Linguistic markers of processing the first months of the pandemic COVID-19: a psycholinguistic analysis of Italian university students' diaries.

A longitudinal psycholinguistic study was conducted with 107 students from different Italian universities that produced daily photo-diary entries for two weeks, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the first Italian lockdown period, imposed in view of the rapid dissemination of COVID -19. The task was to take a daily photo accompanied by a short description (text). The texts accompanying the photos were analysed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software to analyze linguistic markers representing psychological processes related to the experience of the pandemic and the lockdown, identifying potential changes in psycholinguistic variables useful for understanding the psychological impact of such harsh and extended restricted living conditions on Italian students. LIWC categories related to negation, anger, cognitive mechanisms, tentative discourse, past, and future increased statistically significantly between the two time points, while word count, prepositions, communication, leisure, and home decreased statistically significantly. While male participants used more articles at both time points, females used more words related to anxiety, social processes, past, and present at T1 and more related to insight at T2. Participants who lived with their partner showed higher scores on negative emotions, affect, positive feelings, anger, optimism, and certainty. Participants from southern Italy tended to describe their experiences from a collective and social perspective rather than an individual perspective. By identifying, discussing, and comparing these phenomena with the broader literature, a spotlight is shed for the first time on the psycholinguistic analysis of students at the national level who faced the first COVID -19 lockdown in Italy.

STRA-MI-VT (STereotactic RadioAblation by Multimodal Imaging for Ventricular Tachycardia): rationale and design of an Italian experimental prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a life-threatening condition, which usually implies the need of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) represents a common form of therapy in oncology, which has emerged as a well-tolerated and promising alternative option for the treatment of refractory VT in patients with structural heart disease. OBJECTIVE: In the STRA-MI-VT trial, we will investigate as primary endpoints safety and efficacy of SBRT for the treatment of recurrent VT in patients not eligible for catheter ablation. Secondary aim will be to evaluate SBRT effects on global mortality, changes in heart function, and in the quality of life during follow-up. METHODS: This is a spontaneous, prospective, experimental (phase Ib/II), open-label study (NCT04066517); 15 patients with structural heart disease and intractable VT will be enrolled within a 2-year period. Advanced multimodal cardiac imaging preceding chest CT-simulation will serve to elaborate the treatment plan on different linear accelerators with target and organs-at-risk definition. SBRT will consist in a single radioablation session of 25 Gy. Follow-up will last up to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: We test the hypothesis that SBRT reduces the VT burden in a safe and effective way, leading to an improvement in quality of life and survival. If the results will be favorable, radioablation will turn into a potential alternative option for selected patients with an indication to VT ablation, based on the opportunity to treat ventricular arrhythmogenic substrates in a convenient and less-invasive manner.

Subclinical atherosclerosis and its progression are modulated by PLIN2 through a feed-forward loop between LXR and autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of both myocardial infarction and stroke. We have previously shown that the Pro251 variant of perilipin-2 reduces plasma triglycerides and may therefore be beneficial to reduce atherosclerosis development. OBJECTIVE: We sought to delineate putative beneficial effects of the Pro251 variant of perlipin-2 on subclinical atherosclerosis and the mechanism by which it acts. METHODS: A pan-European cohort of high-risk individuals where carotid intima-media thickness has been assessed was adopted. Human primary monocyte-derived macrophages were prepared from whole blood from individuals recruited by perilipin-2 genotype or from buffy coats from the Karolinska University hospital blood central. RESULTS: The Pro251 variant of perilipin-2 is associated with decreased intima-media thickness at baseline and over 30 months of follow-up. Using human primary monocyte-derived macrophages from carriers of the beneficial Pro251 variant, we show that this variant increases autophagy activity, cholesterol efflux and a controlled inflammatory response. Through extensive mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that increase in autophagy activity is accompanied with an increase in liver-X-receptor (LXR) activity and that LXR and autophagy reciprocally activate each other in a feed-forward loop, regulated by CYP27A1 and 27OH-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we show that perilipin-2 affects susceptibility to human atherosclerosis through activation of autophagy and stimulation of cholesterol efflux. We demonstrate that perilipin-2 modulates levels of the LXR ligand 27OH-cholesterol and initiates a feed-forward loop where LXR and autophagy reciprocally activate each other; the mechanism by which perilipin-2 exerts its beneficial effects on subclinical atherosclerosis.

