Symptoms in long-term breast cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study in primary care.

PURPOSE: Various long-term symptoms can manifest after breast cancer treatment, but we wanted to clarify whether these are more frequent among long-term breast cancer survivors than matched controls and if they are associated with certain diagnoses. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, population-based study of 350 breast cancer survivors treated with chemo- and/or radiotherapy ≥5 years (median 10) after diagnosis and 350 women without cancer matched by age and primary care physician. All women completed a questionnaire enquiring about symptoms, underwent echocardiography to assess the left ventricle ejection fraction, and completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Cardiovascular diseases were diagnosed from primary care records. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, symptoms were adjusted for the long-term effects and compared between cohorts and within the survivor group. RESULTS: Concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, dizziness, and nocturia were more frequent among breast cancer survivors compared with controls, but differences could not be explained by cardiac dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, depression, or anxiety. Intermittent claudication and appetite loss were more frequent among breast cancer survivors than controls and associated with cardiac dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. Breast cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy with/without radiotherapy were at significantly higher odds of forgetfulness and nocturia, but significantly lower odds of dizziness, compared with breast cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent claudication and appetite loss are common among breast cancer survivors and are associated with cardiac dysfunction and mood disorders. Other symptoms varied by whether the patient underwent chemotherapy with/without radiotherapy (forgetfulness and nocturia) radiotherapy alone (dizziness).

Long-term psychological distress in breast cancer survivors and their matched controls: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer survivors often experience psychological distress shortly after diagnosis. Long-term psychological effects, however, have not been clearly demonstrated. METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort study included 350 breast cancer survivors and 350 age-matched and general-practitioner-matched women. The median follow-up was 10 years. Using logistic regression we compared breast cancer survivors with controls on having (severe) symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, as measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. In multivariable logistic regression, we adjusted the results for a history of depression or prescription of antidepressants. RESULTS: Larger proportions of breast cancer survivors experienced symptoms of depression (10.6%) compared with controls (4.9%) and symptoms of anxiety (18.6%) compared with controls (16.3%). The odds of symptoms of depression (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.3-4.2), severe symptoms of depression (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-10.3) and severe symptoms of anxiety (OR 2.1, 95%CI, 1.1-4.0) were significantly higher for breast cancer survivors than for controls, even after adjusting for history of depression or prescription of antidepressants. No significant difference was seen for mild symptoms of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer survivors have an increased risk of symptoms of depression, including severe symptoms, and severe symptoms of anxiety compared with controls, for up to at least 10 years after diagnosis.

[Developments in mental health care in Dutch general practices: an overview of recent studies]. / Ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse huisartsenzorg voor psychische problemen: een overzicht van recente studies.

BACKGROUND: Dutch policy aims to strengthen mental health care in general practices, to keep health care affordable. Recently, a new function (mental health nurses) and a new referral model for patients with mental health problems were introduced.
AIM: To explore to what extent the volume of mental health care in Dutch general practices has increased and to what extent the content changed in the period 2010-2015.
METHOD: This study employed: 1. analyses of medical records, and 2. a case study in a primary health care centre.
RESULTS: The number of general practices with at least one mental health nurse increased from 20% in 2010 to almost 90% in 2015. In the period 2010-2014, general practitioners (gps) and mental health nurses treated increasing numbers of patients with mental health problems. No task shifting from gps to mental health nurses was observed. In the period 2011-2015, the number of antidepressant prescriptions increased slightly. In 2014, gps in a well-prepared primary care centre allocated 87% of their patients with mental health problems to a treatment setting in line with the referral model.
CONCLUSION: Dutch general practices have recently provided more mental health care, thereby emphasising their important role in the mental health care system.

Development and external validation of a prediction rule for an unfavorable course of late-life depression: A multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Given the poor prognosis of late-life depression, it is crucial to identify those at risk. Our objective was to construct and validate a prediction rule for an unfavourable course of late-life depression. METHODS: For development and internal validation of the model, we used The Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) data. We included participants with a major depressive disorder (MDD) at baseline (n = 270; 60-90 years), assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). For external validation of the model, we used The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) data (n = 197; 50-66 years). The outcome was MDD after 2 years of follow-up, assessed with the CIDI. Candidate predictors concerned sociodemographics, psychopathology, physical symptoms, medication, psychological determinants, and healthcare setting. Model performance was assessed by calculating calibration and discrimination. RESULTS: 111 subjects (41.1%) had MDD after 2 years of follow-up. Independent predictors of MDD after 2 years were (older) age, (early) onset of depression, severity of depression, anxiety symptoms, comorbid anxiety disorder, fatigue, and loneliness. The final model showed good calibration and reasonable discrimination (AUC of 0.75; 0.70 after external validation). The strongest individual predictor was severity of depression (AUC of 0.69; 0.68 after external validation). LIMITATIONS: The model was developed and validated in The Netherlands, which could affect the cross-country generalizability. CONCLUSIONS: Based on rather simple clinical indicators, it is possible to predict the 2-year course of MDD. The prediction rule can be used for monitoring MDD patients and identifying those at risk of an unfavourable outcome.

