Deformation of nickel-titanium closed coil springs: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to determine the amount of deformation in four commercial brands of nickel-titanium closed springs. METHODS: A total of 130 springs were divided into 13 subgroups, according to their features and manufacturers (Morelli, Orthometric, Ormco and GAC) and activated from 100% to 1000% of the effective length of the nickel-titanium portion present at the spring, at 37 °C. Deactivation data were plotted and deformation was found graphically. The values were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: Springs manufactured by Morelli had the same amount of deformation when they were activated up to 700% of Y activation; springs by Orthometric had the same amount of deformation up to 600-700% of Y; springs by Ormco had the same amount of deformation up to 700-800% of Y; and finally, the majority of springs by GAC had similar deformation up to 800%-1000% of activation. All springs tested could be activated up to 700% without rupture. CONCLUSIONS: Most subgroups were similarly deformed up to 700% of activation, without rupture of springs. Subgroups 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E showed the same amount of deformation up to 1000% of activation without any rupture at all.

Deformation of nickel-titanium closed coil springs: an in vitro study

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this paper was to determine the amount of deformation in four commercial brands of nickel-titanium closed springs. Methods: A total of 130 springs were divided into 13 subgroups, according to their features and manufacturers (Morelli, Orthometric, Ormco and GAC) and activated from 100% to 1000% of the effective length of the nickel-titanium portion present at the spring, at 37 °C. Deactivation data were plotted and deformation was found graphically. The values were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: Springs manufactured by Morelli had the same amount of deformation when they were activated up to 700% of Y activation; springs by Orthometric had the same amount of deformation up to 600-700% of Y; springs by Ormco had the same amount of deformation up to 700-800% of Y; and finally, the majority of springs by GAC had similar deformation up to 800%-1000% of activation. All springs tested could be activated up to 700% without rupture. Conclusions: Most subgroups were similarly deformed up to 700% of activation, without rupture of springs. Subgroups 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E showed the same amount of deformation up to 1000% of activation without any rupture at all.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a deformação em molas fechadas de níquel-titânio de quatro marcas comerciais. Métodos: cento e trinta molas foram divididas em treze subgrupos, de acordo com suas características e fabricantes (Morelli, Orthometric, Ormco e GAC), com ativação entre 100% e 1.000% do comprimento efetivo de níquel-titânio presente na mola (Y), a 37 °C. Dados de desativação foram coletados e a deformação foi obtida de forma gráfica. Os valores foram comparados por meio de análise de variância e teste post-hoc de Tukey. Resultados: as molas da Morelli apresentaram a mesma quantidade de deformação considerando-se 700% de ativação de Y; as molas da Orthometric tiveram a mesma quantidade de deformação até 600-700% de Y; as molas da Ormco tiveram a mesma quantidade de deformação até 700-800% de Y; e, por fim, a maioria das molas da GAC apresentou deformação semelhante até 800-1.000% de ativação. Todas as molas testadas puderam ser ativadas até 700% sem ruptura. Conclusões: a maioria dos subgrupos se deformou de maneira semelhante até 700% de ativação, sem ruptura das molas. Os subgrupos 4B, 4C, 4D e 4E demonstraram a mesma quantidade de deformação até 1.000% de ativação, sem nenhuma ruptura.

In vitro comparison of the force degradation of orthodontic intraoral elastics from different compositions

Introduction and Objective : The synthetic intermaxillary elastic emerged as an alternative for clinical use in patients with latex sensitivity. However, there are disagreements about this elastic protocol use according to the force degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the forces generated by latex and synthetic elastics over time. Material and methods: Sample size of 840 elastics were used (420 latex and 420 synthetic), delivering medium strength (Dental Morelli®) with internal diameter of 1/8", 3/16", 1/4" and 5/16". The elastics were randomly divided into 7 groups according to the time of the force measuring and immersed into distilled water at 37°C. To measure the force in each group, the elastics were stretched in six progressive increases of 100% of its internal diameter with the aid of a testing machine Emic and measured up to 72 hours. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Immediate force level of synthetic elastics was statistically higher than latex elastics in all strains, for the same size. However, the latex elastics mean forceslightly decreased over time, while the synthetic elastics presented an abrupt decrease. Conclusion: In view of these findings, Sudanese homemade alcoholic beverages cause oral epithelial atypical changes, which lead to oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. OEFC is a useful procedure for detection and assessment of oral ET.

Force system evaluation of symmetrical beta-titanium T-loop springs preactivated by curvature and concentrated bends.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this research was to compare the effect of preactivation on the force system of beta-titanium T-loop springs (TLSs). METHODS: Twenty TLSs with dimensions of 6 × 10 mm, of 0.017 × 0.025-in beta-titanium alloy, were randomly divided into 2 groups according to their preactivation. By using a moment transducer coupled to a digital extensometer indicator adapted to a testing machine, the amounts of horizontal force and moment produced were recorded at every 0.5 mm of deactivation from 5 mm of the initial activation in an interbracket distance of 23 mm. The moment-to-force ratio, the "neutral position" and the load-deflection ratio were also calculated. RESULTS: TLSs preactivated by curvature delivered horizontal forces significantly lower than those preactivated by concentrated bends. No differences were found in relation to the moments produced throughout the deactivation of both groups. The moment-to-force ratios were systematically higher on the TLSs preactivated by curvature than those preactivated by concentrated bends, except on 5 mm of activation. Significant differences were found in the load-deflection rates and "neutral position." CONCLUSIONS: The TLSs preactivated by curvature delivered lower horizontal forces and higher moment-to-force and load-deflection ratios than did those preactivated by concentrated bends.

