Evaluation of oxidative stress and genetic instability among residents near mobile phone base stations in Germany.

Human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is restricted to prevent thermal effects in the tissue. However, at very low intensity exposure "non-thermal" biological effects, like oxidative stress, DNA or chromosomal aberrations, etc. collectively termed genomic-instability can occur after few hours. Little is known about chronic (years long) exposure with non-thermal RF-EMF. We identified two neighboring housing estates in a rural region with residents exposed to either relatively low (control-group) or relatively high (exposed-group) RF-EMF emitted from nearby mobile phone base stations (MPBS). 24 healthy adults that lived in their homes at least for 5 years volunteered. The homes were surveyed for common types of EMF, blood samples were tested for oxidative status, transient DNA alterations, permanent chromosomal damage, and specific cancer related genetic markers, like MLL gene rearrangements. We documented possible confounders, like age, sex, nutrition, life-exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays), occupational exposures, etc. The groups matched well, age, sex, lifestyle and occupational risk factors were similar. The years long exposure had no measurable effect on MLL gene rearrangements and c-Abl-gene transcription modification. Associated with higher exposure, we found higher levels of lipid oxidation and oxidative DNA-lesions, though not statistically significant. DNA double strand breaks, micronuclei, ring chromosomes, and acentric chromosomes were not significantly different between the groups. Chromosomal aberrations like dicentric chromosomes (p=0.007), chromatid gaps (p=0.019), chromosomal fragments (p<0.001) and the total of chromosomal aberrations (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the exposed group. No potential confounder interfered with these findings. Increased rates of chromosomal aberrations as linked to excess exposure with ionizing radiation may also occur with non-ionizing radiation exposure. Biological endpoints can be informative for designing exposure limitation strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate the dose-effect-relationship between both, exposure intensity and exposure time, to account for endpoint accumulations after years of exposure. As established for ionizing radiation, chromosomal aberrations could contribute to the definition of protection thresholds, as their rate reflects exposure intensity and exposure time.

Effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on genomic instability in interventional radiology workers.

Interventional radiologists are chronically exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (IR), which may represent a health risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genomic instability by analyzing chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and 53BP1 DNA repair foci in peripheral blood lymphocytes of radiologists. Based on the IAEA guidelines on biodosimetry using dicentrics, the average protracted whole-body dose in radiologists were estimated. Since preleukemic fusion genes (PFG) are the primary events leading to leukemia, we also studied their presence by RT-qPCR and FISH. No significant difference in 53BP1 foci and incidence of PFG (MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, AML1-ETO, BCR-ABL p190) was found in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. However, our results showed an increased frequency of micronuclei and various types of chromosomal aberrations including dicentrics in interventional radiologists. The average protracted whole body estimated dose was defined at 452.63 mGy. We also found a significantly higher amplification of the MLL gene segment and increased RNA expression in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. In conclusion, our results showed that long-term low-dose IR induces genomic instability in interventional radiologists.

Assessment of Individual Radiosensitivity in Breast Cancer Patients Using a Combination of Biomolecular Markers.

About 5% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) develop RT-related side effects. To assess individual radiosensitivity, we collected peripheral blood from breast cancer patients before, during and after the RT, and γH2AX/53BP1 foci, apoptosis, chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronuclei (MN) were analyzed and correlated with the healthy tissue side effects assessed by the RTOG/EORTC criteria. The results showed a significantly higher level of γH2AX/53BP1 foci before the RT in radiosensitive (RS) patients in comparison to normal responding patients (NOR). Analysis of apoptosis did not reveal any correlation with side effects. CA and MN assays displayed an increase in genomic instability during and after RT and a higher frequency of MN in the lymphocytes of RS patients. We also studied time kinetics of γH2AX/53BP1 foci and apoptosis after in vitro irradiation of lymphocytes. Higher levels of primary 53BP1 and co-localizing γH2AX/53BP1 foci were detected in cells from RS patients as compared to NOR patients, while no difference in the residual foci or apoptotic response was found. The data suggested impaired DNA damage response in cells from RS patients. We suggest γH2AX/53BP1 foci and MN as potential biomarkers of individual radiosensitivity, but they need to be evaluated with a larger cohort of patients for clinics.

Chemotherapy and cryopreservation affects DNA repair foci in lymphocytes of breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Although breast cancer (BC) patients benefit from radiotherapy (RT), some radiosensitive (RS) patients suffer from side effects caused by ionizing radiation in healthy tissues. It is thought that RS is underlaid by a deficiency in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). DNA repair proteins such as p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), form DNA repair foci at the DSB locations and thus serve as DSB biomarkers. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are commonly believed to be an appropriate cell system for RS assessment using DNA repair foci. The amount of DSB may also be influenced by chemotherapy (CHT), which is often chosen as the first treatment modality before RT. As it is not always possible to analyze blood samples immediately after collection, there is a need for cryopreservation of PBL in liquid nitrogen. However, cryopreservation may potentially affect the number of DNA repair foci. In this work, we studied the effect of cryopreservation and CHT on the amount of DNA repair foci in PBL of BC patients undergoing radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of cryopreservation was studied by immunofluorescence analysis of 53BP1 and γH2AX proteins at different time intervals after in vitro irradiation. The effect of chemotherapy was analyzed by fluorescent labelling of 53BP1 and γH2AX proteins in PBL collected before, during, and after RT. RESULTS: Higher number of primary 53BP1/γH2AX foci was observed in frozen cells indicating that cryopreservation affects the formation of DNA repair foci in PBL of BC patients. In CHT-treated patients, a higher number of foci were found before RT, but no differences were observed during and after the RT. CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreservation is the method of choice for analyzing DNA repair residual foci, but only similarly treated and preserved cells should be used for comparison of primary foci. CHT induces DNA repair foci in PBL of BC patients, but this effect disappears during radiotherapy.

Imaging flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in assessing radiation response in lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood and cancer patients.

DNA double strand breaks (DSB) induced by ionizing radiation (IR) are usually measured using γH2AX/53BP1 DNA repair foci, that is considered to be the most sensitive assay for DSB analysis. While fluorescence microscopy (FM) is the gold standard for this analysis, imaging flow cytometry (IFC) may offer number of advantages such as lack of the fluorescence background, higher number of cells analyzed, and higher sensitivity in detection of DNA damage induced by IR at low doses. Along with appearance of γH2AX foci, the variable fraction of the cells exhibits homogeneously stained γH2AX signal resulting in so-called γH2AX pan-staining, which is believed to appear at early stages of apoptosis. Here, we investigated incidence of γH2AX pan-staining at different time points after irradiation with γ-rays using IFC and compared the obtained data with the data from FM. Appearance of γH2AX pan-staining during the apoptotic process was further analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells at different stages of apoptosis and subsequent immunofluorescence analysis. Our results show that IFC was able to reveal dose dependence of pan-staining, while FM failed to detect all pan-staining cells. Moreover, we found that γH2AX pan-staining could be induced by therapeutic, but not low doses of γ-rays and correlate well with percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed using flow cytometric Annexin-V/7-AAD assay. Further investigations showed that γH2AX pan-staining is formed in the early phases of apoptosis and remains until later stages of apoptotic process. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation as detected with comet assay using FM correlated with the percentage of live and late apoptotic/necrotic cells as analyzed by flow cytometry. Lastly, we successfully tested IFC for detection of γH2AX pan-staining and γH2AX/53BP1 DNA repair foci in lymphocyte of breast cancer patients after radiotherapy, which may be useful for assessing individual radiosensitivity in a clinically relevant cohort of patients.