Integrative studies implicate matrix metalloproteinase-12 as a culprit gene for large-artery atherosclerotic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease are important contributors to the global disease burden and share atherosclerosis as the main underlying cause. Recent evidence from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) near the MMP12 gene at chromosome 11q22.3 were associated with large-vessel ischaemic stroke. Here, we evaluated and extended these results by examining the relationship between MMP12 and atherosclerosis in clinical and experimental studies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of MMP12 were measured at baseline in 3394 subjects with high-risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) using the Olink ProSeek CVD I array. The plasma MMP12 concentration showed association with incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (130 and 67 events, respectively, over 36 months) and carotid intima-media thickness progression (P = 3.6 × 10-5 ). A GWAS of plasma MMP12 concentrations revealed that SNPs rs499459, rs613084 and rs1892971 at chr11q22.3 were independently associated with plasma MMP12 (P < 5 × 10-8 ). The lead SNPs showed associations with mRNA levels of MMP12 and adjacent MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques. MMP12 transcriptomic and proteomic levels were strongly significantly increased in carotid plaques compared with control arterial tissue and in plaques from symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. By combining immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assay, we demonstrated that MMP12 localizes to CD68 + macrophages and interacts with elastin in plaques. MMP12 silencing in human THP-1-derived macrophages resulted in reduced macrophage migration. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the notion that MMP12 is implicated in large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, functionally by enhancing elastin degradation and macrophage invasion in plaques.

On-pump Cardiac Surgery Enhances Platelet Renewal and Impairs Aspirin Pharmacodynamics: Effects of Improved Dosing Regimens.

On-pump cardiac surgery may trigger inflammation and accelerate platelet cyclooxygenase-1 renewal, thereby modifying low-dose aspirin pharmacodynamics. Thirty-seven patients on standard aspirin 100 mg once-daily were studied before surgery and randomized within 36 hours postsurgery to 100 mg once-daily, 100 mg twice-daily, or 200 mg once-daily for 90 days. On day 7 postsurgery, immature and mature platelets, platelet mass, thrombopoietin, glycocalicin, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 significantly increased. Interleukin-6 significantly correlated with immature platelets. At day 7, patients randomized to 100 mg once-daily showed a significant increase in serum thromboxane (TX)B2 within the 24-hour dosing interval and urinary TXA2 metabolite (TXM) excretion. Aspirin 100 mg twice-daily lowered serum TXB2 and prevented postsurgery TXM increase (P < 0.01), without affecting prostacyclin metabolite excretion. After cardiac surgery, shortening the dosing interval, but not doubling the once-daily dose, rescues the impaired antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin and prevents platelet activation associated with acute inflammation and enhanced platelet turnover.

Ecografía doppler transrectal durante la biopsia prostática: utilidad clínica y limitaciones / Transrectal doppler ultrasound during prostate biopsy: Clinical utility and limitations

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad clínica y limitaciones de la biopsia de próstata guiada por power doppler en pacientes con elevación de los niveles séricos de PSA. Materiales y método: Estudio prospectivo. Desde abril del 2012 a mayo del 2013 se incluyeron un total de 111 hombres mayores de 45 años con un nivel de PSA sérico mayor a 4,0 ng/dl, los cuales fueron sometidos a una biopsia prostática transrectal. Los nódulos hipoecogénicos en la zona periférica fueron considerados positivos en la escala de grises. Posteriormente se efectuó el estudio con el power doppler, donde la vascularización de las imágenes sospechosas fue analizada para tomar las muestras. Además se tomó muestra de las zonas sospechosas al examen digitorrectal. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo de las 3 pruebas (examen digitorrectal, ecografía estándar con escala de grises, y power doppler). Resultados: El diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata fue hallado en 48 pacientes (43%) del total de 111. Cincuenta y nueve casos (53%) fueron definidos como positivo al power doppler, y de estos 39 (66%) correspondieron a un diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata. Del total de los 48 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer el power doppler fue positivo en 39 casos y la ecografía en escala de grises fue positiva en 31 casos. La sensibilidad global del power doppler fue del 81%, especificidad del 68%, VPP 66% y VPN 82%, lo cual resultó superior en comparación con los otros métodos (p < 0,05). Conclusión: En la actualidad la biopsia prostática utilizando power doppler no parece identificar el cáncer de próstata con una precisión suficiente para omitir la biopsia sistemática guiada por escala de grises, siendo preferible el uso combinado de estos métodos

