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Introduction: In 2019, there was a period of social outbreaks in several Latin American countries, which share a background of social inequality, distrust in authorities, a crisis of representativeness, and discontent towards social and economic policies. In October 2019, in Ecuador and Chile, participation in these protests was characterized by street protests and broad political participation in social networks and alternative media, which were followed or interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These facts have been deeply researched, addressing causal and structural factors of the phenomenon, the alternatives of political participation, and the role of emotions as determinants of action in these contexts. The objective of this study is to explore offline and online political participation (Facebook) after the social outbreak of 2019 in both countries, based on political interest, and how emotions intervene, especially negative ones, in a context of high demobilization. Methods: A descriptive, correlational ex post facto and cross-sectional methodology was used, with the participation of 367 people, 210 from Ecuador (57.2%) and 157 from Chile (42.8%), aged between 17 and 48 years (M = 22.13, SD = 3.73). The measurement was carried out from 2020 to 2021. Results: A mediation analysis showed that people who are more interested in politics are more likely to experience anger and anxiety with the political and economic situation, which motivates conventional political participation (Model 1). In Model 2 people who showed greater concern about the political and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and together with anger, favor online political participation, especially local support. Discussion: These results suggest the influence of emotions on political participation, which occurs when there is an increase in social discontent due to government policies adopted during the pandemic and which represents a continuity of the discontent that was expressed in the October 2019 social outbreak.
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BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to design and validate the Psychosocial Trauma Scale (ETAPS) for assessing psychosocial consequences of collective violence. This instrument proposed the following dimensions: Pre-traumatic Situation, Destruction of Fundamental Beliefs, Intergroup Emotions, and Family and Community Destruction. METHOD: A total of 382 people participated who had been affected by political violence: civil war in El Salvador, forced displacement from Colombia and state violence from Chile. The study had three phases: (1) content validity of the items evaluated by experts; (2) exploratory factor analysis to study the structure of ETAPS, reducing the number of items; (3) convergent (post-traumatic stress symptomatology) and divergent (psychological and social well-being) validity. RESULTS: The EFA showed that ETAPS had a slightly different internal structure from that proposed. The dimensions found were Pre-traumatic Situation and Intergroup Emotions along with two new emerging dimensions: Destruction of Sociality and Personal and Collective Self-Efficacy. Divergent and convergent validity gave expected results except for the pre-traumatic situation. CONCLUSIONS: The ETAPS dimensions show that the effects of violence are broader than the symptoms measured by clinical scales. An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was obtained which will be useful for future studies in the area.
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Emociones , Violencia , Chile , Análisis Factorial , Humanos , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Resumen Los estudios macroeconómicos evidencian que países con mayor desigualdad social presentan peores indicadores de salud mental y bienestar, sin embargo, otros mecanismos intervinientes no están del todo claro. Recientes investigaciones han propuesto que la percepción de derrota social configura una variable clave para comprender los impactos de las desigualdades. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar el rol predictor de la derrota social en el bienestar subjetivo de estudiantes universitarios provenientes de países latinoamericanos que exhiben niveles de desigualdad social. Los participantes fueron 347 estudiantes universitarios de Chile y 246 de Ecuador, en los cuales se evaluó la percepción de derrota social, fatalismo, participación social, bienestar social, y bienestar subjetivo. Los resultados del modelo de regresión muestran que la predicción del bienestar subjetivo mejora al incluir las dimensiones de derrota social en el modelo (r2 = .38). Se propone la derrota social como una variable que ayuda a comprender cómo un contexto de desigualdad social puede impactar en el bienestar percibido de jóvenes universitarios.