Does training general practitioners result in more shared decision making during consultations?

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a clustered randomised controlled trial to study the effects of shared decision making (SDM) on patient recovery. This study aims to determine whether GPs trained in SDM and reinforcing patients' treatment expectations showed more trained behaviour during their consultations than untrained GPs. METHODS: We compared 86 consultations conducted by 23 trained GPs with 89 consultations completed by 19 untrained GPs. The primary outcomes were SDM, as measured by the OPTION scale, and positive reinforcement, as measured by global observation. Secondary outcomes were the level of autonomy in decision making and the duration of the consultation. RESULTS: Intervention consultations scored significantly higher on most elements of the OPTION scale, and on the autonomy scale; however, they were three minutes longer in duration, and the mean OPTION score of the intervention group remained below average. CONCLUSION: Training GPs resulted in more SDM behaviour and more autonomy for the patient; however, this increase is not attributable to the adoption of a patient perspective. Furthermore, while we aimed to demonstrate that SDM facilitates the reinforcement of patients' positive expectations, the measurement of this behaviour was not reliable. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In supporting SDM, professionals should give greater attention to patients' treatment expectations.

The effect of pain on presence and severity of depressive disorders in older persons: The role of perceived control as mediator.

BACKGROUND: The relation between pain and depression is reported repeatedly. It is suggested that pain by itself is not sufficient for the development of depression. We aim to study the role of perceived control as mediating factor in the relation between pain and depressive disorders at old age. METHODS: Baseline data of the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used, including 345 persons with DSM-IV depressive disorders (CIDI) and 125 control persons without depressive disorders, aged 60 years and over. Measures included severity of depression (Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology), presence and intensity of pain and pain-related disability (Chronic Graded Pain scale), and a general measure of perceived control over life (Pearlin Mastery Scale). In mediation analyses direct and indirect effects were estimated. RESULTS: Older persons with depressive disorders reported pain more frequently with higher intensity than controls. After controlling for confounding, the direct effect of pain intensity and the indirect effect through perceived control on depression were OR=1.10 (CI 95% .98;1.25) and OR=1.24 (1.15;1.35). For pain-related disability these were OR=1.14 (1.02;1.29) and OR=1.21 (1.13;1.29). In depressed persons there was a strong direct effect of pain intensity and disability and a smaller indirect effect through perceived control on severity of depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS: This cross-sectional study cannot give evidence on causal direction. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived control plays an important role as mediator in the association between pain and presence of depression. In depressed persons however, the direct role of pain seems more important in the association with depression severity.

[Do mental health nurses take over care from general practitioners?] / Verlicht de POH-GGZ de werkdruk van de huisarts?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine mental health care provided by general practitioners and by mental health nurses working in general practices. DESIGN: Observational research. METHOD: We analysed how many consultations with patients with mental health problems were recorded in Dutch general practices in the period 2010-2014. General practices with and without a mental health nurse were compared, and we investigated which patients were mainly treated by mental health nurses. RESULTS: An increasing number of patients visited the GP for mental health problems in the period 2010-2014. GPs collaborating with a mental health nurse recorded a somewhat higher number of patients with mental health problems than GPs without a mental health nurse, but used as many consultations per patient. Mental health nurses mainly treat females, adult patients, and patients with common mental health problems. CONCLUSION: Mental health nurses do not take over care from GPs, but provide additional mental health care to patients with mental health problems. Collaborating with a mental health nurse might increase GPs' alertness to record mental health problems.

