Ocean acidification impact on the uptake of trace elements by mussels and their biochemical effects.

This study delves into the intricate interplay between ocean acidification (OA), metal bioaccumulation, and cellular responses using mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as bioindicators. For this purpose, environmentally realistic concentrations of isotopically labelled metals (Cd, Cu, Ag, Ce) were added to investigate whether the OA increase would modify metal bioaccumulation and induce adverse effects at the cellular level. The study reveals that while certain elements like Cd and Ag might remain unaffected by OA, the bioavailability of Cu and Ce could potentially escalate, leading to amplified accumulation in marine organisms. The present findings highlight a significant rise in Ce concentrations within different mussel organs under elevated pCO2 conditions, accompanied by an increased isotopic fractionation of Ce (140/142Ce), suggesting a heightened potential for metal accumulation under OA. The results suggested that OA influenced metal accumulation in the gills of mussels. Conversely, metal accumulation in the digestive gland was unaffected by OA. The exposure to both trace metals and OA affects the biochemical responses of M. galloprovincialis, leading to increased metabolic capacity, changes in energy reserves, and alterations in oxidative stress markers, but the specific effects on other biomarkers (e.g., lipid peroxidation, some enzymatic responses or acetylcholinesterase activity) were not uniform, suggesting complex interactions between the stressors and the biochemical pathways in the mussels.

Análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em cordeiros da raça Bergamácia, do nascimento aos 35 dias de idade / Analysis of heart rate variability in Bergamasca newborn lambs from birth at 35th days of age

A atividade do sistema nervoso autônomo sobre o coração pode ser verificada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), método que quantifica e assim infere sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca, refletindo o funcionamento do sistema nervoso autônomo. Durante o período neonatal, diferenças significativas no que se refere à maturação autonômica são descritas em diversas espécies. Embora a espécie ovina venha sendo utilizada como modelo experimental em diversos protocolos em neonatologia e cardiologia em humanos, estudos descritivos sobre a VFC utilizando animais saudáveis e não sedados são escassos na literatura. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a VFC em cordeiros da raça Bergamácia durante os primeiros 35 dias de idade. Foram realizados exames eletrocardiográficos em 20 cordeiros da raça Bergamácia a partir do nascimento e semanalmente até o 35° dia de idade. A VFC foi analisada pelo intervalo RR normal (batimentos sinusais), pela frequência cardíaca, pelo índice de tônus vasovagal (iTVV), pela raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD) e pela raiz quadrada da somatória do quadrado das diferenças dos valores individuais em relação ao valor médio, dividido pelo número de iR-R em 90 segundos - VFC global (RMSM). Todos os parâmetros se alteraram ao longo das semanas. A frequência cardíaca média elevou-se entre o nascimento e os primeiros sete dias de idade, com decréscimo nas quatro semanas subsequentes, sendo o menor valor encontrado aos 35 dias de idade (145,63±37,80bpm). Entre 21, 28 e 35 dias de idade, o iTVV elevou-se significativamente, o RMSM a partir do 28º dia, e, aos 35 dias, o RMSSD, reflexo da ativação parassimpática, exibiu diferenças em relação aos momentos subsequentes. O início da predominância parassimpática, refletida nos índices da VFC, particularmente o iTVV, ocorre aos 21 dias de idade. A partir dos 35 dias de idade, os índices RMSM e RMSSD podem ser utilizados como marcadores fidedignos das mudanças nos efeitos simpático e parassimpático sobre o coração de cordeiros.(AU)

Autonomic nervous system activity can be checked by heart rate variability (HRV), method that quantifies and thus infers on cardiac autonomic modulation, reflecting the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. During the neonatal period significant differences as regards the autonomic maturation, are described in various species. Although the sheep come being used as experimental model of several protocols in neonatology and cardiology in humans, descriptive studies about the VFC using healthy animals and not sedated are scarce in the literature. The objective of this study was to describe the HRV in the Bergamasca race lambs during the first 35 days of age. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 20 lambs of the Bergamasca race from birth, in the7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days of age. The HRV was analyzed by normal RR interval (sinus rate), heart rate, index of vagal tone, and the cardiovascular manifestations (square root of the average of the square of the differences between normal RR intervals adjacent). All parameters have changed over the weeks. The average heart rate increased between the birth and the first seven days of age, with decrease in the subsequent four weeks, being the smallest value found at 35 days of age (145.63±37.80bpm). Between 21, 28 and 35 days of age, the iTVV increased significantly, the RMSM from the 28 day, and 35 days, the cardiovascular manifestations, reflex parasympathetic activation, exhibited differences in relation to subsequent times. The beginning of parasympathetic dominance, reflected in the HRV indices, particularly the iTVV, occurs at 21 days of age. From the 35 days of age, the RMSM indices and RMSSD can be used as reliable markers of change in sympathetic and parasympathetic effect on the heart of lambs.(AU)

Microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

An important advance in aneurysm surgery is the operating microscope, which allows the neurosurgeon access to previously inoperable lesions. The authors describe the technique and document their results in 19 aneurysms.

Transsphenoidal microsurgery for tumors of the hypophysis.

The microsurgical transsphenoidal approach is the authors' procedure of choice in the operative management of pituitary tumors. The literature supports their recommendation.