Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles based on carboxymethylated cashew gum and epiisopiloturine: In vitro and in silico studies.

Epiisopiloturine (EPI) is a compound found in jaborandi leaves with antiparasitic activity, which can be enhanced when incorporated into nanoparticles (NP). Cashew Gum (CG), modified by carboxymethylation, is used to produce polymeric nanomaterials with biological activity. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of carboxymethylated CG (CCG) NP containing EPI (NPCCGE) and without the alkaloid (NPCCG) against bacteria and parasites of the genus Leishmania. We conducted theoretical studies, carboxymethylated CG, synthesized NP by nanoprecipitation, characterized them, and tested them in vitro. Theoretical studies confirmed the stability of modified carbohydrates and showed that the EPI-4A30 complex had the best interaction energy (-8.47 kcal/mol). CCG was confirmed by FT-IR and presented DSabs of 0.23. NPCCG and NPCCGE had average sizes of 221.94 ± 144.086 nm and 247.36 ± 3.827 nm, respectively, with homogeneous distribution and uniform surfaces. No NP showed antibacterial activity or cytotoxicity to macrophages. NPCCGE demonstrated antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis, both in promastigote forms (IC50 = 9.52 µg/mL, SI = 42.01) and axenic amastigote forms (EC50 = 6.6 µg/mL, SI = 60.60). The results suggest that nanostructuring EPI in CCG enhances its antileishmanial activity.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of curcumin and methylene blue associated with laser on bacterial and fungal strains

Objective:To analyze the effect of methylene blue and 10% curcumin in fungi and bacteria through an in vitrostudy using photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods:Curcumin and methylene blue were photosensitized by a Photon Lase III laser applied for 90 s in a dark environment within a laminar flow chamber. Enterococcus faecalisand Candida albicans strains were cultured and standardized.Then, a minimum inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) assay was conducted for these photosensitizers, with concentration variations and incubation to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Results:With PDT, Curcumin had significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis (MIC = 250 µg/mL).In contrast, methylene blue had antibacterial activity against E. faecalis (MIC < 12.5 µg/mL with PDT) and antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC <12.5 µg/mL with or without PDT).Both agents showed greater efficacy in the presence of the laser.The results suggest that curcumin and methylene blue associated with laser may effectively treat microbial infections. Conclusion:Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using these agents in animal and human models and theireffectiveness against different bacterial and fungal strains.

Eugenia piauhiensis Vellaff. essential oil and γ-elemene its major constituent exhibit antileishmanial activity, promoting cell membrane damage and in vitro immunomodulation.

Leishmaniasis is considered as one of the most Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the world, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. The search for new therapeutic agents from natural sources has been a constant for the treatment of diseases such as leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of Eugenia piauhiensis Vellaff. essential oil (EpEO) and its major constituent γ-elemene on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, its cytotoxicity, and possible mechanisms of action. EpEO was more active (IC50 6.43 ± 0.18 µg/mL) against promastigotes than γ-elemene [9.82 ± 0.15 µg/mL (48.05 ± 0.73 µM)] and the reference drug miltefosine [IC50 17.25 ± 0.26 µg/mL (42.32 ± 0.64 µM)]. EpEO and γ-elemene exhibited low cytotoxicity against J774.A1 macrophages, with CC50 225.8 ± 3.57 µg/mL and 213.21 ± 3.3 µg/mL (1043 ± 16.15 µM), respectively. Additionally, EpEO and γ-elemene present direct activity against the parasite, decreasing plasma membrane integrity. EpEO and γ-elemene also proved to be even more active against intracellular amastigotes of the parasite [IC50 4.59 ± 0.07 µg/mL and 8.06 ± 0.12 µg/mL (39.44 ± 0.59 µM)], respectively), presenting indirect effects through macrophage activity modulation. Anti-amastigote activity was associated with increased TNF-α, IL-12, NO, and ROS levels. In conclusion, our results suggest EpEO and γ-elemene as promising candidates for new drug development against leishmaniasis.

Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for the incorporation of alkaloid epiisopiloturine.

The natural alkaloid epiisopiloturine has recently become the focus of study for various medicinal properties, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antischistosomal effect. The incorporation of active molecules in natural polymeric matrices has garnered increasing interest during recent decades. A new derivative of cashew gum successfully obtained by gum acetylation has shown great potential as a carrier in controlled drug release systems. In this work, epiisopiloturine was encapsulated in acetylated cashew gum nanoparticles in order to increase solubility and allow slow release, whereas the morphology results were supported by computer simulations. The particles were produced under a variety of conditions, and thoroughly characterized using light scattering and microscopic techniques. The particles were spherical and highly stable in solution, and showed drug incorporation at high levels, up to 55% efficiency. Using a dialysis-based in vitro assay, these particles were shown to release the drug via a Fickian diffusion mechanism, leading to gradual drug release over approximately 6 h. These nanoparticles show potential for the use as drug delivery system, while studies on their potential anti-inflammatory action, as well as toxicity and efficacy assays would need to be performed in the future to confirm their suitability as drug delivery candidates.

Third-Generation Transdermal Delivery Systems Containing Zidovudine: Effect of the Combination of Different Chemical Enhancers and a Microemulsion System.

This study aimed to examine the influence of the combination of chemical enhancers and a microemulsion on the transdermal permeation of zidovudine (AZT). Ethanol, 1,8-cineole, and geraniol were incorporated in a microemulsion. The droplet size, zeta potential, rheology, and SAXS analysis were performed. The permeation enhancer effect was evaluated using pig ear skin. Snake skin (Boa constrictor) treated with the formulations was also used as a stratum corneum model and studied by attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. As a result, it was observed that the incorporation of the chemical enhancers promoted a decrease of the droplet size and some rheological modifications. The 1,8-cineole associated with the microemulsion significantly increased the permeated amount of AZT. Conversely, ethanol significantly increased the quantity of the drug retained in the skin. The probable mechanism for the cineole and ethanol effects was respectively: fluidization and increasing of the diffusion coefficient, and increasing of the partition coefficient. Surprising, geraniol + microemulsion drastically decreased both the permeated and the retained amount of AZT into the skin. Thus, the adequate association of microemulsion and chemical enhancers showed to be a crucial step to enable the topical or transdermal use of drugs.

Seasonal change in main alkaloids of jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardleworth), an economically important species from the Brazilian flora.

Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardleworth (jaborandi, Rutaceae) is one of the most important Brazilian medicinal species owing to its content of pilocarpine (PIL), an alkaloid used for treating glaucoma and xerostomia. This species contains another alkaloid, epiisopiloturine (EPI), which has demonstrated effectiveness against schistosomiasis. The aim of this work was to assess seasonal changes of PIL and EPI in three populations of cultivated P. microphyllus from northeastern Brazil over one year, including the dry and rainy seasons. Alkaloid profiles were correlated to phenotypic and genetic patterns in the morphological and molecular characterizations. PIL was the primary alkaloid and its levels differed among populations in all months except September. The S01 population (green line) showed an especially high PIL content compared to populations S02 and S03 (traditional line), which had similar alkaloid contents. PIL content gradually decreased in the three populations in the rainy season.EPI content was significantly different between the green line (S01) and the traditional line (S02 and S03).S01 had a significantly lower EPI content in all months, demonstrating that it was not the best source for EPI extraction. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and morphological analyses clearly separated S01 from S02 and S03, in agreement with the alkaloid results. This study shows the first correlation between the chemical, morphological, and molecular markers of P. microphyllus and highlights the potential benefits of a multidisciplinary research approach aimed at supporting both industry and conservation of natural resources.

Synergistic effects of in vitro combinations of piplartine, epiisopiloturine and praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni.