The prevalence of long-term symptoms of depression and anxiety after breast cancer treatment: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: It is unclear whether breast cancer survivors have a higher risk of long-term symptoms of depression or anxiety. The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence about long-term symptoms of depression and anxiety in breast cancer survivors. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and PsycINFO were searched for studies with at least 100 survivors ≥1 year after diagnosis, and which used common questionnaires measuring symptoms of depression or anxiety, by two independent reviewers. The quality was assessed with the NIH 'Quality Assessment Tool' checklist. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety was compared to time since diagnosis, available control groups and a general female population. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were included in this review with an average quality score of 57% (range 38-86%). The prevalence of symptoms of depression varied from 9.4% to 66.1% and of anxiety from 17.9% to 33.3%. The results on the depression scale suggested an increase in risk of symptoms of depression for breast cancer survivors at one year after diagnosis, which decreases over the ensuing years. Symptoms of anxiety were not more prevalent among the women with early stage breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression among breast cancer survivors than among the general female population, persistent over more than 5 years after diagnosis. Health care providers should be aware of this. There was no indication for an increased prevalence of symptoms of anxiety among breast cancer survivors.

Depression, disability and somatic diseases among elderly.

OBJECTIVE: Depression among older adults is associated with both disability and somatic disease. We aimed to further understand this complicated relationship and to study the possible modifying effect of increasing age. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: Outpatient and inpatient clinics of regional facilities for mental health care and primary care. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly people, 60 years and older, 378 persons meeting DSM-IV criteria for a depressive disorder and 132 non-depressed comparisons. MEASUREMENTS: Depression diagnoses were assessed with the CIDI version 2.1. Disability was assessed with the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Social-demographic information and somatic diseases were assessed by self-report measurements. RESULTS: Disability, in general and on all its subscales, was strongly related to depression. Presence of somatic disease did not contribute independently to variance in depression. The relationship was stronger for people of 60-69 years old than for those older than 70 years. Important aspects of disability that contributed to depression were disability in participation, self-care and social activities. LIMITATIONS: Results are based on cross sectional data. No inferences about causal relationships can be drawn. CONCLUSION: Disability, especially disability regarding participation, self-care, or social activities is strongly related to late-life depression. Somatic diseases in itself are less of a risk for depression, except that somatic diseases are related to disability.

Prevalence, presentation and prognosis of delirium in older people in the population, at home and in long term care: a review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to provide an overview of prevalence, symptoms, risk factors and prognosis of delirium in primary care and institutionalized long-term care. DESIGN: The method used in this study is a systematic PubMed search and literature review. RESULTS: The prevalence of delirium in the population among the elderly aged 65+ years is 1-2%. Prevalence rises with age: 10% among a "general" population aged 85+ years. Prevalence rises up to 22% in populations with higher percentages of demented elder. In long-term care, prevalence ranges between 1.4% and 70%, depending on diagnostic criteria and on the prevalence of dementia. There is a significant increase of the risk of delirium with age and cognitive decline in all groups. Concerning prognosis, most studies agree that older people who previously experienced delirium have a higher risk of dementia and a higher mortality rate. Population and long-term care studies show the same tendency. CONCLUSIONS: Delirium in a non-selected population aged 65+ years is uncommon. However, prevalence rises very quickly in selected older groups. Primary care doctors should be aware of a relatively high risk of delirium among the elderly in long-term care, those older than 85 years and those with dementia.

Personality and perceived need for mental health care among primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Although there are many forms of effective, evidence-based treatments available to patients with mood and anxiety disorders, many do not seek any help. Certain personality characteristics are associated with increased use of mental health services. The objective of this study is to examine whether personality traits are also related to patients' perceived need for (specific types of) mental health care. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were derived from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). A total of 762 patients recruited from general practices, and who had been diagnosed with one or more DSM-IV diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression were included. Perceived need for mental health care was assessed with the Perceived Need for Care Questionnaire (PNCQ) and personality traits were assessed with the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). RESULTS: We found indications that personality traits, in particular neuroticism and openness to experience, have an impact on care needs. Patients with higher scores on these traits were more likely to have a perceived need for care, irrespective of whether or not this need was met. Extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were largely unrelated to perceived need for care. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the severity of anxiety and depression, personality is associated with need for care. This seems to be true for neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Associations with these domains were found for various types of treatment. These findings suggest that patients with different levels of personality traits need different treatments.

The impact of causal attributions on diagnosis and successful referral of depressed patients in primary care.

