Staphylococcus spp. Causatives of Infections and Carrier of blaZ, femA, and mecA Genes Associated with Resistance.

Staphylococcus spp. have been associated with cases of healthcare associated infections due to their high incidence in isolates from the hospital environment and their ability to cause infections in immunocompromised patients; synthesize biofilms on medical instruments, in the case of negative coagulase species; and change in genetic material, thus making it possible to disseminate genes that code for the acquisition of resistance mechanisms against the action of antibiotics. This study evaluated the presence of blaZ, femA, and mecA chromosomal and plasmid genes of Staphylococcus spp. using the qPCR technique. The results were associated with the phenotypic expression of resistance to oxacillin and penicillin G. We found that the chromosomal femA gene was present in a greater proportion in S. intermedius when compared with the other species analyzed, while the plasmid-borne mecA gene was prevalent in the S. aureus samples. The binary logistic regression performed to verify the association among the expression of the genes analyzed and the acquisition of resistance to oxacillin and penicillin G were not significant in any of the analyses, p > 0.05.

Detection of Oxacillin/Cefoxitin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Present in Recurrent Tonsillitis.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent tonsillitis is one of the most common diseases in childhood, caused many times by ß-lactam-resistant S. aureus. The objective of this study was to investigate an alternative method to identify resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin in S. aureus from hospitalized children with recurrent tonsillitis. METHODS: The samples of S. aureus came from patients with recurrent tonsillitis and were used in 16S rRNA sequencing and an antibiogram test for identification and verifying resistance, after which HSI methodology were applied for separation of S. aureus resistances. RESULTS: The S. aureus isolated showed sensitivity to oxacillin/cefoxitin and the diagnostic images show a visual description of the resistance different groups formed, that may be related to sensitivity and resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin, characterizing the MRSA S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Samples that showed phenotypic resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin were clearly separated from samples that did not show this resistance. A PLS-DA model predicted the presence of resistance to oxacillin/cefoxitin in S. aureus samples and it was possible to observe the pixels classified as MRSA. The HSI was able to successfully discriminate samples in replicas that were sensitive and resistant, based on the calibration model it received.

Draft Genome Sequences of Chromobacterium Strains Isolated from Water Systems in Central Western Brazil.

We report the draft genome sequences of four Chromobacterium strains. This report includes the draft genome sequences of four environmental strains, isolated from surface waters in Brazil.

Increased production of chitinase by a Paenibacillus illinoisensis isolated from Brazilian coastal soil when immobilized in alginate beads.

The accumulation of chitin waste from the seafood industry is a serious environmental problem. However, this residue can be degraded by chitinases and its subproducts, such as chitosan, economically exploited. In this study, a chitinase producer bacteria, identified as Paenibacillus illinoisensis, was isolated from the Brazilian coastal city of Terra de Areia - Rio Grande Do Sul (RS) and was immobilized within alginate beads to evaluate its chitinase production. The alginate beads containing cells presented an average size of 4 mm, 99% of immobilization efficiency and increased the enzymatic activity in 40.71% compared to the free cells. The biomass during enzymatic production increased 62.01% and the total cells leaked from the alginate beads corresponded to 6.46% after 96 h. Immobilized cells were reused in a sequential batch system and remained stable for production for up to four 96-h cycles, decreasing only 21.04% of the initial activity at the end of the fourth cycle. Therefore, the methodology used for cell immobilization resulted in adequate beads to maintain cell viability during the enzymatic production, increasing enzymatic activity, showing low cell leakage from the support and appropriate recyclable capacity.

Escherichia coli, Species C Human Adenovirus, and Enterovirus in Water Samples Consumed in Rural Areas of Goiás, Brazil.

