Subcutaneous dirofilariasis in a 25-year-old male patient in Belgium on ultrasonography: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous dirofilariasis is a parasitic zoonosis commonly described in Canidae but rarely seen in humans. Most physicians are unfamiliar with this disease, especially in nonendemic areas, which can lead to medication error and diagnostic and treatment delay. To the best of our knowledge, no previous case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis preoperatively diagnosed on ultrasound has been described in Western Europe. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old Belgian male patient presented with a subcutaneous nodule in the epigastric region. Ultrasound investigation showed a typical cystic lesion with an internal serpiginous structure with echogenic lines, and there was active twirling movement of this serpentine structure during investigation, pathognomonic for subcutaneous dirofilariasis. Surgical extirpation was performed, and the diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous dirofilariasis has a characteristic appearance on ultrasound but is not well known in nonendemic areas, often leading to diagnostic delay and initial incorrect treatment. More knowledge of this disease and of its characteristic ultrasound appearance will hopefully lead to better patient care.

Developmental unilateral facial palsy in a newborn: six cases and literature review.

Unilateral facial palsy in a newborn is rarely caused by a developmental defect. It occurs either isolated or in the context of a syndrome. This article describes a multidisciplinary approach towards unilateral, isolated congenital facial palsy along with a literature review. We report six patients, three boys and three girls, who presented with a unilateral facial palsy at birth. Clinical assessment was performed by an ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgeon, a pediatric neurologist, and an ophthalmologist. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the posterior fossa and computerized tomography (CT) of the temporal bone were requested to exclude structural anomalies of the facial nerve. Imaging revealed the underlying cause in five patients out of six (80%), showing an ipsilateral facial nerve aplasia or hypoplasia. These findings point towards an underlying developmental defect and underscore the importance of MRI in the diagnostic work-up. Surgical and non-surgical therapies were discussed with the parents.Conclusion: Congenital unilateral facial palsy caused by a developmental defect outside the context of a syndrome is rare. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to differentiate between various causes and to initiate timely treatment.What is Known:• Congenital facial palsy is mostly caused by environmental/external fcators.• However in rare cases it can be developmental defect.What is New:• This paper describes 6 cases of isolated congenital facial palsy related to a developmental defect and presents the largest case series in the literature caused by aplasia/hypoplasia of the facial nerve.• MRI and CT-imaging allow for an assessment of the facial nerve at the root entry zone of the brainstem and along its course through the middle ear or the face. Moreover, they proved to be helpful in differentiating between several causes of congenital facial palsy.

Overview of the complications and sequelae in spinal infections.

Spondylitis or infection of the spine is a spectrum of diseases involving the bone, disks, and/or ligaments. Because of a significant increase in the immunocompromised patient population, spinal infections are a growing and changing group of conditions, making the diagnosis based on imaging more challenging. Most cases of spinal infections are pyogenic and occur after hematogeneous spread of an infection located elsewhere in the body. A prompt diagnosis remains crucial and MR imaging remains the cornerstone in the diagnosis. This article provides a pictorial overview of the complications and sequelae in spinal infections in general. Discussed are postoperative infections, extraspinal spread of infection, fractures and malformations, and neurologic complications.

Brain stones revisited-between a rock and a hard place.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Large intracranial calcifications are occasionally encountered in routine computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain. These calcifications, also known as "brain stones", can be classified according to location and aetiology. Combining imaging findings with relevant clinical history and physical examination can help narrow down the differential diagnosis and may allow confident diagnosis in certain situations. RESULTS: This article provides a pictorial review illustrating various clinical entities resulting in brain stones. DISCUSSION: Based on location, brain stones can be classified as extra- or intra-axial. Extra-axial brain stones comprise tumours and exaggerated physiological calcifications. Intra-axial brain stones can further be classified according to aetiology, namely neoplastic, vascular, infectious, congenital and endocrine/metabolic. Imaging findings combined with essential clinical information can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis, determining disease state and evaluating effect of therapy. TEACHING POINTS: • Based on location, brain stones can be either extra- or intra-axial. • Extra-axial brain stones comprise tumours and exaggerated physiological calcifications. • Intra-axial aetiologies include neoplastic, vascular, infectious, congenital and endocrine/metabolic. • CT scan is the mainstay in identifying and characterising brain stones. • Certain MRI sequences (gradient echo T2* and susceptibility-weighted imaging) are considered adjunctive.