Abstract Macroeconomic studies show that countries with greater social inequality have worse indicators of mental health and well-being; however, other intervening mechanisms are not entirely clear. Recent research has proposed that the perception of social defeat is a key variable in understanding the impacts of inequalities. The aim of this study was to explore the predictive role of social defeat in the subjective well-being of university students from Latin American countries that exhibit levels of social inequality. The participants were 347 university students from Chile and 246 from Ecuador, in whom the perception of social defeat, fatalism, social participation, social well-being, and subjective well-being were evaluated. The results of the regression model show that the prediction of subjective well-being improves when including the dimensions of social defeat in the model (r2 = .38) Social defeat is proposed as a variable that helps to understand how a context of social inequality can impact the perceived well-being of young university students.
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The psychosocial impacts of natural disasters are associated with the triggering of negative and positive responses in the affected population; also, such effects are expressed in an individual and collective sphere. This can be seen in several reactions and behaviors that can vary from the development of individual disorders to impacts on interpersonal relationships, cohesion, communication, and participation of the affected communities, among others. The present work addressed the psychosocial impacts of the consequences of natural disasters considering individual effects via the impact of trauma and community effects, through the perception of social well-being, the valuation of the community and the social exchange of emotions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between individual reactions (i.e., intensity of trauma) and the evaluation of social and collective circumstances (i.e., social well-being) after the earthquake of 27F 2010 in Chile, through collective-type intervention variables not used in previous studies (i.e., social sharing of emotions and community appraisal). For this purpose, a descriptive, ex post facto correlational and cross-sectional methodology was carried on, with the participation of 487 people affected by the 2010 earthquake, 331 women (68%) and 156 men (32%), between 18 and 58 years old (M = 21.09; SD = 5.45), from the provinces of Ñuble and Biobío, VIII region, Chile. The measurement was carried out 4 years after the earthquake and the results show that greater individual than collective involvements were found, mainly in the coastal zone of the region. The mediation analysis showed that the relationship between the intensity of the trauma and social well-being occurs through a route that considers social sharing of emotions and community appraisal. These results indicate that the overcoming of individual affectations to achieve social well-being occurs when in the immediate post-disaster phases the affected communities activate shared emotional and cognitive processes, which allow them to jointly face subsequent threats and abrupt changes.
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Abstract Introduction Social defeat (SD) is defined as a feeling of having lost the fight leading to a loss of valuable status or of important personal goals, and has been associated to depression and suicidal behavior, among other disorders. Furthermore, it has been proposed as a mediating variable between social and clinical elements. Objective To adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Defeat Scale. Method A back translation into Spanish was carried out. SD, hopelessness, and social well-being were measured in 546 university students (Mean age = 20.93 years, SD = 2.98; 68.7% females). Results An exploratory factor analysis offered a two-dimension structure in the scale made up by the dimension defeat and triumph. A confirmatory factor analysis found good fit indicators for the two-dimension model (df = 89; χ2 = 188.96; CFI = .942; RMSEA = .061; IFI = .943). Both dimensions present good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > .70). SD was associated to higher levels of hopelessness and lower levels of social well-being. Discussion and conclusion The Spanish version of the Defeat Scale presents good psychometric properties. Its use can help deepen the understanding of psychopathological phenomena and their link to social elements within the context of Spanish speaking countries.
Resumen Introducción La derrota social (DS) se define como la sensación de lucha fallida en relación con una pérdida de estatus valioso o de metas personales importantes, y se ha relacionado con depresión y conducta suicida, entre otros trastornos. Además, ha sido propuesta como una variable mediadora entre elementos sociales y clínicos. Objetivo Adaptar y validar al español la Defeat Scale. Método Se realizó una traducción inversa para obtener la versión al español de la escala. Con la participación de 546 estudiantes universitarios (M = 20.93 años, DS = 2.98; 68.7% mujeres), se evaluaron DS, desesperanza y bienestar social. Resultados El análisis factorial exploratorio encontró una estructura de dos dimensiones, compuesta por una dimensión de derrota y otra de triunfo. El análisis factorial confirmatorio encontró buenos indicadores de ajuste para el modelo de dos dimensiones (df = 89; χ2 = 188.96; CFI = .942; RMSEA = .061; IFI = .943). Ambas dimensiones presentaron buena consistencia interna (α > .70). La DS se asoció con mayores niveles de desesperanza y menores niveles de bienestar social. Discusión y conclusión La versión al español de la Defeat Scale presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas. Su uso puede ayudar a profundizar la comprensión de psicopatologías y su relación con elementos sociales en países de habla hispana.
