Incidental finding of intramural splenic heterotopy in the colon mimicking subepithelial neoplasm: a case report.

AIM: The aim of this case report is describe an unprecedented case with histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of splenic heterotopy in the colon using material obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy. BACKGROUND: Splenic heterotopia is a benign condition characterized by the implantation of splenic tissue in areas distant from its usual anatomical site, such as the peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, liver, pancreas, and subcutaneous tissue and, more rarely, in locations such as the colon and brain. It is generally associated with a history of splenic trauma or splenectomy and typically does not cause specific symptoms. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old white male patient who was healthy, with no history of trauma or splenectomy, but had a family history of colorectal neoplasia underwent colonoscopy for screening. The examination revealed a large bulge in the proximal descending colon, covered by normal-appearing mucosa. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided puncture was performed with a 22 gauge fine needle biopsy, and the histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis results were consistent with a heterotopic spleen. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a primary intramural colic splenosis case with histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of splenic heterotopia in the colon, using material obtained by endoscopic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided biopsy.

Clinical usefulness of tissue acquisition of pancreatic cystic lesions using an endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle for histological analysis.

Background and study aims There are rare data on the usefulness of endosonography-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) in patients with pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs). This study aimed to determine the accuracy of EUS-TA with ProCore 20G (PC20) for differentiating between mucinous neoplasia (MN) and non-MNs (n-MN) and identifying malignant PCLs, as well as its adverse events (AEs) in patients with PCLs without a classificatory diagnosis by imaging exams. Patients and methods In this observational, retrospective, single-center study, all patients with PCL who underwent EUS-TA due to diagnostic doubts in imaging studies were consecutively recruited from June 2017 to December 2021. The outcomes were to determine the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-TA with PC20 for differentiating between MN and n-MN, identifying malignant PCLs, and the AEs. Results Herein, 145 patients underwent EUS-TA, with 83 women (57.2%) and a mean age of 62.2 years. The mean size was 2.3 cm, with 81 patients (77.9%) having a PCL < 3.0 cm. The final diagnosis was made by EUS-TA (n = 81), surgery (n = 58), and follow-up (n = 6). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for differentiating between MNs and n-MNs and identifying malignant PCLs were 92.6%, 98.4%, 98.7%, 91.3%, and 95.2% (kappa=0.9), and 92%, 99.2%, 95.8%, 98.3%, and 97.9% (kappa = 0.93), respectively. The AE rate was 2.7%, with no deaths in this cohort. Conclusions EUS-TA with PC20 has high accuracy and technical success with a low AE rate for PCL diagnosis.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Acquisition Versus Fine Needle Aspiration for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Compare the 22G needle versus EchoTip ProCore® 20 (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) on their handling, specimen suitability, amount of tissue obtained, diagnostic performance, the possibility of immunohistochemistry, and rate of adverse events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, comparative study of consecutively examined patients with pancreatic masses who underwent endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) via the 22G needle, and endosonography-guided tissue acquisition (TA) via ProCore 20 (PC20). The operator evaluated needle insertion and subjectively classified the specimen. The pathologist measured the samples, classified the amount of tissue, and determined the influence of bleeding on the interpretation. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients participated in the study, out of whom 52 underwent endosonography-guided FNA with 22G and 77 underwent endosonography-guided TA with a PC20 needle. Malignant lesions were found in 106, and 23 had benign lesions. The duodenal route was used in 62% of patients. The 22G needle was easier to introduce (p=0.0495). However, PC20 obtained a larger amount (p<0.01) with fewer punctures (p<0.001). The PC20 also yielded a larger average microcore diameter (p=0.0032). Microhistology was adequate for 22G and PC20 in 22 (42.2%) and 50 (78.1%) specimens, respectively (p<0.001). Bleeding was not significantly different (p>0.999). Immunohistochemistry was possible in 36 (69.2%) and 40 (51.9%) specimens obtained by 22G and PC20, respectively (p=0.075). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 22G were 93.5%, 100%, 100%, 66.7%, and 94.2%, respectively; and for PC20, it was 95%, 100%, 100%, 85%, and 96.1%, respectively. Mild bleeding was the most common early adverse event, occurring in 2/52 (3.8%) 22G and 4/77 (5.2%) PC20 cases (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The PC20 required fewer punctures and reduced the need for immunohistochemistry as it yielded better and larger microcores. Its ease of insertion into the target lesion makes it a good option to obtain satisfactory microcore specimens in difficult positions, such as the transduodenal route.

CHRONIC ANEMIA CAUSED BY GIANT AND SOLITARY PEUTZ-JEGHERS HAMARTOMATOUS POLYP TREATED BY ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION.

•Giant and solitary polyps evolve with anemia. •EUS is an important tool for stage and manage this disease. •Endoscopic treatment is the best treatment choice. •Supplementary video available on this case report.

Primary Pancreatic Lymphoma: Endosonography-Guided Tissue Acquisition Diagnosis.

