Fisiopatología del neumomediastino espontáneo en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2: reporte de caso / Pathophysiology of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report

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Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell therapy (SCT) has been proposed as an alternative treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), nonetheless its effectiveness remains debatable. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of SCT in adults with non-ischaemic DCM. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Embase for relevant trials in November 2020. We also searched two clinical trials registers in May 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing stem/progenitor cells with no cells in adults with non-ischaemic DCM. We included co-interventions such as the administration of stem cell mobilizing agents. Studies were classified and analysed into three categories according to the comparison intervention, which consisted of no intervention/placebo, cell mobilization with cytokines, or a different mode of SCT. The first two comparisons (no cells in the control group) served to assess the efficacy of SCT while the third (different mode of SCT) served to complement the review with information about safety and other information of potential utility for a better understanding of the effects of SCT. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened all references for eligibility, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. We undertook a quantitative evaluation of data using random-effects meta-analyses. We evaluated heterogeneity using the I² statistic. We could not explore potential effect modifiers through subgroup analyses as they were deemed uninformative due to the scarce number of trials available. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We created summary of findings tables using GRADEpro GDT. We focused our summary of findings on all-cause mortality, safety, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), performance status, and major adverse cardiovascular events. MAIN RESULTS: We included 13 RCTs involving 762 participants (452 cell therapy and 310 controls). Only one study was at low risk of bias in all domains. There were many shortcomings in the publications that did not allow a precise assessment of the risk of bias in many domains. Due to the nature of the intervention, the main source of potential bias was lack of blinding of participants (performance bias). Frequently, the format of the continuous data available was not ideal for use in the meta-analysis and forced us to seek strategies for transforming data in a usable format. We are uncertain whether SCT reduces all-cause mortality in people with DCM compared to no intervention/placebo (mean follow-up 12 months) (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.31; I² = 0%; studies = 7, participants = 361; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT increases the risk of procedural complications associated with cells injection in people with DCM (data could not be pooled; studies = 7; participants = 361; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT improves HRQoL (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.62, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.23; I² = 72%; studies = 5, participants = 272; very low-certainty evidence) and functional capacity (6-minute walk test) (mean difference (MD) 70.12 m, 95% CI -5.28 to 145.51; I² = 87%; studies = 5, participants = 230; very low-certainty evidence). SCT may result in a slight functional class (New York Heart Association) improvement (data could not be pooled; studies = 6, participants = 398; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported major adverse cardiovascular events as defined in our protocol. SCT may not increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (data could not be pooled; studies = 8, participants = 504; low-certainty evidence). When comparing SCT to cell mobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), we are uncertain whether SCT reduces all-cause mortality (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.31; I² = 39%; studies = 3, participants = 195; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether SCT increases the risk of procedural complications associated with cells injection (studies = 1, participants = 60; very low-certainty evidence). SCT may not improve HRQoL (MD 4.61 points, 95% CI -5.62 to 14.83; studies = 1, participants = 22; low-certainty evidence). SCT may improve functional capacity (6-minute walk test) (MD 140.14 m, 95% CI 119.51 to 160.77; I² = 0%; studies = 2, participants = 155; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported MACE as defined in our protocol or ventricular arrhythmia. The most commonly reported outcomes across studies were based on physiological measures of cardiac function where there were some beneficial effects suggesting potential benefits of SCT in people with non-ischaemic DCM. However, it is unclear if this intermediate effects translates into clinical benefits for these patients. With regard to specific aspects related to the modality of cell therapy and its delivery, uncertainties remain as subgroup analyses could not be performed as planned, making it necessary to wait for the publication of several studies that are currently in progress before any firm conclusion can be reached. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We are uncertain whether SCT in people with DCM reduces the risk of all-cause mortality and procedural complications, improves HRQoL, and performance status (exercise capacity). SCT may improve functional class (NYHA), compared to usual care (no cells). Similarly, when compared to G-CSF, we are also uncertain whether SCT in people with DCM reduces the risk of all-cause mortality although some studies within this comparison observed a favourable effect that should be interpreted with caution. SCT may not improve HRQoL but may improve to some extent performance status (exercise capacity). Very low-quality evidence reflects uncertainty regarding procedural complications. These suggested beneficial effects of SCT, although uncertain due to the very low certainty of the evidence, are accompanied by favourable effects on some physiological measures of cardiac function. Presently, the most effective mode of administration of SCT and the population that could benefit the most is unclear. Therefore, it seems reasonable that use of SCT in people with DCM is limited to clinical research settings. Results of ongoing studies are likely to modify these conclusions.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease: value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for diagnostic confirmation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a reversible acute cardiac disease that mimics acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In patients with a history of an old myocardial infarction who develop TCM, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is the first-line non-invasive diagnostic tool for clearly discriminating between AMI and TCM. CASE SUMMARY: A 65-year-old woman who suffered a myocardial infarction in 2012, was admitted to undergo sigmoid colon tumour surgery in January 2017. Soon after surgery, she developed angina associated with ST-segment elevation, as shown by electrocardiography and increased cardiac enzyme levels. Acute coronary syndrome was diagnosed. She had a good clinical response to treatment with intravenous nitroglycerine, opioids, clopidogrel, aspirin, bisoprolol, and atorvastatin. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed anteroseptal and apical left ventricular akinesia with balloon-like dilatation, akinesia of the inferior wall and inferior interventricular septum, and global systolic dysfunction. Coronary angiography did not identify coronary artery lesions, and a tentative diagnosis of TCM was made. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the segmental contraction abnormalities seen in the TTE and identified myocardial oedema without delayed hyperenhancement after gadolinium administration, which confirmed the diagnosis of TCM and ruled out acute ischaemic damage. She was discharged when asymptomatic. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 2 months showed disappearance of the anteroseptal and apical contraction abnormality, regression of myocardial oedema and normalization of global left ventricular systolic function. DISCUSSION: This case confirms that CMRI is a non-invasive diagnostic method for accurately differentiating between AMI and TCM in patients with a prior myocardial infarction. cardiac magnetic resonance imaging should be incorporated as a diagnostic criterion for TCM.