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Background: The objective of the study was to design and validate the Psychosocial Trauma Scale (ETAPS) for assessing psychosocial consequences of collective violence. This instrument proposed the following dimensions: Pre-traumatic Situation, Destruction of Fundamental Beliefs, Intergroup Emotions, and Family and Community Destruction. Method: A total of 382 people participated who had been affected by political violence: civil war in El Salvador, forced displacement from Colombia and state violence from Chile. The study had three phases: (1) content validity of the items evaluated by experts; (2) exploratory factor analysis to study the structure of ETAPS, reducing the number of items; (3) convergent (post-traumatic stress symptomatology) and divergent (psychological and social well-being) validity. Results: The EFA showed that ETAPS had a slightly different internal structure from that proposed. The dimensions found were Pre-traumatic Situation and Intergroup Emotions along with two new emerging dimensions: Destruction of Sociality and Personal and Collective Self-Efficacy. Divergent and convergent validity gave expected results except for the pre-traumatic situation. Conclusions: The ETAPS dimensions show that the effects of violence are broader than the symptoms measured by clinical scales. An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was obtained which will be useful for future studies in the area. (AU)
Antecedentes: el objetivo del estudio fue el diseño y validación de la Escala de Trauma Psicosocial (ETAPS) para evaluar consecuencias psicosociales de la violencia colectiva. Este instrumento propuso las dimensiones: Situación Pre-traumática, Destrucción de Creencias Fundamentales, Emociones Intergrupales, y Destrucción Familiar y Comunitaria. Método: participaron 382 personas afectadas por violencia política: guerra civil en El Salvador, desplazamiento forzado de Colombia y violencia estatal de Chile. El estudio contempló tres fases: (1) validez de contenido de los ítems evaluado por expertos; (2) análisis factorial exploratorio para estudiar la estructura de ETAPS, reduciendo el número de ítems; (3) validez convergente (sintomatología de estrés postraumático) y divergente (bienestar psicológico y social). Resultados: el AFE mostró que la ETAPS tenía una estructura interna que difería parcialmente de la propuesta. Las dimensiones encontradas fueron: Situación Pre-traumática y Emociones Intergrupales, junto con dos nuevas dimensiones: Destrucción de la socialidad y Autoeficacia personal y colectiva. La validez divergente y convergente muestra resultados esperados salvo respecto a la situación pretraumática. Conclusiones: las dimensiones de ETAPS plantean que los efectos de la violencia son más amplios que los síntomas medidos por escalas clínicas. Se obtuvo un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas útil para futuros estudios en el área. (AU)
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Humanos , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Trauma Psicológico/diagnóstico , Trauma Psicológico/psicología , Violencia/psicología , Índices de Gravedad del Trauma , Trastornos de Estrés Traumático , Guerra/psicología , El Salvador , Colombia , ChileRESUMEN
8 March (8M), now known as International Women's Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms (i.e., behavioral and attentional synchrony, perceived emotional synchrony, and positive and transcendent emotions) involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal well-being (i.e., affective well-being and beliefs of personal growth) and collective well-being (i.e., social integration variables: situated identity, solidarity and fusion), collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women's rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people (age 18-79; M = 30.55; SD = 11.66) from countries in Latin America (Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador) and Europe (Spain and Portugal), with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants (n = 1,271; 94.0% female) and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks (n = 1,583; 75.87% female). Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals.
