed to evaluate the progress of the biodegradation process over time: Ox>2/O, SOx/SO, and SOx/N.

Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and vasorelaxant effects of a new pyrazole compound 5-(1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole: role of NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels.

Molecular modification of compounds remains important strategy towards the discovery of new drugs. In this sense, this study presents a new pyrazole derivative 5-(1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole (LQFM039) and evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and vasorelaxant effects of this compound as well the mechanisms of action involved in the pharmacological effects. For this, mice were orally treated with LQFM039 (17.5, 35, or 70 mg/kg) prior acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, tail flick, and carrageenan-induced paw edema protocols. In addition, vascular reactivity protocols were made with aortic rings contraction with phenylephrine and stimulated with graded concentrations of LQFM039. Abdominal writhing and licking time in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin were reduced with LQFM039 without altering latency to nociceptive response in the tail flick test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema showed that LQFM039 reduces edema and cell migration. In addition, the mechanism of action of LQFM039 involves NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels, since this new pyrazole derivate elicited concentration-dependent relaxation attenuated by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one, and blockade of CaCl2-induced contraction. Altogether, our finding suggests anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and vasorelaxant effect of this new pyrazole derivative with involvement of NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Chemical Marker Extraction from Amazonian Plant Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) by PSI-HRMS/MS and LC-HRMS/MS.

Employing a combination of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization and paper spray ionization high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, extracts from cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) pulp prepared with either water, methanol, acetonitrile or combinations thereof were subjected to metabolite fingerprinting. Among the tested extractors, 100% methanol extracted preferentially phenols and cinnamic acids derivatives, whereas acetonitrile and acetonitrile/methanol were more effective in extracting terpenoids and flavonoids, respectively. And while liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry detected twice as many metabolites as paper spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, the latter proved its potential as a screening technique. Comprehensive structural annotation showed a high production of terpenes, mainly oleanane triterpene derivatives. of the mass spectra Further, five major metabolites with known antioxidant activity, namely catechin, citric acid, epigallocatechin-3'-glucuronide, 5,7,8-trihydroxyflavanone, and asiatic acid, were subjected to molecular docking analysis using the antioxidative enzyme peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) as a model receptor. Based on its excellent docking score, a pharmacophore model of 5,7,8-trihydroxyflavanone was generated, which may help the design of new antioxidants.

Synthesis of vanillin derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole fragments and evaluation of their fungicide and fungistatic activities.

Vanillin is the main component of natural vanilla extract and is responsible for its flavoring properties. Besides its well-known applications as an additive in food and cosmetics, it has also been reported that vanillin can inhibit fungi of clinical interest, such as Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., as well as dermatophytes. Thus, the present work approaches the synthesis of a series of vanillin derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole fragments and the evaluation of their antifungal activities against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton interdigitale strains. Twenty-two vanillin derivatives were obtained, with yields in the range of 60%-91%, from copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction between two terminal alkynes prepared from vanillin and different benzyl azides. In general, the evaluated compounds showed moderate activity against the microorganisms tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 32 to >512 µg mL-1 . Except for compound 3b against the C. gattii R265 strain, all vanillin derivatives showed fungicidal activity for the yeasts tested. The predicted physicochemical and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties for the compounds indicated favorable profiles for drug development. In addition, a four-dimensional structure-activity relationship (4D-SAR) analysis was carried out and provided useful insights concerning the structures of the compounds and their biological profile. Finally, molecular docking calculations showed that all compounds bind favorably at the lanosterol 14α-demethylase enzyme active site with binding energies ranging from -9.1 to -12.2 kcal/mol.

Spectrochemical approach combined with symptoms data to diagnose fibromyalgia through paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) and multivariate classification.

This study performs a chemical investigation of blood plasma samples from patients with and without fibromyalgia, combined with some of the symptoms and their levels of intensity used in the diagnosis of this disease. The symptoms evaluated were: visual analogue pain scale (VAS); fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ); Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM); Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TAMPA); quality of life Questionnaire-physical and mental health (QL); and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (CAT). Plasma samples were analyzed by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS). Spectral data were organized into datasets and related to each of the symptoms measured. The datasets were submitted to multivariate classification using supervised models such as principal component analysis with linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), successive projections algorithm with linear discriminant analysis (SPA-LDA), genetic algorithm with linear discriminant analysis (GA-LDA) and their versions with quadratic discriminant analysis (PCA/SPA/GA-QDA) and support vector machines (PCA/SPA/GA-SVM). These algorithm combinations were performed aiming the best class separation. Good discrimination between the controls and fibromyalgia samples were observed using PCA-LDA, where the spectral data associated with the CAT symptom achieved 100% classification sensitivity, and associated with the VAS symptom achieved 100% classification specificity, with both symptoms at the moderate level of intensity. The spectral variable at 579 m/z was found to be substantially significant for classification according to the PCA loadings. According to the human metabolites database, this variable can be associated with a LysoPC compound, which comprises a class of metabolites already evidenced in other studies for fibromyalgia diagnosis. This study proposed an investigation of spectral data combined with clinical data to compare the classification ability of different datasets. The good classification results obtained confirm this technique is as a good analytical tool for the detection of fibromyalgia, and provides theoretical support for other studies about fibromyalgia diagnosis.