Rural environments lack basic sanitation services. Facilities for obtaining water and disposing sewage are often under the initiative of each resident, who may not be able to build and maintain them properly. Thus, water for human consumption is subject to fecal contamination and, consequently, the presence of waterborne pathogens, such as enteric viruses. This study evaluated fecal contamination of water samples from individual sources used for domestic water supply on small farms in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from 78 houses whose water sources were tubular wells, dug wells, springs, and surface waters. Escherichia coli (EC) bacteria, analyzed by the defined chromogenic substrate method, was used as a traditional indicator of fecal contamination. The enteric viruses Human mastadenovirus (HAdV) and Enterovirus (EV), analyzed by qPCR, were tested as complementary indicators of fecal contamination. At least one of these markers was found in 89.7% of the samples. Detection rates were 79.5% for EC, 52.6% for HAdV, and 5.1% for EV. The average concentration for EC was 8.82 × 101 most probable number (MPN) per 100 mL, while for HAdV and EV the concentrations were 7.51 × 105 and 1.89 × 106 genomic copies (GC) per liter, respectively. EC was the most frequent marker in ground and surface water samples. HAdV was detected significantly more frequently in groundwater than in surface water and was more efficient in indicating contamination in tubular wells. There was no association of frequencies or correlation of concentrations between EC and HAdV. HAdV indicated human fecal contamination and performed well as a complementary indicator. The results reveal that a large part of the analyzed population is vulnerable to waterborne diseases caused by enteric pathogens.

Helicobacter pylori virulence dupA gene: risk factor or protective factor?

Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The duodenal ulcer-promoting gene dupA, which is located in the plasticity region of the H. pylori genome, is homologous to the virB gene which encodes a type IV secretion protein in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Studies have shown associations between H. pylori dupA-positive strains and gastroduodenal diseases. However, whether dupA acts as a risk factor or protective factor in these diseases remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to verify the presence of the dupA gene in infectious H. pylori strains in the Brazilian mid-west and to investigate its association with the clinical outcomes of patients with dyspepsia. Additionally, the phylogenetic origin of the strains was determined. Gastric biopsies from 117 patients with dyspepsia were analyzed using histological and molecular techniques. The hpx gene (16S rRNA) was used to screen for H. pylori infection, and positive samples were then subjected to dupA gene detection and sequencing. The estimated prevalence of H. pylori infection was 64.1%, with the dupA gene being detected in a high proportion of infectious strains (70.7%). Furthermore, a risk analysis revealed that for women, a dupA-positive H. pylori infection increased the chance of developing gastritis by twofold. The partial dupA sequences from isolated infectious strains in this work are similar to those of strains isolated in westerns countries. This study provides useful insights for understanding the role of the H. pylori dupA gene in disease development.

Antibody- and nucleic acid-based lateral flow immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes detection.

Listeria monocytogenes is an invasive opportunistic foodborne pathogen and its routine surveillance is critical for protecting the food supply and public health. The traditional detection methods are time-consuming and require trained personnel. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), on the other hand, is an easy-to-perform, rapid point-of-care test and has been widely used as an inexpensive surveillance tool. In recent times, nucleic acid-based lateral flow immunoassays (NALFIA) are also developed to improve sensitivity and specificity. A significant improvement in lateral flow-based assays has been reported in recent years, especially the ligands (antibodies, nucleic acids, aptamers, bacteriophage), labeling molecules, and overall assay configurations to improve detection sensitivity, specificity, and automated interpretation of results. In most commercial applications, LFIA has been used with enriched food/environmental samples to ensure detection of live cells thus prolonging the assay time to 24-48 h; however, with the recent improvement in LFIA sensitivity, results can be obtained in less than 8 h with shortened and improved enrichment practices. Incorporation of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and/or immunomagnetic separation could significantly improve LFIA sensitivity for near-real-time point-of-care detection of L. monocytogenes for food safety and public health applications.

Evaluation of the raw water quality: physicochemical and toxicological approaches.

