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1.
Paediatr Drugs ; 24(4): 365-376, 2022 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35604536

RESUMEN

Pediatric intestinal transplant serves as the only definitive treatment for children with irreversible intestinal failure. Successful intestinal transplant hinges upon appropriate management of immunosuppression. The indications for intestinal transplant have changed over time. Immunosuppression regimens can be divided into induction and maintenance phases along with treatment of acute rejection. Intestinal transplant induction now often includes antithymocyte globulin or basiliximab in addition to corticosteroids. Maintenance regimens continue to be dominated by tacrolimus, with additional agents used to either decrease goal tacrolimus levels to limit toxicity or as an adjunct in sensitized patients. Careful monitoring can help to limit serious complications, such as rejection, infection, and malignancy. Future work will aim to decrease variation in practice and identify methods to determine optimal immunosuppression for a particular patient. Furthermore, there is a need for non-invasive monitoring of the intestinal graft and functional assessments of immunosuppression.


Asunto(s)
Inmunosupresores , Tacrolimus , Basiliximab , Niño , Rechazo de Injerto/prevención & control , Humanos , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Tacrolimus/efectos adversos
2.
Pediatrics ; 137(5)2016 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27244775

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines recommend that key antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) personnel include an infectious disease (ID) physician leader and dedicated ID-trained clinical pharmacist. Limited resources prompted development of an alternative model by using ID physicians and service-based clinical pharmacists at a pediatric hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and impact of this alternative ASP model. METHODS: The collaborative ASP model incorporated key strategies of education, antimicrobial restriction, day 3 audits, and practice guidelines. High-use and/or high-cost antimicrobial agents were chosen with audits targeting vancomycin, caspofungin, and meropenem. The electronic medical record was used to identify patients requiring day 3 audits and to communicate ASP recommendations. Segmented regression analyses were used to analyze quarterly antimicrobial agent prescription data for the institution and selected services over time. RESULTS: Initiation of ASP and day 3 auditing was associated with blunting of a preexisting increasing trend for caspofungin drug starts and use and a significant downward trend for vancomycin drug starts (relative change -12%) and use (-25%), with the largest reduction in critical care areas. Although meropenem use was already low due to preexisting requirements for preauthorization, a decline in drug use (-31%, P = .021) and a nonsignificant decline in drug starts (-21%, P = .067) were noted. A 3-month review of acceptance of ASP recommendations found rates of 90%, 93%, and 100% for vancomycin, caspofungin, and meropenem, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This nontraditional ASP model significantly reduced targeted drug usage demonstrating acceptance of integration of service-based clinical pharmacists and ID consultants.


Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/normas , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud , Antiinfecciosos/economía , Conducta Cooperativa , Ahorro de Costo , Costos de los Medicamentos , Revisión de la Utilización de Medicamentos , Hospitales Pediátricos , Humanos , Auditoría Médica , Pennsylvania , Farmacéuticos , Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital/normas , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto
3.
J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther ; 17(2): 166-72, 2012 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23118669

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Pharmacies encounter challenges when ensuring safe, timely medication dispensing to patients in the pediatric intensive care unit, when high-alert medications are needed in emergent situations. Removal of these medications from nursing stock presented challenges to providing timely administration to critical patients. The project's purpose was to develop a new method for reducing dispensing time while improving patient safety in pediatric intensive care units. METHODS: A committee of physicians, nurses, a clinical pharmacist, and pharmacy administration collaborated for process development. The process established a list of compounded, ready-to-use infusions stored in the pharmacy, immediately available for dispensing. The dispensing mechanism includes ordering and dispensing processes using an "Urgent Drip Request" form. Most frequently ordered infusions (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were added to automated dispensing cabinets in critical care units in concentrations that could be safely infused centrally or peripherally. RESULTS: During the initial 4 months, 71 "Urgent Drip Request" sheets were processed. Drug utilization evaluation demonstrated a dispensing time of less than 1 minute for drip medications leaving the pharmacy after the form was received. No sheets processed exceeded the institutional 30-minute turnaround time, nor were errors or delays documented. Limited turnaround time data existed preimplementation but was not robust enough for analysis. It was not ethically feasible to perform a head-to-head comparison with the previous method, as it might have resulted in delay of therapy and negative patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This program allows high-alert medication infusion availability in an expedited manner, removes potential for compounding errors at the bedside, and assures clean room preparation. This has improved pharmacy efficiency in provision of safe patient care to critically ill pediatric patients.

4.
Curr Infect Dis Rep ; 13(5): 433-41, 2011 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21732046

RESUMEN

Severe sepsis accounts for nearly 4,500 deaths (mortality rate 10%), and is responsible for nearly $2 billion annual healthcare expenditure in the United States. Early and speedy treatment of critically ill septic patients can halt or reduce the likelihood of physiologic progression to multi-system organ failure. A cornerstone of this therapeutic strategy is antibiotic administration. In this review, we discuss the empirical treatment strategies for the treatment of early and late neonatal sepsis, along with pediatric sepsis. Furthermore, we discuss the rationale that underlies the adoption of such treatment strategies. The present article also discusses the emergence of multi-drug organisms as the causative agents for sepsis, i.e. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant enterococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC).

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