Avaliação de superelasticidade e deformação das molas fechadas de níquel-titânio sob diferentes ativações / In vitro evaluation of the force generated by nickel-titanium closed coil springs of different commercial brands

Objetivos: Avaliar se molas fechadas de níquel-titânio de diferentes marcas comerciais Morelli®, Orthometric®, Ormco®, GAC® apresentam comportamento superelástico (SE), se o plateau de força produzido condiz com o fornecido pelo fabricante e determinar quais são os percentuais de deformação das molas testadas. Materiais e Métodos: Dois artigos científicos foram redigidos e utilizados para a avaliação dos propósitos apresentados e para compilação de um pequeno guia clínico. Resultados: A maioria das molas mostrou-se superelásticas a partir da ativação inicial de 400%, apenas um subgrupo não apresentou comportamento superelástico em nenhuma das ativações. Os plateaus SE fornecidos pelos fabricantes do grupo 1 e subgrupo 3C não correspondem aos encontrados nesse estudo. Para os subgrupos 3A, 4E e 4A as molas apresentaram o plateau correspondente com o fabricante a 600%, 500% e a 400% de ativação inicial, respectivamente. Nos subgrupos 2A, 2B, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4F e 4G os plateaus SE corresponderam aos valores fornecidos pelo fabricante de 600 a 800%, 400 a 500%, 600 a 800%, 400 a 700%, 400 a 600%, 400 a 600% e de 500 a 700% de ativação inicial. A deformação das molas do subgrupo 1A e 1B não foram diferentes de 400 a 700% e 400 a 800% de ativação respectivamente. A deformação das molas do subgrupo 2A e 2B foram iguais de 400 a 700% e 400% a 600% de ativação respectivamente. As deformações causadas de 400 a 700% de ativação no subgrupo 3A foram iguais. No subgrupo 3C, as deformações ocorridas em 600% e 700% de ativação foram iguais. No subgrupo 4A, as deformações ocorridas de 400 a 800% de ativação foram iguais. No subgrupo 4B, 4D, 4C e 4E, todas as deformações foram iguais. No subgrupo 4G as deformações foram iguais de 500 a 800%. Conclusões: A maioria das molas mostrou-se SE a partir da ativação inicial de 400%. O plateau de força foi dependente da ativação e em algumas ativações coincidiram com os valores fornecidos pelos fabricantes. Na maioria dos subgrupos, as deformações foram iguais até 700% de ativação inicial

To verify whether different nickel-titanium closed coil springs Morelli®, Orthometric®, Ormco®, GAC® have superelastic (SE) behavior, if the force plateaus are consistent with the information provided by the manufacturer and to determine the percentage of deformation according to initial activation. Materials and Methods: Two scientific papers were compiled for evaluation. Results: Most of the subgroups showed SE behavior when activated 400% and one subgroup was not SE. The plateaus SE provided by manufacturers of a group and subgroup 3C do not correspond to those found in this study. For the subgroups 3A,4A and 4E springs showed a plateau corresponding to the manufacturer with 600%, 500% and 400% of initial activation, respectively. In subgroups 2A, 2B, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4F and 4G plateaus corresponded to the values provided by the manufacturer from 600 to 800%, 400 to 500%, 600 to 800%, 400 to 700%, 400 to 600 %, 400 to 600 and from 500% to 700% of initial activation. The subgroups behaved differently when it comes to deformation: the deformations of subgroup 1A and 1B were the same: from 400 to 700% and from 400 to 800% activation, respectively. The deformations on subgroups 2A and 2B were the same: from 400 to 700% and from 400 to 600% of activation, 23 respectively. The deformations on subgroup 3A were the same from 400 to 700% of activation, while in subgroup 3C, the deformations were the same from 600 to 700% of activation. In subgroup 4A, the deformations were the same from 400 to 800% activation. In the subgroups 4B, 4D, 4C and 4E, deformations were equal on all activations, while on subgroup 4G deformations were similar from 500 to 800%. Conclusions: Most of the springs were SE from 400% of activation on. In most subgroups, the deformations, up to 700% of initial activation, were the same. The force plateaus were inversely proportional on initial activation

Estágio atual sobre o conhecimento da agenesia de incisivos laterais superiores permanentes / Current stage of knowledge of agensis of upper lateral incisors permanent

A agenesia de incisivos laterais superiores permanentes é uma anomalia frequente, que pode acarretar alterações oclusais, estéticas e funcionais. As duas alternativas de tratamento comumente utilizadas são o fechamento do espaço ortodôntico e a abertura oumanutenção deste, sendo a primeira delas a de maior relevância.

Congenittally absent maxillary lateral incisors is a common anomally andfrequently introduces an imbalance in occlusion, aesthetics andfunctional factors. Purposes of treatment are the possibility of orthodontic space closure or a space opening, as an alternativeapproach, the first one is the more relevance.