Environmental degradation has increased, mainly as a result of anthropogenic effects arising from population, industrial and agricultural growth. Water pollution is a problem that affects health, safety and welfare of the whole biota which shares the same environment. In Goiânia and metropolitan region, the main water body is the Meia Ponte River that is used for the abstraction of water, disposal of treated wastewater and effluents. In addition, this river receives wastewater from urban and rural areas. The aim in this present study was to evaluate the quality of raw water by some physical, chemical and toxicological tests. The physicochemical results found high levels of turbidity, conductivity, aluminum, phosphorus and metal iron, manganese, copper and lithium when compared to the standards of the Brazilian legislation. The values found of toxicity demonstrated a high degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Therefore, it was concluded that the Meia Ponte River has been undergoing constant environmental degradation, causing the poor quality of its waters. Thus, measures for the prevention and recovery should be adopted for the maintenance of the Meia Ponte River.

Antibacterial activity of the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa azurea (Anura: Hylidae) from the Central Brazil Cerrado / Actividad antibacterial de secreciones de la piel de Phyllomedusa azurea (Anura: Hylidae) en Cerrado, Brasil centro

Abstract Phyllomedusa azurea is a frog species well distributed geographically in South America, including Brazilian biomes as Pantanal and Cerrado. Compared with other anurans from the Phyllomedusinae family, there are few reports on the bioactive potential of skin-derived molecules from this species. In this perspective, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of skin secretion of P. azurea by detection of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the growth of bacterial indicator strains and to determine if occurs a changing in the bacterial cell envelope permeability. The MIC determination was carried out by the microdilution plate method. The absorbance was measured and analyzed statistically using the t-test to compare two groups (0.05 % of significance). The impact of the crude extract on cell envelope permeability of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was conducted by the crystal violet assay, and the absorbance was measured spectrophotometry followed by the calculation of the crystal violet uptake percentage. The specific MIC for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was 31.25 µg/mL, while for Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was 125 µg/mL and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was 250 µg/mL. The treatment with crescent concentrations of frog skin secretion increased the crystal violet uptake by S. aureus ATCC 25923 cells, suggesting an action on the cell plasma membrane. The results demonstrated that the skin secretion of P. azurea presents antibacterial activity and merit further investigations to characterize the bioactive molecules.(AU)

Resumen P. azurea es una especie de rana bien distribuida geográficamente en América del Sur, que incluye biomas brasileños como Pantanal y Cerrado. En comparación con otros anuros de Phyllomedusinae, existen pocos informes sobre el potencial bioactivo de las moléculas derivadas de la piel de esta especie. En esta perspectiva, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la secreción de la piel de P. azurea mediante la detección de la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) del crecimiento de cepas indicadoras bacterianas y determinar si ocurre un cambio en la permeabilidad de la envoltura celular bacteriana. La determinación de MIC se llevó a cabo mediante el método de la placa de microdilución. La absorbancia se midió y se analizó estadísticamente mediante la prueba t para comparar dos grupos (0.05 de significancia). El impacto del extracto crudo sobre la permeabilidad de la envoltura celular de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 se realizó mediante el ensayo de cristal violeta, y se midió la absorbancia mediante espectrofotometría seguida del cálculo del porcentaje de absorción de violeta cristal. La CIM específica para S. aureus ATCC 25923 y Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 fue 31.25 μg / ml, mientras que para Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 de 125 μg / ml y Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 de 250 μg / ml. El tratamiento con concentraciones crecientes de secreción de piel de rana aumentó la absorción de violeta cristal por las células de S. aureus ATCC 25923, sugiriendo una acción sobre la membrana plasmática de la célula. Los resultados demostraron que la secreción de la piel de P. azurea presenta actividad antibacteriana y amerita más investigaciones para caracterizar las moléculas bioactivas.(AU)

Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the oral cavity of workers in a Brazilian oncology hospital.

The evaluation of workers as potential reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria has been described as a strategy for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity of workers at an oncology hospital in the Midwest region of Brazil, as well as to characterize the phenotypic profile of the isolates. Saliva samples of 294 workers from the hospital's healthcare and support teams were collected. Microbiological procedures were performed according to standard techniques. Among the participants, 55 (18.7%) were colonized by Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. A total of 64 bacteria were isolated, including potentially pathogenic species. The most prevalent species was Enterobacter gergoviae (17.2%). The highest rates of resistance were observed for ß-lactams, and 48.4% of the isolates were considered multiresistant. Regarding the enterobacteria isolated, the production of ESBL and KPC was negative. Nevertheless, among the 43 isolates of the CESP group, 51.2% were considered AmpC ß-lactamase producers by induction, and 48.8% were hyper-producing mutants. The significant prevalence of carriers of Enterobacteriaceae and the phenotypic profile of the isolates represents a concern, especially due to the multiresistance and production of AmpC ß-lactamases.