Primary pancreatic lymphoma is a rare type of cancer, that accounts for 0.1-0.5% of lymphomas and about 0.2% of all primary pancreatic tumors. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma is the most common subtype. The diagnosis is possible if the lymphoma is located in the pancreas, but the differential diagnosis with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is difficult. The diagnostic accuracy of endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration is inadequate, and thus it is common to diagnose these masses only after surgical resection. The endosonography-guided tissue acquisition allows greater accuracy in the pancreatic masses, as it determines optimal access to histological analysis using tissue in paraffin blocks for complementary immunohistochemical, and molecular tests. Thus, this elaborate diagnostic environment allows the adoption of appropriate treatment strategies for patients with this condition. The authors describe four cases of primary pancreatic lymphoma indicated for surgical resection due to suspected pancreatic cancer, with the diagnosis of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma obtained by endosonography-guided tissue acquisition, changing the therapeutic strategy through the adoption of adequate chemotherapy treatment with good progress.

WHICH LESIONS ARE AT HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING COLORECTAL CARCINOMAS: SUPERFICIALLY ELEVATED SERRATED LESIONS OR DEPRESSED LESIONS?

BACKGROUND: There are lesions that are still being missed in colonoscopy. Many of those could be superficially elevated serrated lesions or depressed ones. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological characteristics of these lesions and their risks for submucosal carcinoma. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study comparing 217 superficially elevated serrated lesions larger than 5 mm resected by colonoscopies (G1) with 558 depressed lesions (G2). RESULTS: In G1, 217 lesions were found in 12,653 (1.7%) colonoscopies; in G2, 558 lesions were found in 36,174 (1.5%) colonoscopies. In G1, 63.4% were women and in G2, there was no gender predominance. The average size of G1 was 16.2 mm and G2 was 9.2 mm (p<0.001). G1 predominated on the proximal colon and G2 on the distal and rectum (p<0.001). In G1, there were 214 (98.6%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia and 3 (1.4%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia. Excluding 126 hyperplastic polyps and considering 91 sessile serrated adenomas in G1, we observed 88 (96.7%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia and 3 (3.3%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia; in G2, we observed 417 (74.7%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia, 113 (20.3%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia, and 28 (5.0%) submucosal adenocarcinomas (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Depressed lesions significantly had more high-grade intramucosal neoplasia and more invasive carcinomas in the submucosal layer than superficially elevated serrated lesions and more than superficially elevated sessile serrated adenomas.

Which lesions are at higher risk of developing colorectal carcinomas: superficially elevated serrated lesions or depressed lesions? / QUAIS LESÕES APRESENTAM MAIOR RISCO DE EVOLUÇÃO PARA CARCINOMAS COLORRETAIS: AS SERRILHADAS SUPERFICIALMENTE ELEVADAS OU AS DEPRIMIDAS?

Background: There are lesions that are still being missed in colonoscopy. Many of those could be superficially elevated serrated lesions or depressed ones. Aim: Compare the histopathological characteristics of these lesions and their risks for submucosal carcinoma. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional and observational study comparing 217 superficially elevated serrated lesions larger than 5 mm resected by colonoscopies (G1) with 558 depressed lesions (G2). Results: In G1, 217 lesions were found in 12653 colonoscopies (1,7%); in G2, 558 lesions in 36174 colonoscopies (1.5%). In G1 there were 63.4% of women and in G2 no gender predominance. Average size was G1 with 16.2 mm and G2 with 9.2 mm (p<0.001). G1 predominated on the proximal colon and G2 on the distal and rectum (p<0.001). In G1 there were 214 low-grade intramucosal neoplasia (98,6%) and three high grade intramucosal neoplasia (1,4%). Excluding 126 hyperplastic polyps and considering 91 sessile serrated adenomas in G1, was observed 88 (96.7%) with low-grade intramucosal neoplasia and three (3.3%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia; in G2, 417 low-grade intramucosal neoplasia (74,7%), 113 high-grade intramucosal neoplasia (20,3%) and 28 (5,0%) submucosal adenocarcinomas (p<0.001). Conclusion: Depressed lesions significantly had more high-grade intramucosal neoplasia and more invasive carcinomas for the submucosal layer than superficially elevated serrated lesions and more than superficially elevated sessile serrated adenomas.

Racional: Há ainda lesões que podem ser perdidas nas colonoscopias. Muitas delas poderiam ser serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas ou deprimidas. Objetivo: Comparar as características histopatológicas destas lesões e seus riscos para carcinoma invasivo para a submucosa. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, observacional comparando 217 lesões serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas com mais de 5 mm e ressecadas por colonoscopias (G1) com 558 lesões deprimidas (G2). Resultados: As 217 lesões do G1 foram encontradas em 12653 colonoscopias (1,7%) enquanto as 558 do G2 ocorreram dentre 36174 colonoscopias (1,5%). No G1, 63,4% eram mulheres e no G2 não houve predominância de gênero. O tamanho médio foi no G1, 16,2 mm e no G2, 9,2 mm (p<0,001). G1 predominaram no cólon proximal e G2, no distal e reto (p<0,001). No G1, ocorreram 214 (98,6%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau e três de alto grau (1,4%). Excluídos 126 pólipos hiperplásicos e considerados os 91 adenomas sésseis serrilhados, no G1 observou- se 88 (96,7%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau e três (3,3%) de alto grau, e no G2, 417 (74,7%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau 113 (20,3%) de alto grau e 28 (5,0%) adenocarcinomas invadindo a submucosa (p<0,001). Conclusões: As lesões deprimidas apresentaram significativamente mais neoplasias mucosas de alto grau e carcinomas invasivos para a submucosa do que as serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas e mais do que os adenomas sésseis serrilhados superficialmente elevados.