Despite growing concerns of over-treatment, the under-diagnosis and undertreatment of major depressive disorders is still prevalent. Causal attributions are thought to be involved in help seeking behavior, time to diagnosis and the chance for successful referral. Yet, little is known about the extent to which these processes are influenced by causal attributions. 120 patients, involved in the nationwide second Dutch National Survey of General Practice (Schellevis, Westert, & Bakker, 2005), with a current DSM-IV diagnosis of depression, severe depression or with a depression lasting over six months, completed a causal attributions inventory. Demographic and clinical data from the survey, and causal attribution scores were used as independent variables in association with getting a diagnosis of depression from the general practitioner, or being in treatment by a mental health care provider for more than 3 sessions. Causal attributions related to intrapsychic fears were significantly associated with getting a diagnosis of depression and successful referral. Causal attributions related to childhood were also positively associated with successful referral. In association models derived from all the demographic and clinical data available in the survey, causal attributions substantially contributed to the explained variance, 55% and 39% respectively. The findings suggest causal attributions have a statistically significant impact on time to diagnosis and the chance of successful referral. Using the Causal Attribution Inventory with high-risk patients in primary care might enhance the chance of detection and successful referral of depressed patients. Schellevis, F. G., Westert, G. P., & De Bakker, D. H. (2005). The actual role of general practice in the dutch health-care system. Results of the second dutch national survey of general practice. Medizinische Klinik (Munich), 100(10), 656-661.

Communication in general practice: differences between European countries.

BACKGROUND: Based on differences in national health care system characteristics such as the gatekeeping role of GPs (at the macrolevel) and on diverging GP and patient characteristics (at the microlevel), communication may differ between countries. Knowledge of the influence of these characteristics on doctor-patient communication will be important for setting European health care policies. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were (i) to compare doctor-patient communication in general practice between European countries; and (ii) to investigate the influence of the gatekeeping system and GP and patient characteristics on doctor-patient communication in general practice. METHODS: Fifteen patients per GP (in total 2825 patients) of 190 GPs in six European countries were included. Participating countries were The Netherlands, Spain, the UK (gatekeeping countries), Belgium, Germany and Switzerland (non-gatekeeping countries). Data were collected by means of patient and GP questionnaires and observation of videotaped consultations, and analysed by one-way and multilevel, multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Differences in communication between countries were found in: affective and instrumental behaviour; biomedical and psychosocial talk; GPs' patient-directed gaze; and consultation length. The study showed that GPs' gatekeeping role (with registered patients) was less important for doctor-patient communication than was expected. Patient characteristics such as gender, age, having psychosocial problems, and familiarity between the doctor and the patient were the most important in explaining differences in communication. CONCLUSION: The gatekeeping role of GPs is hardly important in explaining doctor-patient communication. The relationship is more complex than expected. Patient and GP characteristics are more important. Cultural factors should be included in future studies.

Unexplained severe chronic pain in general practice.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of unexplained severe chronic pain (USCP) in general practice and to report medical as well as psychological descriptions of patients suffering from this condition.A total of 45 GPs in 35 different practices included patients throughout the year 1996. Patients were included according to the following criteria: between 18 and 75 years of age; pain which had lasted at least 6 months; pain is the most prominent aspect in the clinical presentation; pain is serious enough to justify clinical attention; pain has led to obvious discomfort and disability in daily life for at least for 1 month. Medical aspects were measured with the IASP taxonomy while psychological aspects were derived from the MPI. The overall prevalence of USCP was 7.91 per 1000 enlisted patients. Estimates ranged between 1.87 in the youngest age group and 13.50 in the 55-59 age category. The lower back and lower limbs were most frequently affected and 31% of the patients had pain in more than three major body sites. Pain was most frequently associated by the musculoskeletal system and most often (nearly) continuous. Mean severity of current pain was 3.7 on a scale from 0 (indicating no pain) to 6 (indicating a lot of pain). Mean rating of 'average pain in the last week' was 4.1. Regarding the psychosocial and behavioural aspects of pain, 27% of the patients could be described as perceiving severe pain while gaining social support for it. Fourteen per cent felt in the category 'pain combined with affective and relational distress' and 10% was classified as 'coping well with pain intensities lower than those of the other groups'. The other half of the patients were on average or not classifiable on these aspects. Unexplained severe chronic pain lasting more than 6 months had on overall prevalence of 7.91 per 1000 enlisted patients, ranging from 1.87 in the youngest to 13.50 in the oldest patients in these 35 general practices in The Netherlands. Our prevalence estimate of USCP is low compared to other studies on chronic pain. Probably for three reasons: Firstly, our study was confined to unexplained pain and not all chronic pain. Secondly, our inclusion criteria focused the attention of very severe chronic pain patients, and thirdly, we have defined 'chronic' as more than 6 months, while others have been using shorter time spans.