Enterobacteriaceae ISOLATES FROM THE ORAL CAVITY OF WORKERS IN A BRAZILIAN ONCOLOGY HOSPITAL / Enterobacteriaceae isoladas da cavidade bucal de trabalhadores de hospital oncológico do Centro-Oeste brasileiro

The evaluation of workers as potential reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria has been described as a strategy for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity of workers at an oncology hospital in the Midwest region of Brazil, as well as to characterize the phenotypic profile of the isolates. Saliva samples of 294 workers from the hospital’s healthcare and support teams were collected. Microbiological procedures were performed according to standard techniques. Among the participants, 55 (18.7%) were colonized by Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. A total of 64 bacteria were isolated, including potentially pathogenic species. The most prevalent species was Enterobacter gergoviae (17.2%). The highest rates of resistance were observed for β-lactams, and 48.4% of the isolates were considered multiresistant. Regarding the enterobacteria isolated, the production of ESBL and KPC was negative. Nevertheless, among the 43 isolates of the CESP group, 51.2% were considered AmpC β-lactamase producers by induction, and 48.8% were hyper-producing mutants. The significant prevalence of carriers of Enterobacteriaceae and the phenotypic profile of the isolates represents a concern, especially due to the multiresistance and production of AmpC β-lactamases.

A investigação de trabalhadores dos serviços de saúde como reservatório e disseminadores de bactérias patogênicas tem sido referida como estratégia de prevenção e controle das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Este estudo buscou avaliar a presença de Enterobacteriaceae na cavidade bucal de trabalhadores de hospital oncológico do Centro-Oeste brasileiro, bem como caracterizar o perfil fenotípico dos isolados. Foi coletada amostra de saliva de 294 trabalhadores pertencentes às equipes de saúde e de apoio. Procedimentos microbiológicos foram realizados segundo técnicas referendadas. Dentre os participantes, 55 (18,7%) estavam colonizados por Enterobacteriaceae na cavidade bucal. Foram isoladas 64 bactérias, incluindo espécies potencialmente patogênicas. A espécie mais prevalente foi Enterobacter gergoviae (17,2%). As maiores taxas de resistências foram observadas para os β-lactâmicos e 48,4% dos isolados foram considerados multirresistentes. Para as enterobactérias pesquisadas, a produção de ESBL e KPC foi negativa. Porém, dentre os 43 isolados do grupo CESP, 51,2% foram considerados produtores de β-lactamase AmpC por indução e 48,8% mutantes hiperprodutores. Considera-se a prevalência de portadores de Enterobacteriaceae significativa e o perfil fenotípico dos isolados preocupante, especialmente pela multirresistência e produção de β-lactamases AmpC.

Principles, techniques, and applications of biocatalyst immobilization for industrial application.

Immobilization is one of the most effective and powerful tools used in industry, which has been studied and improved since the last century. Various immobilization techniques and support materials have been used on both laboratory and industrial scale. Each immobilization technique is applicable for a specific production mostly depending on the cost and sensibility of process. Compared to free biocatalyst systems, immobilization techniques often offer better stability, increased activity and selectivity, higher resistance, improved separation and purification, reuse of enzymes, and consequently more efficient process. Recently, many reviews have been published about immobilization systems; however, most of them have focused on a specific application or not emphasized in details. This review focuses on most commonly used techniques in industry with many recent applications including using bioreactor systems for industrial production. It is also aimed to emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of the immobilization techniques and how these systems improve process productivity compared to non-immobilized systems.