Pharmacological evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM202: a new piperazine derivative.

Advances have been made in the search for new multi-target modulators to control pain and inflammation. Therefore, compound 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone (LQFM202) was synthesised and evaluated. First, in vitro assays were performed for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes. Subsequently, adult female Swiss albino mice treated orally with LQFM202 at doses of 25-200 mg/kg were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, carrageenan- or zymosan-induced paw oedema, or pleurisy. LQFM202 inhibited COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5 (IC50 = 3499 µM, 1565 µM, and 1343 µM, respectively). In acute animal models, LQFM202 (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the amount of abdominal writhing (29%, 52% and 48%, respectively). Pain in the second phase of the formalin test was reduced by 46% with intermediate dose. LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) reduced the difference in nociceptive threshold in all 4 h evaluated (46%, 37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively). LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema from the second hour (27%, 31% and 25%, respectively); however, LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema in all hours evaluated (35%, 42%, 48% and 50%, respectively). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the oedema in all hours evaluated (33%, 32%, 31% and 20%, respectively). In the carrageenan-pleurisy test, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly the number of polymorphonuclear cells (34%), the myeloperoxidase activity (53%), TNF-α levels (47%), and IL-1ß levels (58.8%). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (54% and 79%, respectively); and the myeloperoxidase activity (46%). These results suggest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of LQFM202.

LC-HRMS/MS-Based Metabolomics Approaches Applied to the Detection of Antifungal Compounds and a Metabolic Dynamic Assessment of Orchidaceae.

The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach is a powerful technology for discovering novel biologically active molecules. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profiling of Orchidaceae species using LC-HRMS/MS data combined with chemometric methods and dereplication tools to discover antifungal compounds. We analyze twenty ethanolic plant extracts from Vanda and Cattleya (Orchidaceae) genera. Molecular networking and chemometric methods were used to discriminate ions that differentiate healthy and fungal-infected plant samples. Fifty-three metabolites were rapidly annotated through spectral library matching and in silico fragmentation tools. The metabolomic profiling showed a large production of polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, chromones, stilbenoids, and tannins, which varied in relative abundance across species. Considering the presence and abundance of metabolites in both groups of samples, we can infer that these constituents are associated with biochemical responses to microbial attacks. In addition, we evaluated the metabolic dynamic through the synthesis of stilbenoids in fungal-infected plants. The tricin derivative flavonoid- and the loliolide terpenoidfound only in healthy plant samples, are promising antifungal metabolites. LC-HRMS/MS, combined with state-of-the-art tools, proved to be a rapid and reliable technique for fingerprinting medicinal plants and discovering new hits and leads.

Implications of microbial enhanced oil recovery and waterflooding for geochemical interpretation of recovered oils.

Biosurfactants and waterflooding have been widely reported thus far for enhancing oil production. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature to explore enhanced oil recovered methods effects on its chemical composition. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus safensis and brine injection on the recovered petroleum composition, and their implications for geochemical interpretation. Original and oils recovered from displacement tests were analyzed by gas chromatography and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry, emphasizing saturated and aromatic biomarkers and basic and acidic polar compounds. Geochemical parameters based on some saturated compounds were subtly affected by the recovery methods, showing their reliable applicability in geochemical studies. Contrarily, parameters based on some aromatic compounds were more affected by biosurfactant flooding, mostly the low molecular weight compounds. Thus, these aromatic parameters should be applied with caution after such methods. The distribution of basic and acidic polar compounds can also be modified affecting the geochemical interpretation. In the case of the basic ones, the biosurfactant greatly influenced the N class species with favorable loss of lower aromaticity compounds. In addition to water solubilization, the compositional changes described in this study can be related to fractionation due to adsorption on reservoir rocks.