Diffusion tensor imaging provides an insight into the microstructure of meningiomas, high-grade gliomas, and peritumoral edema.

OBJECTIVE: Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a measure for the degree of microstructural organization. Several studies have used FA values to assess microstructural organization of brain tumors and peritumoral edema. The purpose of our study was to validate FA and apparent diffusion constant (ADC) values in the diagnosis of meningiomas versus high-grade glial tumors, with the focus on the ability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to reveal tumor ultrastructure. Our hypothesis was that FA and ADC values significantly differ between high-grade gliomas and meningiomas, and in the peritumoral edema. METHODS: Diffusion tensor imaging values were obtained from 20 patients with meningiomas (21 tumors) and 15 patients with high-grade gliomas. Regions of interest were outlined in FA and ADC maps for solid-enhancing tumor tissue and peritumoral edema. Fractional anisotropy and ADC values were normalized by comparison to normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in the contralateral hemisphere. Differences between meningiomas and high-grade gliomas were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Meningiomas showed a significantly higher FA tumor/FA NAWM ratio (P = 0.0001) and lower ADC tumor/ADC NAWM ratio (P = 0.0008) compared to high-grade gliomas. On average, meningiomas also showed higher FA values in peritumoral edema than high-grade gliomas (P = 0.016). Apparent diffusion constant values of peritumoral edema for the 2 tumor groups did not differ significantly (P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion tensor imaging can be used to reveal microstructural differences between meningiomas and high-grade gliomas and may contribute toward predicting the histopathology of intracranial tumors. We advocate that diffusion tensor imaging should be included in the standard imaging protocol for patients with intracranial tumors.

High-resolution susceptibility-weighted imaging at 3 T with a 32-channel head coil: technique and clinical applications.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) as an adjunct to routine MRI of the brain in neurologic disorders. CONCLUSION: SWI is a 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequence that combines phase and magnitude information to provide a high sensitivity for the detection of blood degradation products, calcifications, and iron deposits.

Use of an automatic exposure control mechanism for dose optimization in multi-detector row CT examinations: clinical evaluation.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare dose reduction and image quality achieved with an automatic exposure control system that is based on both angular (x-y axis) and z-axis tube current modulation with dose reduction and image quality achieved with an angular modulation system for multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board, and oral informed consent was obtained. In two groups of 200 patients, five anatomic regions (ie, the thorax, abdomen-pelvis, abdomen-liver, lumbar spine, and cervical spine) were examined with this modulation system and a six-section multi-detector row CT scanner. Data from these patients were compared with data from 200 patients who were examined with an angular modulation system. Dose reduction by means of reduction of the mean effective tube current in 600 examinations, image noise in 200 examinations performed with each modulation system, and subjective image quality scores in 100 examinations per-formed with each modulation system were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: Mean dose reduction for the angular and z-axis tube current modulation system and for the angular modulation system was as follows: thorax, 20% and 14%, respectively; abdomen-liver, 38% and 18%, respectively; abdomen-pelvis, 32% and 26%, respectively; lumbar spine, 37% and 10%, respectively; and cervical spine, 68% and 16%, respectively. These differences were statistically significant (P < .05). There was no significant difference in image noise and mean image quality scores between modulation systems, with the exception of cervical spinal examinations (P < .001 for both), where the examinations with angular modulation resulted in better scores. There is good correlation between the mean effective tube current level and the body mass index of patients with the new modulation system. Correlation was as follows: thorax, 0.77; abdomen-pelvis, 0.83; abdomen-liver, 0.84; lumbar spine, 0.8; and cervical spine, 0.6. This correlation was not observed with the angular modulation system. CONCLUSION: An automatic exposure control mechanism that is based on real-time anatomy-dependent tube current modulation delivers good image quality with a significantly reduced radiation dose.