Objective: To determine the clinical utility and limitations of guided prostate biopsy Power Doppler in patients with elevated serum PSA levels. Materials and method: Prospective study. From April 2012 to May 2013, 111 men over 45 years of age with serum PSA level greater than 4.0 ng/dl who underwent a transrectal prostate biopsy were included. The hypoechoic nodules in the peripheral region were considered positive on the gray scale. Subsequently, the study was conducted with the Power Doppler, where the vascularization of suspicious images was analyzed for sampling. In addition, samples were taken from the suspected areas when performing the digital rectal examination. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the three tests (digital rectal examination, standard gray scale ultrasound and power Doppler). Results: Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 48 of the 111 patients (43%). Fifty-nine cases (53%) were defined as positive with the Power Doppler. Of these, 39 (66%) corresponded to a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. The Power Doppler was positive in 39 cases of the 48 patients diagnosed with cancer and the gray scale ultrasound was positive in 31 cases. Overall sensitivity of the power Doppler was 81%, specificity 68%, PPV 66% and NPV 82%, which was higher compared to the other methods (P < .05). Conclusion: Currently, prostate biopsy using Power Doppler does not seem to identify prostate cancer with sufficient accuracy to omit the guided systematic biopsy gray scale, the combined use of these methods being preferable

Acquired lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency as a major factor in lowering plasma HDL levels in chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that a low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level contributes to the high cardiovascular disease risk of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those undergoing haemodialysis (HD). The present study was conducted to gain further understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for the low HDL-C levels in patients with CKD and to separate the impact of HD from that of the underlying CKD. METHODS: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins, HDL subclasses and various cholesterol esterification parameters were measured in a total of 248 patients with CKD, 198 of whom were undergoing HD treatment and 40 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Chronic kidney disease was found to be associated with highly significant reductions in plasma HDL-C, unesterified cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, apoA-II and LpA-I:A-II levels in both CKD cohorts (with and without HD treatment). The cholesterol esterification process was markedly impaired, as indicated by reductions in plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) concentration and activity and cholesterol esterification rate, and by an increase in the plasma preß-HDL content. HD treatment was associated with a further lowering of HDL levels and impaired plasma cholesterol esterification. The plasma HDL-C level was highly significantly correlated with LCAT concentration (R = 0.438, P < 0.001), LCAT activity (R = 0.243, P < 0.001) and cholesterol esterification rate (R = 0.149, P = 0.031). Highly significant correlations were also found between plasma LCAT concentration and levels of apoA-I (R = 0.432, P < 0.001), apoA-II (R = 0.275, P < 0.001), LpA-I (R = 0.326, P < 0.001) and LpA-I:A-II (R = 0.346, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Acquired LCAT deficiency is a major cause of low plasma HDL levels in patients with CKD, thus LCAT is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to reverse dyslipidaemia, and possibly lower the cardiovascular disease risk in these patients.

Transrectal doppler ultrasound during prostate biopsy: clinical utility and limitations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical utility and limitations of guided prostate biopsy Power Doppler in patients with elevated serum PSA levels. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Prospective study. From April 2012 to May 2013, 111 men over 45 years of age with serum PSA level greater than 4.0ng/dl who underwent a transrectal prostate biopsy were included. The hypoechoic nodules in the peripheral region were considered positive on the gray scale. Subsequently, the study was conducted with the Power Doppler, where the vascularization of suspicious images was analyzed for sampling. In addition, samples were taken from the suspected areas when performing the digital rectal examination. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the three tests (digital rectal examination, standard gray scale ultrasound and power Doppler). RESULTS: Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 48 of the 111 patients (43%). Fifty-nine cases (53%) were defined as positive with the Power Doppler. Of these, 39 (66%) corresponded to a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. The Power Doppler was positive in 39 cases of the 48 patients diagnosed with cancer and the gray scale ultrasound was positive in 31 cases. Overall sensitivity of the power Doppler was 81%, specificity 68%, PPV 66% and NPV 82%, which was higher compared to the other methods (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Currently, prostate biopsy using Power Doppler does not seem to identify prostate cancer with sufficient accuracy to omit the guided systematic biopsy gray scale, the combined use of these methods being preferable.