Doctor-patient communication in different European health care systems: relevance and performance from the patients' perspective.

Our aim is to investigate differences between European health care systems in the importance attached by patients to different aspects of doctor-patient communication and the GPs' performance of these aspects, both being from the patients' perspective. 3658 patients of 190 GPs in six European countries (Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland) completed pre- and post-visit questionnaires about relevance and performance of doctor-patient communication. Data were analyzed by variance analysis and by multilevel analysis. In the non-gatekeeping countries, patients considered both biomedical and psychosocial communication aspects to be more important than the patients in the gatekeeping countries. Similarly, in the patients' perception, the non-gatekeeping GPs dealt with these aspects more often. Patient characteristics (gender, age, education, psychosocial problems, bad health, depressive feelings, GPs' assessment of psychosocial background) showed many relationships. Of the GP characteristics, only the GPs' psychosocial diagnosis was associated with patient-reported psychosocial relevance and performance. Talking about biomedical issues was more important for the patients than talking about psychosocial issues, unless the patients presented psychosocial problems to the GP. Discrepancies between relevance and performance were apparent, especially with respect to biomedical aspects. The implications for health policy and for general practitioners are discussed.

GPs' referral to mental health care during the past 25 years.

Previous research has shown that mental disorder in the community has remained fairly constant over the past 30 years. As a result there has been a shift in mental health care from primary care to specialised mental health care. This shift should be visible in higher referral figures from general practice. In this longitudinal analysis of mental health referrals (1971 to 1997), the authors aimed to answer whether these higher referral rates have occurred, whether there are increases in referral for specific groups, and whether the referral pattern has changed. The results demonstrate an increase in referral rate with a factor of 4.5. It is concluded that we are witnessing a pull from mental health care together with a push from general practice, thus reinforcing each other.

Electronic diary assessment of pain, disability and psychological adaptation in patients differing in duration of pain.

Computerized diary measurement of pain, disability and psychological adaptation was performed four times a day for 4 weeks in 80 patients with various duration of unexplained pain. Reported are (1) the temporal characteristics and stability of pain report during the 4-week measurement period, (2) the association between pain duration and pain report, disability and general psychopathology, and (3) the accordance between diary assessment versus questionnaire assessment of pain, disability and psychological adaptation. No evidence of instrument reactivity was found: pain report was stable across the 4-week period. However, pain report appeared to be highly variable both between and within days. About half the patients showed a clear increasing trend in pain during the day. Several differences were found between subgroups of patients varying in pain duration. Patients with less than 6 months of pain reported significantly less pain intensity, disability and fatigue than patients whose pain persisted for more than 6 months. Pain coping and responses to pain behaviors by the spouse also differed for the subgroups: longer pain duration was associated with increased catastrophizing and solicitous responses from the spouse. Comparison of scores obtained with diary versus questionnaire assessment indicated moderate correlations for most variables. Retrospective (questionnaire) assessment of pain intensity yielded significantly higher pain scores than diary assessment.

The general practitioner as the first contacted health professional by patients with psychosocial problems: a European study.

BACKGROUND: There are considerable differences between and within countries in the involvement of general practitioners (GPs) in psychosocial care. This study aimed to describe the self-perceived role of GPs in 30 European countries as the first contacted professional for patients with psychosocial problems. and to examine the relationship with characteristics of the health care system, practice organization and doctors. METHODS: Data collected in the European Study of GP Task Profiles were analysed in relation to the self-perceived involvement of GPs in psychosocial care. In 30 countries 7233 GPs answered standardized questionnaires in their own languages about seven brief case scenarios. The questions focused on care given as the first health care professional contacted, and were answered in a scored scale (1-4) ranging from 'never' to 'almost always'. Independent variables examined were both on a national level and on an individual level, including: listed practice population, referral system, employment status of GPs, workload, measures of practice organization, contacts with social workers and urbanization of practice area. Data were analysed using multi-level techniques. RESULTS: Self-perceived involvement in psychosocial care was much higher in Western than in Eastern Europe and also in countries with a referral system. Cooperation with social workers, rural practice, keeping medical records, presence of an appointment system and high workload were positively associated with this perceived involvement. CONCLUSIONS: In countries with self-employed doctors and a referral system, GPs are in a better position to provide psychosocial care. GPs should be encouraged to cooperate with social workers and to keep medical records of their patient contacts routinely.