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Research has shown that experiences of discrimination cause harm to the health and well-being of people. In terms of the identity of members of a group, a positive evaluation of that group might involve devaluing the out-group as a way of raising the endo-group, causing discrimination toward the out-group. In the Chilean context, the Mapuche people have historically suffered discrimination and violations of their rights. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Collective Identity, perceived experiences of discrimination, psychological well-being and distress in the inhabitants of the Mapuche conflict zone according to their sense of belonging to their ethnic group (Mapuche, Mestizo, Caucasian). This descriptive, correlative, and cross-sectional study involved 200 participants, including 94 men (47%), and 106 women (53%), between the ages of 18 and 83 years old (M = 39.02; SD = 13.45), who had lived for at least 1 year in communities in the Araucanía Region. The sample was stratified according their sense of ethnic identity, including 30% Mapuche, 33.5% Caucasian, and 36.5% Mestizo. The results show that participants with a sense of Mapuche ethnicity experienced more instances of discrimination, had a greater sense of collective identity, and that they also supported the Mapuche social movement and its methods. Based on evidence that well-being is directly related to collective identity, the study undertook a regression analysis of emotional distress and the psychological well-being of participants. The interaction between experiences of discrimination and collective identity has a significant influence. Collective identity and experiences of discrimination in themselves as well as the interaction between them, predict psychological well-being. The results suggest that the importance of the Mapuche group's identity phenomena are related to a broad socio-historical context that leads them to identify themselves as a collective in conditions of inequality. This relationship between well-being and collective identity could be explained by their sense of cultural belonging, which can be a factor in protecting mental health.
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Reflecting on negative emotional experiences can be adaptive but it can also maintain or intensify detrimental emotional states. Which factors determine whether reflection can have one consequence or another is unclear. This study focused on two research programs that have concentrated on this topic in the last decades: processing-mode theory (PMT) and self-distancing theory (SDT). The article described and contrasted both programs and their findings. The promising results that PMT and SDT have achieved in identifying the differences between the forms of adaptive and maladaptive reflection are highlighted. Likewise, the disconcerting contradictions observed between both programs that make integrating the findings difficult are indicated. The PMT states that adaptive reflection is concrete, and it is focused on the how of the experience. The SDT states that adaptive reflection is self-distanced and focused on the global meaning of the experience. The article finishes by indicating possible explanations for these apparent contradictions and outlines the challenges to be solved to improve comprehension of the topic.
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El terremoto y tsunami ocurridos en Chile el 27 de febrero de 2010 constituyeron un contexto de desastre que movilizó estrategias para afrontar sus efectos. Una de ellas corresponde al afrontamiento comunal (AC), que implica activar recursos sociales para resolver problemas colectivos. Otra de estas formas es la reevaluación asociada a cambios positivos que las personas perciben tras el desastre o crecimiento postraumático (CPT). El presente trabajo explora el uso de formas de AC y de CPT después del terremoto, en una muestra de 80 personas en Chile. Se identificaron dimensiones de afrontamiento directo, distracción y expresión o compartimiento emocional y evitación, así como una estructura del CPT a nivel individual, relacional y colectivo. El afrontamiento directo, la distracción y la compartición emocional correlacionaron significativamente con CPT y bienestar social. Se discuten estos resultados y se plantean sus implicaciones en el estudio psicosocial de las catástrofes naturales.
The earthquake and tsunami in Chile on February 27, 2010 constituted a context of disaster which mobilized collective strategies to cope with its effects. One of them corresponds to the communal coping (CC), which involves activating social resources to solve shared collective problems. Another aspect is the reevaluation associated with positive changes that people perceive after a disaster and it is defined as post-traumatic growth (PTG). This paper explores the use of different forms of CC and PTG after the earthquake, in a sample of 80 people in Chile. Four dimensions of communal coping were identified: direct coping, distraction, emotional expression and avoidance. Furthermore, PTG structure was defined as composed of individual, relational and collective levels. Direct coping, distraction and emotional sharing significantly correlated with CPT and social well-being. The results and their implications are discussed in a context of psychosocial studies of natural disasters.