In vivo prostacyclin biosynthesis and effects of different aspirin regimens in patients with essential thrombocythaemia.

Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is characterised by enhanced platelet generation and thrombosis. Once daily (od) aspirin incompletely inhibits platelet thromboxane (TX)A2 production in ET. A twice daily (bid) dosing is necessary to fully inhibit TXA2. Whether this dosing regimen affects in vivo prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis is unknown. PGI2 biosynthesis was characterised in 50 ET patients on enteric-coated (EC) aspirin 100 mg od, by measuring its urinary metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α (PGI-M). Moreover, in a crossover study 22 patients poorly responsive to standard aspirin based on serum TXB2 levels (≥4 ng/ml) were randomised to different seven-day aspirin regimens: EC aspirin 100 mg od, 100 mg bid, 200 mg od, or plain aspirin 100 mg od. PGI-M measured 24 hours after the last aspirin intake (EC, 100 mg od) was similar in patients and healthy subjects both on (n=10) and off (n=30) aspirin. PGI-M was unrelated to in vivo TXA2 biosynthesis, and not affected by EC aspirin 100 mg bid or 200 mg od as compared to EC 100 mg od. PGI2 biosynthesis in aspirin-treated ET patients appears unrelated to TXA2 biosynthesis, and not affected by an improved aspirin regimen, demonstrating its vascular safety for future trials.

Effects of smoking regular or light cigarettes on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To compare the effects of regular cigarettes (RCs) and light cigarettes (LCs) on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate-induced dilation (GTN), markers of endothelial dependant and independent function, respectively. METHODS: 206 subjects (age 51.5 ± 12.8 yr, 122 men) had their smoking habits recorded and FMD and GTN measured by B-mode ultrasound. Cigarettes were categorized as RCs or LCs according to their content of tar, nicotine and CO. The chronic effect was assessed in current smokers of RCs (n = 85) or LCs (n = 53) and in never smokers (NS; n = 68). The acute effect was assessed in current smokers by measuring FMD before and 10-min after smoking a single regular (n = 29) or light (n = 51) cigarette. RESULTS: FMD was significantly lower in consumers of RCs (6.26%, 95% C.I. 5.58, 6.94) or LCs (5.59%, 95% C.I. 4.74, 6.45) compared to NS (8.68%, 95% C.I. 7.92, 9.44) (both P < 0.0001), but did not differ (P > 0.05) when compared to each other. GTN was similar in the three groups. Analyses adjusted for clinical confounders and for markers involved in oxidative stress, arginine/nitric oxide pathway, and inflammation provided identical results. Smoking a single cigarette, either regular or light, reduced FMD (-0.88% and -1.17%, respectively, both P < 0.05), without significant difference between cigarette type. RCs and LCs produced analogous chronic and acute effects when FMD was calculated with respect to the last 60 s of the low-flow phase (FMD60s). CONCLUSIONS: LCs impair endothelial-dependant vasodilation as much as RCs. Thus, smoking LCs cannot be considered an alternative to the only safe choice of a complete and permanent smoking cessation.

LDL oxidative modification and carotid atherosclerosis: results of a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: Serum LDL conjugated diene concentration is a marker of oxidative modification of LDL. We investigated the relationship between LDL conjugated dienes and cross-sectional subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by carotid IMT in high-risk subjects of a multicenter study. METHODS: Serum LDL conjugated dienes and ultrasonographically assessed carotid intima-media thickness (IMT(mean), IMT(max) and IMT(mean-max)) were available for 553 subjects from Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. RESULTS: In multivariate regression analysis, gender (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (IMT(mean), p = 0.01; IMT(mean-max), p = 0.05) and serum LDL conjugated dienes (p = 0.02 for both IMT(mean) and IMT(mean-max)) were the strongest determinants of IMT variation, adjusted for study center, ultrasound videotape reader and serum LDL cholesterol. Pack-years of smoking, added into the regression model, did not destroy the significant association between increased serum LDL conjugated dienes and IMT. Ratio of LDL conjugated dienes to LDL particle cholesterol was higher in subjects of Northern recruiting centers than of Southern centers (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a cross-sectional association between in vivo increased LDL oxidative modification and subclinical atherosclerosis after adjustment for traditional risk factors. The subjects in Northern countries of Europe had more oxidatively modified lipids per cholesterol in LDL particle than subjects in Southern countries.

Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of a low radiation exposure protocol for prospective ECG-triggering coronary MDCT angiography.

AIM: To compare the feasibility, accuracy, and effective radiation dose (ED) of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the detection of coronary artery disease using a combined ED-saving strategy including prospective electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering with a short x-ray window and a body mass index (BMI)-adapted imaging protocol using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR; group 1), in comparison with a prospective ECG triggering strategy alone (group 2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy patients scheduled for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) were evaluated. Fourteen patients were not eligible for MDCT. The remaining 156 patients were randomized to group 1 (78 patients) and group 2 (78 patients). Eight and 11 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, were excluded after randomization because the patients' heart rates were >65 beats/min. MDCT images were assessed for feasibility, signal-to-noise ration (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), accuracy in detection of coronary stenoses >50% versus ICA and for ED. RESULTS: The feasibility, SNR, CNR, accuracy in a segment-based and patient-based model were similar in both groups (97 versus 95%, 14.5 ± 3.9 versus 14.2 ± 4.1, 16 ± 4.6 versus 16.5 ± 4.4, 95 versus 94% and 97 versus 99%, respectively). The ED in group 1 was 72% lower than in group 2 (2.1 ± 1.2 versus 7.5 ± 1.8 mSv, respectively; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a multi-parametric ED saving protocol results in a significant reduction in ED without a negative impact on accuracy.

The metabolic syndrome predicts carotid intima-media thickness no better than the sum of individual risk factors in a lipid clinic population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the diagnosis 'metabolic syndrome' (MS) predicts the degree of subclinical atherosclerosis better than its component parts or the total number of vascular risk factors (VRFs) in patients attending a lipid clinic. METHODS: Carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasound in 1804 patients (56+/-13 years; 52% women). To investigate whether the increased subclinical carotid atherosclerosis often ascribed to MS may be explained by a real interaction between the components or simply by a sum of VRFs, observed C-IMTs were compared with those predicted by the sum of individual components. Values for C-IMT of MS patients were also compared with those of controls matched for number of VRFs or for SCORE predicted risk (SPR). RESULTS: Carotid IMT values were significantly higher in patients with MS (n=362) than in those not so diagnosed (IMT(mean), 1.07+/-0.37 vs. 0.95+/-0.33; IMT(max), 1.98+/-0.93mm vs. 1.67+/-0.82mm, both p<0.0001), but were not higher than those predicted by the sum of individual risk factors. The linear regression lines of the correlations between C-IMT and total number of VRFs overlapped in patients with and without MS. In patients with and without MS matched for age, sex and total number of VRFs, or matched for age, sex and SPR the C-IMT differences disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: In patients attending a lipid clinic, 'metabolic syndrome' appears not to correlate with C-IMT to a greater extent than what is expected from its component parts or from the patient's total number of VRFs.

Impact of dietary regimen on the duration of cow's milk allergy: a random allocation study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of diet on cow's milk allergy (CMA) duration and whether exposure to residual amounts of cow's milk protein influences the onset of tolerance are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the dietary factors influencing disease duration in a randomized cohort. METHODS: We randomly switched the formula of symptomatic patients from the Milan Cow's Milk Allergy Cohort to one of three treatment groups according to the quarterly rotation of rice hydrolysate formula, extensively hydrolysed cow's milk formula and soy-based formula. In this intention-to-treat, randomized analysis, a hazard ratio (HR) estimation model was used to analyse dietary impact on disease duration. RESULTS: Seventy-two children aged a mean of 14.1+/-8.6 months at diagnosis were followed up for a median of 26 months. Fifty-one reached tolerance at a mean of 34.1+/-15.2 months. The mean duration of disease was 40.2+/-4.8 months with milk hydrolysate, 24.3+/-3.6 months with rice and 24.3+/-2.6 months with soy. Dietary choice independently predicted shorter duration of disease [adjusted HRs 3.09 (P=0.007) for rice, 2.54 (P=0.02) for soy, both against milk hydrolysate]. In 50 children not co-sensitized to soy, diet choice impacted the duration of disease more strongly [adjusted HRs 8.02 (P=0.006) for rice, 6.53 (P=0.015) for soy, both against milk hydrolysate]. DISCUSSION: Patients not exposed to cow's milk protein residue achieve cow's milk tolerance earlier than patients who follow an extensively hydrolysed cow's milk diet. This may be due to residual antigenicity in hydrolysed milks. As the effect of dietary intervention is stronger in patients not sensitized to soy, we infer that when atopic disease has progressed to multiple sensitizations, the elimination of allergenic exposure may not be sufficient to reduce the duration of CMA.