Schistosomiasis is a world health problem, and praziquantel is the only drug currently used for the treatment. There is some evidence that extensive monotherapy of praziquantel may be leading to drug resistance in the parasite. In order to find alternative treatments, the effects of the combination of epiisopiloturine (EPI), piplartine (PPT) and praziquantel (PZQ) were evaluated. Similarity analysis of these compounds was performed using optimized molecular structures to compare the shape and the charge modeling of combinations between PZQ and EPI or PPT. Supported by this data, in vitro association of PZQ-PPT, PZQ-EPI, and EPI-PPT was carried out, and the activity of these combinations against Schistosoma mansoni was assessed. The results showed synergistic activity with a combination index (CI) of 0.42 for the treatment with PZQ-PPT. Both PZQ-EPI and EPI-PPT combinations also showed synergistic effects, with CI values of 0.86 and 0.61, respectively. Surface alterations in the tegument of adult schistosomes after the treatments were observed using laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the association of EPI-PPT decreased the cytotoxicity when compared with both isolated compounds in three different lines of mammalian cells. Thus, synergistic combinations of PZQ-PPT, PZQ-EPI, and EPI-PPT create the possibility of reduced doses to be used against Schistosoma mansoni.

Synergistic effects of in vitro combinations of piplartine, epiisopiloturine and praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosomiasis is a world health problem, and praziquantel is the only drug currently used for the treatment. There is some evidence that extensive monotherapy of praziquantel may be leading to drug resistance in the parasite. In order to find alternative treatments, the effects of the combination of epiisopiloturine (EPI), piplartine (PPT) and praziquantel (PZQ) were evaluated. Similarity analysis of these compounds was performed using optimized molecular structures to compare the shape and the charge modeling of combinations between PZQ and EPI or PPT. Supported by this data, in vitro association of PZQ-PPT, PZQ-EPI, and EPI-PPT was carried out, and the activity of these combinations against Schistosoma mansoni was assessed. The results showed synergistic activity with a combination index (CI) of 0.42 for the treatment with PZQ-PPT. Both PZQ-EPI and EPI-PPT combinations also showed synergistic effects, with CI values of 0.86 and 0.61, respectively. Surface alterations in the tegument of adult schistosomes after the treatments were observed using laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the association of EPI-PPT decreased the cytotoxicity when compared with both isolated compounds in three different lines of mammalian cells. Thus, synergistic combinations of PZQ-PPT, PZQ-EPI, and EPI-PPT create the possibility of reduced doses to be used against Schistosoma mansoni.

In vitro effects of Pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

The aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), respectively, on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to quantify these compounds. Larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. Five AE and EE concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg mL-1, and six concentrations of pilocarpine hydrochloride, ranging from 0.7 to 24.0 mg mL-1, were tested. The lethal concentration (LC50) of each extract for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. The concentration of pilocarpine hydrochloride obtained from the EE and the AE was 1.3 and 0.3% (m/m), respectively. Pilocarpine hydrochloride presented the highest acaricidal activity on larvae (LC50 2.6 mg mL-1) and engorged females (LC50 11.8 mg mL-1) of R.(B.) microplus, followed by the EE which presented LC50 of 56.4 and 15.9 mg mL-1, for larvae and engorged females, respectively. Such results indicate that pilocarpine hydrochloride has acaricidal activity, and may be the primary compound responsible for this activity by P. microphyllus EE.