Contaminação microbiológica em laboratório de reprodução humana e suas implicações no sucesso da reprodução assistida / Microbial contamination in human reproduction laboratory and its implications on the success of human reproduction

A contaminação pode estar presente nas placas de cultivo de embriões advinda de várias origens, haja vista que os materiais coletados masculino e feminino não podem ser esterilizados. Esta contaminação pode comprometer a viabilidade dos embriões, causar infecção gestacional, trazer malformação fetal. Fungicidas e bactericidas são acrescentados aos meios de cultura na tentativa de conter este crescimento microbiológico. Outros métodos preventivos ainda em estudo devem ser avaliados. A contaminação deve ser identificada, para nortear a legislação vigente que regulamenta os protocolos executados durante a reprodução assistida, para garantir a proteção materno-fetal contra microrganismos de importância patogênica. Deve-se avaliar a interferência da contaminação para os embriões e fetos, na tentativa de se estabelecer causas e consequências específicas.

Contamination may be present in the embryos culture arising from various sources boards, given that the materials collected male and female cannot be sterilized. This contamination can compromise embryo viability, gestational cause infection, bringing fetal malformation. Antifungal and antibiotics are increase to the culture media in an attempt to stop this microbiological growth. Preventive methods still under study should be evaluated. The contamination must be identified to guide the legislation that regulates protocols executed during assisted reproduction to ensure maternal fetal protection against pathogenic microorganisms of importance. Should evaluate the interference of contamination for theembryos, fetuses and infants, in an attempt to establish specific causes and consequences.

Perfil dos trabalhadores de um hospital oncológico colonizados na cavidade bucal / Profile of workers in an oncology hospital colonized in the oral cavity by Enterobacteriaceae

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o perfil dos trabalhadores de um hospital oncológico colonizados na cavidade bucal por Enterobacteriaceae. Foram investigadas as variáveis sociodemográficas, profissionais, comportamentais, de doença/infecção e colonização bacteriana. A coleta de saliva e as análises microbiológicas foram realizadas por técnicas padronizadas; a coleta de dados, por meio da aplicação de formulário. Dentre os 55 trabalhadores colonizados por Enterobacteriaceae, 56,4 por cento (31/55) também albergavam na cavidade bucal Staphylococcus e/ou Pseudomonas. A categoria profissional mais comumente colonizada foi a de técnico de enfermagem. Quadros frequentes de doença/infecção foram relatados entre os portadores. Os dados apresentados revelaram uma realidade preocupante para o contexto da assistência à saúde. Considera-se que estes resultados contribuem com subsídios importantes para os programas de prevenção e controle de infecção, visto que o conhecimento do estado de portador reduz os riscos de transmissão de micro-organismos.

Profile of workers in an oncology hospital colonized in the oral cavity by Enterobacteriaceae. The aim of this study was to characterize the profile of workers of the oncology hospital colonized by Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. Along with bacterial colonization, socio-demographic,professional, disease/ infection and behavioral variables were investigated. The collection of saliva and microbiological analyses were performed using standard techniques. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire. Among the 55 professionals colonized by Enterobacteriaceae, 56.4 percent (31/55) also harbored Staphylococcus and/or Pseudomonas in the oral cavity. The mostcommonly infected professionals were nursing technicians. Episodes of disease/infection were reported among carriers. The data revealed a worrying situation in the context of healthcare. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the prevention and control of this infection, as knowledge of carrier status reduces the risk of microorganism transmission.

[Associated antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates]. / Resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Enterococcus spp.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of enterococci strains in hospitals, particularly among isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses important problems because of the limited effect of antimicrobial therapy for enterococcal infections. METHODS: This work presents a retrospective investigation of quantitative in vitro susceptibility data for the range of antimicrobials against Enterococcus spp. isolates and evaluation of the association of resistance between antimicrobial agents recommended as the treatment of choice for infections caused by VRE through calculation of the relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 156 enterococci isolates, 40 (25.6%) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials, including 7.7% (n = 12/156) vancomycin resistant. The association of elevated resistance was more pronounced among VRE isolates against alternative and primary antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens, including ampicillin (100%, RR = 7.2), streptomycin (90.9%, RR = 4.9), rifampin (91.7%, RR = 3.1) and linezolid (50%, RR = 11.5), despite high susceptibility to this drug (94.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The significant associated resistance to alternative and first choice antimicrobials used in the treatment of serious infections of strains with the VRE phenotype and that require a combined therapeutic regime, revealed even more limited therapeutic alternatives in the institution analyzed.

Resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Enterococcus spp / Associated antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da prevalência de isolados de enterococos em hospitais, particularmente Enterococcus resistente à vancomicina (VRE), é importante por causa da limitada terapia antimicrobiana efetiva para o tratamento de infecções enterocócicas. MÉTODOS: O presente trabalho apresentou uma investigação retrospectiva de dados de suscetibilidade in vitro quantitativa para uma variedade de antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de Enterococcus spp. e avaliação da associação de resistência entre os agentes antimicrobianos apontados como escolha para o tratamento de infecções causadas por VRE, através do cálculo do risco relativo. RESULTADOS: Dos 156 isolados de enterococos, 40 (25,6 por cento) foram resistentes a três ou mais antimicrobianos, incluindo 7,7 por cento (n = 12/156) resistentes à vancomicina. A associação de resistência elevada foi mais pronunciada entre os isolados de VREs com antimicrobianos alternativos e primários para o tratamento de infecções causadas por estes patógenos, incluindo ampicilina (100 por cento, RR = 7,2), estreptomicina (90,9 por cento, RR = 4,9), rifampicina (91,7 por cento, RR = 3,1) e linezolida (50 por cento, RR = 11,5), apesar da alta taxa de suscetibilidade a esta droga (94,9 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A resistência associada significativa aos antimicrobianos de primeira escolha e alternativos, usados no tratamento de infecções graves por cepas com o fenótipo VRE e que requerem um regime terapêutico combinado, evidencia alternativas terapêuticas ainda mais limitadas na instituição analisada.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing prevalence of enterococci strains in hospitals, particularly among isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), poses important problems because of the limited effect of antimicrobial therapy for enterococcal infections. METHODS: This work presents a retrospective investigation of quantitative in vitro susceptibility data for the range of antimicrobials against Enterococcus spp. isolates and evaluation of the association of resistance between antimicrobial agents recommended as the treatment of choice for infections caused by VRE through calculation of the relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 156 enterococci isolates, 40 (25.6 percent) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials, including 7.7 percent (n = 12/156) vancomycin resistant. The association of elevated resistance was more pronounced among VRE isolates against alternative and primary antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens, including ampicillin (100 percent, RR = 7.2), streptomycin (90.9 percent, RR = 4.9), rifampin (91.7 percent, RR = 3.1) and linezolid (50 percent, RR = 11.5), despite high susceptibility to this drug (94.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The significant associated resistance to alternative and first choice antimicrobials used in the treatment of serious infections of strains with the VRE phenotype and that require a combined therapeutic regime, revealed even more limited therapeutic alternatives in the institution analyzed.

[Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a public hospital in Goiânia, State of Goiás]. / Determinação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa em um hospital público de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás.

This study evaluated the associated antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to an antimicrobial agent with other drugs. The associated antimicrobial resistance was calculated by means of the relative risk. There was an obvious relationship between oxacillin resistance and resistance to other antimicrobial agents among isolates of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (68.5%), greater than 32%, except for linezolid (6.7%). Pronounced associated resistance among drugs was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, particularly for ciprofloxacin and carbapenems (59.6% to 60.7%) and for aminoglycosides and carbapenems (66.3 % to 67.7 %) and other beta-lactam antibiotics (52.3% to 85.8%). The present study emphasizes the importance of diagnostic cultures and susceptibility testing for selecting the correct antimicrobial agent, with regard to the clinical impact of increased multiresistance and selection of associated antimicrobial resistance.