Persistence of CCR5 usage among primary human immunodeficiency virus isolates of individuals receiving intermittent interleukin-2.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of intermittent interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on HIV-1 entry co-receptor use. METHODS: Primary HIV-1 isolates were obtained from 54 HIV-1-positive individuals at baseline and after 12 months using co-cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with activated PBMC of HIV-negative healthy donors. HIV-1 co-receptor use was determined on U87-CD4 cells. RESULTS: Fourteen out of the 21 (67%) IL-2-treated individuals harbouring a primary CCR5-dependent (R5) HIV-1 isolate at baseline confirmed an R5 virus isolation after 12 months in contrast to 3 out of 7 (43%) of those receiving cART only. After 12 months, only 1 R5X4 HIV-1 isolate was obtained from 21 cART+IL-2-treated individuals infected with an R5 virus at entry (5%) vs. 2/7 (29%) patients receiving cART alone, as confirmed by a 5-year follow-up on some individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent IL-2 administration plus cART may prevent evolution towards CXCR4 usage in individuals infected with R5 HIV-1.

Glutathione, vitamin E and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease: relevance of age and gender.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies suggest that low levels of antioxidants are associated with high risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated whether the biomarkers of oxidative balance undergo the same modifications in all CAD patient groups, regardless of gender and age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-eight CAD patients and 107 healthy controls were assayed for plasma levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha- and gamma-tocopherol (alpha- and gamma-T) as endogenous antioxidants. A damage score (DS), representative of oxidative stress status, was calculated. ANCOVA models were used to test the association between antioxidants, DS and CAD and its modulation by age and gender. RESULTS: The DS was higher in CAD than in controls. GSH levels, were lower in CAD patients (mean +/- SEM: 57.61 +/- 1.87 micromol 10 g(-1) haemoglobin vs. 68.55 +/- 2.23 in controls, P < 0.0006) in males and in older subjects. Levels of other antioxidants exhibited a complex pattern. Overall, no difference was found in alpha- and gamma-T contents between CAD and controls, but lower alpha-T values were observed in CAD females. A significant interaction between CAD status and gender was observed (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the involvement of antioxidants in CAD is related to patients' characteristics. These findings may be relevant in planning antioxidant therapies.

Markers of inflammation, thrombosis and endothelial activation correlate with carotid IMT regression in stable coronary disease after atorvastatin treatment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: MIAMI is a prospective multicenter clinical study designed to investigate the relationship between changes in carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) and changes in circulating markers of inflammation, thrombosis and endothelial activation in stable coronary patients treated for 20+/-3.7 months with 20mg/day atorvastatin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-five subjects had their C-IMT, blood lipids and soluble markers measured at baseline, at the 12th month and at the end of the study. Almost all soluble markers decreased upon treatment except for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tissue factor pathway inhibitor-free (TFPI-free) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (sVCAM-1) which did not change significantly, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) which increased. sCD40L, fibrinogen, tissue factor pathway inhibitor-total (TFPI-total), soluble intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (sICAM-1), sE-selectin, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) changed significantly even after application of the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Changes in lipids did not correlate with C-IMT regression either when considered singly or when combined in a lipid score. Changes in soluble markers correlated poorly with C-IMT regression when analyzed singly, but strongly when combined in relevant composite scores (inflammation/coagulation score, endothelial activation score, soluble markers score and total score). CONCLUSION: In patients with stable coronary artery disease treated with moderate doses of atorvastatin, carotid IMT regression correlated with changes of inflammation, thrombosis and endothelial activation profiles.

Genetic susceptibility according to three metabolic pathways in cancers of the lung and bladder and in myeloid leukemias in nonsmokers.

