RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Olecranon bursitis can be difficult to treat, resulting in persistent or recurrent symptoms. Bursectomy is a frequently applied treatment option for refractory cases but has high complication rates. This is the first in vivo study to investigate the safety and efficacy of hydrothermal ablation, a new treatment modality for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis that aims to cause thermal obliteration of the bursal lining by irrigation with heated saline. METHODS: First, a pilot animal trial was set up to determine a safe irrigation temperature window. Second, in a human trial the bursae of patients with chronic, recurrent, or refractory olecranon bursitis were irrigated with a 3-mL/s flow of physiological saline for a duration of 180 seconds at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C. Patients were followed up for 6 months, allowing for assessment of the surgical site to screen for adverse events, volumetric ultrasonographic assessment of the bursae, and collection of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH), Patient Global Impression Score, and Clinical Global Impression Score, as well as data on return to activities or work. RESULTS: Twenty-four elbows were prospectively included and underwent a full cycle of hydrothermal ablation. The mean age was 58.4 years (range 40.5-81.5), including 20 male and 4 female patients. None had clinical signs of septic bursitis. Bursal fluid cultures were positive in only 1 case. The average preoperative bursal volume was 11.18 mL (range 4.13-30.75). Eighteen of 24 elbows (75%) were successfully treated, showing a complete remission of symptoms or decided improvement within 6 weeks and without any signs of recurrence during the entire follow-up period of 6 months. The average reduction of ultrasonography-measured bursal volume was 91.9% in the group of patients who responded to treatment. In patients without recurrence, the mean QuickDASH scores before and after treatment were 13.6 (range 0-50) and 3.1 (range 0-27.5), respectively, showing a statistically significant improvement. All patients were able to fully return to work within 6 weeks after the index procedure. No serious adverse events were encountered. Moderate local adverse events were found in 2 patients. Increasing temperatures of irrigation did not result in a higher treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION: Hydrothermal ablation at temperatures between 50°C and 52°C is a safe treatment option for recurrent or chronic olecranon bursitis with fewer complications than open bursectomy and a comparable efficacy.