Challenges in Managing Pregnancy in Underserved Women with Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem and is linked to adverse outcomes during pregnancy; the high prevalence of CKD (3-6%) in women of childbearing age is of particular relevance in emerging countries where CKD prevalence is higher and resources are limited. Although CKD is a public health problem in Mexico, there is scant information on outcomes in pregnant CKD women in this country. We report maternal-fetal outcomes in a prospective cohort of poor, CKD pregnant women, and compare results with those of pregnant women without CKD. METHODS: A prospective study of pregnant CKD women referred to a public obstetrics/nephrology clinic from July 2013 to December 2017; sociodemographic and clinical data, including complications and perinatal outcomes, were recorded. CKD was defined at referral as per KDIGO guidelines; preeclampsia and superimposed preeclampsia were defined as appearance or worsening of hypertension and proteinuria. Findings were compared to official data for -Mexico and to a historic control of pregnant women without CKD who delivered at our hospital. RESULTS: Sixty-two pregnancies in CKD patients, age 23.4 ± 5.8 years were observed; 46.8% of patients were primiparous. At referral, serum creatinine was 1.8 (1.1-3.0) mg/dL with an estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 38.1 (21.9-68.0) mL/min/1.73 m2. In half of the cases, CKD was diagnosed during pregnancy. Forty-eight pregnant women without CKD, age 27 (22-34) years, who delivered during the study period were selected as controls: 33% were primiparous, serum creatinine was 0.50 (0.4-0.6) mg/dL, and estimate glomerular filtration rate was 135 (112-174) mL/min/1.73 m2. Twenty patients needed dialysis (HD-CKD): 2 were already on dialysis, and 18 began treatment during pregnancy; 42 CKD patients did not require dialysis (non-HD CKD). After delivery, 15 patients remained dialysis dependent while 5 did not. Preeclampsia was more frequent in CKD patients in comparison to controls. In total, 93% of CKD patients and 98% of controls delivered a live baby. Prematurity was more frequent in CKD patients than controls and was higher in HD-CKD than in non-HD CKD. Birth weight was lower in CKD when compared to controls. Logistic regression showed a higher risk of preeclampsia in CKD pregnancies than in controls, but it was not affected by age, parity, CKD stage, or need for dialysis during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Underserved CKD Mexican women have a high rate of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes during pregnancy. The risk may be higher in patients needing dialysis during pregnancy, many of whom remained dialysis dependent after delivery.

Más allá de la diabetes gestacional: características clínicas de madres no diabéticas con hijos macrosómicos, un estudio transversal / Beyond gestational diabetes: clinical characteristics of non-diabetic mothers of macrosomic children, a cross-sectional study

