Distinctive features of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in human colorectal cancer.

γδ T cells usually infiltrate many different types of cancer, but it is unclear whether they inhibit or promote tumor progression. Moreover, properties of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells and those in the corresponding normal tissue remain largely unknown. Here we have studied features of γδ T cells in colorectal cancer, normal colon tissue and peripheral blood, and correlated their levels with clinicopathologic hallmarks. Flow cytometry and transcriptome analyses showed that the tumor comprised a highly variable rate of TILs (5-90%) and 4% γδ T cells on average, with the majority expressing Vδ1. Most Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells showed a predominant effector memory phenotype and had reduced production of IFN- Î³ which was likely due to yet unidentified inhibitory molecules present in cancer stem cell secretome. Transcriptome analyses revealed that patients containing abundant γδ T cells had significantly longer 5-year disease free survival rate, suggesting their efficacy in controlling tumor at very early stage.

[Short account of the history of thyroid surgery]. / Cenni storici sulla chirurgia della tiroide.

Historical writings have described abnormalities of the thyroid gland for more than 3500 years. The relationship between the thyroid gland and goiter has been unknown until the XX century. Originally, what we know today as goiter was described as bronchocele. It was Wharton who in 1656 named the gland "thyroid", not because of the shape of the gland but because of the proximity to the thyroid cartilage. Rare attempts at thyroidectomy were made early on primarily for prevention of suffocation secondary to goiter with little success and a mortality rate as high as 40%. In 1791, Desault performed the first successful partial thyroidectomy. The most notable surgeon of 20th-century was Emil Theodore Kocher, who is considered the father of thyroid surgery. Christian Albert Theodor Billroth also made significant contributions to thyroid surgery.

Specific TP53 and/or Ki-ras mutations as independent predictors of clinical outcome in sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas: results of a 5-year Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale (GOIM) prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Although Ki-ras and TP53 mutations have probably been the genetic abnormalities most exhaustively implicated and studied in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, their significance in terms of disease relapse and overall survival has not yet clearly been established. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on paired tumor and normal colon tissue samples from a consecutive series of 160 previously-untreated patients, undergoing resective surgery for primary operable sporadic CRC. Mutations within the TP53 (exons 5-8) and Ki-ras (exon 2) genes were detected by PCR-SSCP analyses following sequencing. RESULTS: Mutation analyses of exons 5 to 8 of the TP53 gene showed mutations in 43% (68/160) of the cases, while mutation analyses of exon 2 of the Ki-ras gene showed mutations in 46% (74/160) of the cases. Multivariate analyses showed that clinical outcome were strongly associated with the presence of specific TP53 mutations in L3 domain alone (only in DFS) or in combination with specific Ki-ras mutations at codon 13. CONCLUSION: Specific TP53 mutations in L3 domain alone (only in DFS) or in combination with specific Ki-ras mutations at codon 13 are associated with a worse prognosis in sporadic CRC.

[Esophageal digital videofluorography with water siphon test in the post-operative evaluation of the anti-reflux laparoscopic surgery]. / La videofluorografia esofagea digitale con water siphon test nella valutazione postoperatoria della chirurgia antireflusso laparoscopica.

BACKGROUND: In recent years digital videofluorography (VFG) with water siphon test (WST) has been proposed just for diagnosing hiatal hernia and/or gastroesophageal reflux. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients undergone Laparoscopic Nissen (LN) for complicated GERD associated to hiatal hernia, were referred for VFG and WST in order to evaluate the functional results of surgery. At one-month videofluorographic control thirteen patients had just a minimal prolonged esophageal transit time but only six of these had an early postoperative dysphagia, whereas at six months control the prolonged esophageal transit time was present in three patients two of which complained a very light dysphagia. One patient at one month control had a severe dysphagia, her videofluorography showed a very prolonged esophageal transit time and she had to redo surgery. She had a complete resolution of dyspagia and at the six months videofluorographic control she had a normal esophageal and esophagogastric transit time. One patient, underwent surgery in another hospital, complained a persistent and moderate dysphagia and at one month videofluorografic control was evident a malposition of wrap around the upper part of the stomach and a WST positive for reflux and at six months control clinical finding was worst. He will be evaluated for further endoscopic or surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience we believe that VFG is a valid test to identificate the postoperative outcomes giving the surgeons a visual evaluation of their work.