BACKGROUND: We chose a set of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate gene-environment interactions in three types of cancer that have been related to air pollution (lung, bladder and myeloid leukemia). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study has been conducted as a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (409 cancer cases and 757 matched controls). We included never and ex-smokers. SNPs were in genes involved in oxidative stress, phase I metabolizing genes, phase II metabolizing genes and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). RESULTS: The most notable findings are: GSTM1 deletion and bladder cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60; 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.56]; CYP1A1 and leukemia (2.22, 1.33-3.70; heterozygotes); CYP1B1 and leukemia (0.47, 0.27-0.84; homozygotes); MnSOD and leukemia (1.91, 1.08-3.38; homozygotes) and NQO1 and lung cancer (8.03, 1.73-37.3; homozygotes). Other statistically significant associations were found in subgroups defined by smoking habits (never or ex-smokers), environmental tobacco smoke or gender, with no obvious pattern. When gene variants were organized according to the three main pathways, the emerging picture was of a strong involvement of combined phase I enzymes in leukemia, with an OR of 5 (1.63-15.4) for those having three or more variant alleles. The association was considerably stronger for leukemias arising before the age of 55.

Acute limb ischemia in elderly patients: can iloprost be useful as an adjuvant to surgery? Results from the ILAILL study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of iloprost, in addition to surgery, on the outcome of acute lower limb ischemia (ALLI). DESIGN: Post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS: In the context of the ILAILL (ILoprost in Acute Ischemia of Lower Limbs) study, 192 elderly patients (>70 years old) undergoing surgery for ALLI were assigned to receive perioperative iloprost (intra-arterial, intra-operative bolus of 3000 ng, plus intravenous infusion of 0.5-2.0 ng/kg/min for six hours/day for 4-7 days following surgery), or placebo (iloprost: n=100; placebo: n=92). Patients were followed-up for three-months following surgical revascularization. RESULTS: The combined incidence of death and amputation (primary study end-point) was significantly reduced in patients treated with iloprost (16.0% vs 27.2% in the placebo group; hazard ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.05-3.75, p=0.03). A statistically significant lower mortality (6.0%) was reported in patients receiving iloprost, compared to controls (15.2%) (hazard ratio 2.93, 1.11-7.71, p=0.03). The overall incidence of death and major cardiovascular events was lower in patients receiving iloprost compared to those assigned placebo (24.0% and 35.9%, respectively), at the limits of statistical significance (relative risk 1.64, 0.97-2.79, p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the poor outcome in elderly patients with ALLI. Based on a subgroup analysis iloprost, as an adjuvant to surgery, appears to reduce the combined end-point of death and amputation.

Determinants of late outcome after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass.

AIM: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) is a reliable method to revascularize the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. However, a more consistent body of knowledge is needed to assess factors influencing long-term outcome. With this study, we retrospectively investigated the long-term determinants of survival and freedom from cardiac morbidity and revascularization in patients who underwent MIDCAB. METHODS: From 1997 to 2005, 109 patients underwent MIDCAB. Seventy-five (68.8%) presented isolated LAD disease and 34 (31.2%) multivessel disease. The first 57 patients (53.2%) in the series underwent early postoperative angiographic reinvestigation. All 109 patients were subsequently followed-up at our outpatient clinic. Follow-up (mean 50.7 months, range 3-93) was completed in 100% of cases. RESULTS: No in-hospital deaths occurred; 2 patients (1.8%) experienced perioperative myocardial infarction. At early postoperative angiographic reinvestigation, the anastomotic perfect patency rate was 54/57 (94.7%); survival was 100% and 95.8% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Overall freedom from repeated revascularization was 95.3% and 88.3% at 1 and 5 years respectively; freedom from LAD revascularization was 95.3% and 91.6% at 1 and 5 years, respectively; cardiac event-free survival was 95.3% and 80.8% at 1 and 5 years respectively. At multivariable analysis (Cox regression), women were found to have a higher risk of repeated LAD revascularization (hazard ratio [HR] 30.24; P<0.001); female sex and left ventricular dysfunction were the only predictors affecting long-term cardiac outcome (hazard ratio 29.35; P<0.001 and 5.1; P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A key factor in the long-term success of MIDCAB seems to be appropriate patient selection. Special attention should be reserved for female patients, as they appear to have a worse cardiac outcome and a higher probability of repeated revascularization on LAD. MIDCAB may represent a viable option for treating multivessel disease when complete revascularization is unfeasible or a hybrid procedure is envisaged.