In vitro effects of Pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Efeitos in vitro do extrato de Pilocarpus microphyllus e do cloridrato de pilocarpina sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), respectively, on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to quantify these compounds. Larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. Five AE and EE concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg mL–1, and six concentrations of pilocarpine hydrochloride, ranging from 0.7 to 24.0 mg mL–1, were tested. The lethal concentration (LC50) of each extract for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. The concentration of pilocarpine hydrochloride obtained from the EE and the AE was 1.3 and 0.3% (m/m), respectively. Pilocarpine hydrochloride presented the highest acaricidal activity on larvae (LC50 2.6 mg mL–1) and engorged females (LC50 11.8 mg mL–1) of R.(B.) microplus, followed by the EE which presented LC50 of 56.4 and 15.9 mg mL–1, for larvae and engorged females, respectively. Such results indicate that pilocarpine hydrochloride has acaricidal activity, and may be the primary compound responsible for this activity by P. microphyllus EE.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade dos extratos aquoso (AE) e etanólico (EE) e do cloridrato de pilocarpina, que foram, respectivamente, extraídos e isolado de Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi realizada para quantificação dos compostos. Testes de pacote de larvas e de imersão de adultos foram realizados com diferentes concentrações. Cinco concentrações do AE e EE variando de 6,2 a 100,0 mg mL–1 e seis concentrações do cloridrato de pilocarpina variando de 0,7 a 24,0 mg mL–1 foram testadas. A concentração letal (CL50) de cada extrato para larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas foi estimada por meio da análise Probit. A concentração de cloridrato de pilocarpina obtida do EE e AE foi de 1,3 e 0,3% (m/m), respectivamente. O cloridrato de pilocarpina apresentou a maior atividade carrapaticida sobre larvas (CL50 2,6 mg mL–1) e fêmeas ingurgitadas (CL50 11,8 mg mL–1) de R. (B.) microplus, seguido do EE que apresentou CL50 de 56,4 e 15,9 mg mL–1, para larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas, respectivamente. Tais resultados indicam que o cloridrato de pilocarpina apresenta atividade carrapaticida e pode ser o principal responsável pela atividade acaricida do EE de P. microphyllus.

Immobilization of cationic antimicrobial peptides and natural cashew gum in nanosheet systems for the investigation of anti-leishmanial activity.

This report details the development of thin films containing an antimicrobial peptide, specifically, dermaseptin 01 (GLWSTIKQKGKEAAIAAA-KAAGQAALGAL-NH2, [DRS 01]), and a natural polysaccharide, for a novel application in detecting the presence of Leishmania cells and maintaining anti-leishmanial activity. The peptide DRS 01 was immobilized in conjunction with natural cashew gum (CG) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique. The LbL film ITO/CG/DRS 01, containing DRS 01 as the outer layer, was capable of detecting the presence of Leishmania cells and acting as an anti-leishmanial system. Detection was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate buffer (pH7.2) in the presence of promastigote cells (0-10(7)cells/mL). The results showed a linear and inversely proportional relation between the concentration of Leishmania infantum protozoan cells and the measured current values obtained for the films, which was attributed to the effect of peptide-induced lysis of the cell membrane, and resulted in freed residues that were adsorbed on the electrode surface. With this, the paper shows a method using thin films with this new material to demonstrate the anti-leishmanial activity in vitro models of carpet-like mechanisms.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from the Skin Secretion of the Frog Leptodactylus pustulatus.

Eight new peptides were isolated from the skin secretion of the frog Leptodactylus pustulatus and their amino acid sequences determined by de novo sequencing and by cDNA cloning. Structural similarities between them and other antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretion of Leptodactylus genus frogs were found. Ocellatins-PT1 to -PT5 (25 amino acid residues) are amidated at the C-terminus, while ocellatins-PT6 to -PT8 (32 amino acid residues) have free carboxylates. Antimicrobial activity, hemolytic tests, and cytotoxicity against a murine fibroblast cell line were investigated. All peptides, except for ocellatin-PT2, have antimicrobial activity against at least one Gram-negative strain. Ocellatin-PT8 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella choleraesuis strains with MICs in the 60-240 µM range. No significant effect was observed in human erythrocytes and in a murine fibroblast cell line after exposure to the peptides at MICs. A comparison between sequences obtained by both direct HPLC-MS de novo sequencing and cDNA cloning demonstrates the secretion of mature peptides derived from a pre-pro-peptide structure.