[Detection of metallo-beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients in Goiânia, State of Goiás]. / Detecção de metalo-beta-lactamase em Pseudomonas aeruginosa isoladas de pacientes hospitalizados em Goiânia, Estado de Goiás.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium frequently isolated from hospital environments. This study had the aims of evaluating the susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa previously isolated from patients in a hospital in Goiânia (Goiás, Brazil), performing phenotypic screening for metallo-beta-lactamase production and detecting its genes using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Seventy-five 75 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were evaluated between January 2005 and January 2007. Biochemical identification was performed using the API 20E system and an antibiogram was produced using the Kirby-Bauer method. Among the 62 isolates that were resistant to imipenem and ceftazidime, 35 (56.4%) produced metallo-beta-lactamase, while 26 (74.3%) showed the bla(SPM-1) gene. The frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that produces metallo-beta-lactamase suggests that greater control over the dissemination of resistance in hospital environments is needed.

Avaliação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp em um Hospital Público de Goiânia, GO-Brasil / Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp clinical isolates at a public hospital in Goiania city, Brazil

A determinação do nível de resistência em patógenos bacterianos associada a várias classes de drogas tem grande importância, especialmente para auxiliar nos protocolos terapêuticos. Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de dados de suscetibilidade in vitro para uma ampla variedade de antimicrobianos com o fim de quantificar a resistência associada a um antimicrobiano na presença e ausência a outros em isolados de Escherichia coli (n=515), Klebsiella spp (n=653) e Enterobacter spp (n=507). Entre os isolados de Klebsiella spp e E. coli, produtores de ESBL (54,7 por cento - 357/653 e 15,3 por cento - 79/515, respectivamente), foram observadas significantes taxas de resistência associada aos antimicrobianos não relacionados - aminoglicosídeos, ciprofloxacina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. A resistência de Enterobacter spp à cefepima foi associada com um marcante aumento na resistência a todos os outros agentes testados (superior a 80 por cento), exceto à amplicilina-sulbactam (58,7 por cento). Estes dados claramente indicam que a resistência associada não é limitada a uma combinação de uma droga em particular, mas é um evento geral que demonstra a necessidade de maior cautela com relação à terapia empírica, uma vez que é um problema clínico relevante com relação às opções terapêuticas que são afetadas pela presença de resistência associada a drogas não relacionadas.

Determinação da resistência antimicrobiana associada em isolados clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa em um hospital público de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás / Determination of associated antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a public hospital in Goiânia, State of Goiás

Este estudo avaliou a resistência antimicrobiana associada de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus a um agente antimicrobiano com outras drogas. A resistência antimicrobiana associada foi calculada através do risco relativo. Houve uma relação óbvia entre resistência à oxacilina e a outros agentes antimicrobianos entre os isolados de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina (68,5 por cento) superior a 32 por cento, com exceção da linezolida (6,7 por cento). Resistência associada pronunciada entre drogas foi observada para isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularmente entre ciprofloxacina e os carbapenens (59,6 por cento a 60,7 por cento), entre aminoglicosídeos e carbapenens (66,3 por cento a 67,7 por cento) e os demais β-lactâmicos (52,3 por cento a 85,8 por cento). O presente trabalho enfatiza a importância da cultura diagnóstica e do teste de suscetibilidade na seleção de um correto agente antimicrobiano com relação ao impacto clínico no aumento da multirresistência e na seleção de resistência antimicrobiana associada.

This study evaluated the associated antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to an antimicrobial agent with other drugs. The associated antimicrobial resistance was calculated by means of the relative risk. There was an obvious relationship between oxacillin resistance and resistance to other antimicrobial agents among isolates of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (68.5 percent), greater than 32 percent, except for linezolid (6.7 percent). Pronounced associated resistance among drugs was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, particularly for ciprofloxacin and carbapenems (59.6 percent to 60.7 percent) and for aminoglycosides and carbapenems (66.3 percent to 67.7 percent) and other β-lactam antibiotics (52.3 percent to 85.8 percent). The present study emphasizes the importance of diagnostic cultures and susceptibility testing for selecting the correct antimicrobial agent, with regard to the clinical impact of increased multiresistance and selection of associated antimicrobial resistance.