Introducción. La macrosomía fetal es un factor de riesgo para complicaciones maternas y neonatales. Se ha asociado a mal control metabólico del embarazo, diabetes gestacional y pregestacional. A la fecha, no hay estudios locales sobre las características clínicas de madres no diabéticas de hijos macrosómicos. Objetivo. Describir características clínicas de madres sin antecedente de diabetes que tienen hijos macrosómicos, atendidas en la maternidad del Hospital Carlos van Buren durante el año 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con enfoque analítico. Se recolectó la información a través de fichas clínicas y carnet prenatal de las pacientes no diabéticas con hijos macrosómicos. Se presentan de manera descriptiva las distintas variables de estudio, y se analizaron las asociaciones entre las variables mediante análisis estadístico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 68 madres con recién nacidos macrosómicos, con un promedio de edad de 25,8 años (±6.3 años). Entre sus hijos, 48 (70.5%) fueron de sexo masculino, con un peso promedio de 4.207,5g (±183g). De las 49 (72%) pacientes multíparas, ninguna presentó historia de diabetes gestacional previa. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio fue de 29,7 (±5.2), el 39,4% (20) presentó acrocordon y el 19,1% (13) acantosis nigricans. La glicemia de ayuno del primer trimestre promedio fue de 83.4 mg/dL (±5.4mg/dL) y el promedio de HbA1c fue 5.2% (±0.3%). El 47% de las pacientes registró complicaciones del parto. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre las complicaciones del parto y la HbA1c (p = 0.014) y una correlación positiva entre el IMC materno con el peso de nacimiento (Rho = 0.23) Conclusiones: La macrosomía se asocia a complicaciones del parto, incluso en hijos de madres no diabéticas. Existe una correlación positiva entre un mayor IMC y el desarrollo de macrosomía. Son necesarios estudios de distinta metodología para desarrollar modelos predictivos en base a factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Fetal macrosomia is a risk factor for maternal and neonatal complications. It has been associated with poor metabolic control of pregnancy, gestational and pregestational diabetes. To date, there are no local studies on the clinical characteristics of non-diabetic mothers of macrosomic children. Objective. Describe clinical characteristics of mothers without a history of diabetes who have macrosomic children, attended in the maternity of Carlos van Buren Hospital during the year 2017. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study with an analytical approach was carried out. The information was collected through clinical files and prenatal card of non-diabetic patients with macrosomic children. The different study variables are presented in a descriptive way, and the associations between the variables were analyzed through statistical analysis. Results: We included 68 mothers with macrosomic newborns, with an average age of 25.8 years (± 6.3 years). Among their children, 48 (70.5%) were male, with an average weight of 4,207.5g (± 183g). Of the 49 (72%) multiparous patients, none had a history of previous gestational diabetes. The average body mass index (BMI) was 29.7 (± 5.2), 39.4% (20) presented acrocordon and 19.1% (13) acanthosis nigricans. Fasting glycemia in the first quarter was 83.4 mg / dL (± 5.4 mg / dL) and the average HbA1c was 5.2% (± 0.3%). 47% of the patients registered complications of childbirth. A significant association was found between labor complications and HbA1c (p = 0.014) and a positive correlation between maternal BMI and birth weight (Rho = 0.23). Conclusions: Macrosomia is associated with labor complications, even in children of non-diabetic mothers. There is a positive correlation between a higher BMI and the development of macrosomia. Studies of different methodology are necessary to develop predictive models based on risk factors.

Quiste de ovario gigante: informe de un caso / Giant ovarian cyst: a case report

Se ingresa paciente de 38 años de edad, nuligesta, con crecimiento abdominal de dos años de evolución y diagnóstico ultrasonográfico de quiste de ovario. Se le realizó laparotomía exploradora encontrando quiste gigante de ovario izquierdo el cual se extirpó, además se practicó histerectomía simple por miomatosis, no hubo complicaciones. El informe histopatológico fue cistadenoma seroso de ovario el cual pesó 30 kg, más miomatosis uterina. Evolución posquirúrgica satisfactoria. A pesar de métodos diagnósticos accesibles como el ultrasonido aún encontramos en nuestro medio grandes tumoraciones como la referida. No se ha informado en nuestra Institución una tumoración de estas dimensiones.

¿Que hacer para reducir el número de cesáreas? / What to do order to reduce the amount of cesarean sections?

Se considera que la práctica de la operación cesárea ha tenido un progresivo y alarmante aumento hasta alcanzar en nuestro país cifras de 62 por ciento o más, de todas las atenciones obstétricas. Situación preocupante a nivel nacional y mundial. Las evidencias documentadas del anterior planteamiento son incuestionables, sin embargo llama la atención el hecho de que no se hayan planteado estrategias puntuales acerca del abordaje del problema. Se analiza en el presente documento la problemática relacionada con el tema, antecedentes y su evolución así como las estrategias integrales para reducir el número de cesáreas, haciendo especial mención de algunos procedimientos específicos como la amnioinfusión, intento de parto por vía vaginal en pacientes con cesárea prevía, uso de postaglandinas y versión por maniobras externas entre otras. Con ellas se ha reducido el porcentaje de cesáreas hasta 10.8 por ciento en el antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Curiosamente, la morbimortalidad materna y perinatal no se incrementaron