Which lesions are at higher risk of developing colorectal carcinomas: superficially elevated serrated lesions or depressed lesions? / Quais lesões apresentam maior risco de evolução para carcinomas colorretais: as serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas ou as deprimidas?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There are lesions that are still being missed in colonoscopy. Many of those could be superficially elevated serrated lesions or depressed ones. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological characteristics of these lesions and their risks for submucosal carcinoma. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study comparing 217 superficially elevated serrated lesions larger than 5 mm resected by colonoscopies (G1) with 558 depressed lesions (G2). RESULTS: In G1, 217 lesions were found in 12,653 (1.7%) colonoscopies; in G2, 558 lesions were found in 36,174 (1.5%) colonoscopies. In G1, 63.4% were women and in G2, there was no gender predominance. The average size of G1 was 16.2 mm and G2 was 9.2 mm (p<0.001). G1 predominated on the proximal colon and G2 on the distal and rectum (p<0.001). In G1, there were 214 (98.6%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia and 3 (1.4%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia. Excluding 126 hyperplastic polyps and considering 91 sessile serrated adenomas in G1, we observed 88 (96.7%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia and 3 (3.3%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia; in G2, we observed 417 (74.7%) low-grade intramucosal neoplasia, 113 (20.3%) high-grade intramucosal neoplasia, and 28 (5.0%) submucosal adenocarcinomas (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Depressed lesions significantly had more high-grade intramucosal neoplasia and more invasive carcinomas in the submucosal layer than superficially elevated serrated lesions and more than superficially elevated sessile serrated adenomas.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Há ainda lesões que podem ser perdidas nas colonoscopias. Muitas delas poderiam ser serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas ou deprimidas. OBJETIVO: Comparar as características histopatológicas destas lesões e seus riscos para carcinoma invasivo para a submucosa. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, observacional comparando 217 lesões serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas com mais de 5 mm e ressecadas por colonoscopias (G1) com 558 lesões deprimidas (G2). RESULTADOS: As 217 lesões do G1 foram encontradas em 12.653 colonoscopias (1,7%) enquanto as 558 do G2 ocorreram dentre 36.174 colonoscopias (1,5%). No G1, 63,4% eram mulheres e no G2 não houve predominância de gênero. O tamanho médio foi no G1, 16,2 mm e no G2, 9,2 mm (p<0,001). G1 predominaram no cólon proximal e G2, no distal e reto (p<0,001). No G1, ocorreram 214 (98,6%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau e três de alto grau (1,4%). Excluídos 126 pólipos hiperplásicos e considerados os 91 adenomas sésseis serrilhados, no G1 observou- se 88 (96,7%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau e três (3,3%) de alto grau, e no G2, 417 (74,7%) neoplasias mucosas de baixo grau 113 (20,3%) de alto grau e 28 (5,0%) adenocarcinomas invadindo a submucosa (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: As lesões deprimidas apresentaram significativamente mais neoplasias mucosas de alto grau e carcinomas invasivos para a submucosa do que as serrilhadas superficialmente elevadas e mais do que os adenomas sésseis serrilhados superficialmente elevados.

Diagnosis of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms using cell-blocks and immunohistochemical evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) is challenging. A few studies have investigated the role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for the diagnosis of SPN. We investigated the diagnostic yield of cell-blocks and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SPN using EUS-FNA specimens without cytological evaluation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the histopathology records of patients with suspected SPN, who underwent EUS-FNA biopsy between January 1997 and January 2020. Diagnosis based on cell-blocks (haematoxylin-eosin staining with complementary IHC) was compared with the definitive surgical diagnosis. RESULTS: This study included 25 patients (24 were women). Patients' mean age was 33.7 years (range 12-78 years). The most common symptom was abdominal pain. SPN was an incidental finding in 52% of the patients. The mean lesion size was 4.3 cm (range 1.2-11.4 cm), and the most common endosonographic features included solid-cystic (56%) or solid (40%) tumours. Final diagnoses included SPNs (n = 23) and non-functioning neuroendocrine tumours (n = 2). The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA was 80%. Tumour cells showed immunopositivity for ß-catenin, CD10, CD99 and progesterone receptor (PR) in 93.7%, 87.5%, 83.3% and 66.6% of patients, respectively. No SPN showed immunopositivity for chromogranin A. CONCLUSIONS: Intention-to-diagnose analysis showed that the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA for SPNs using cell blocks and complementary IHC without cytological evaluation was fairly good. Evaluation of ß-catenin, CD 10, CD99 and PR expression must be included in the IHC panel for diagnostic confirmation of SPNs using EUS-FNA biopsy specimens.